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977

1456505

GENEALOGY COLLECTION

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 00825 8227

f . 1778.

HISTORY OF^

7^1 0 -.__o ::^a;.^.s c:::

AND THEIR COUNTIES,

WITH

ILLUSTRATIONS AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

ES.

J
- ^-"^ 1

VOL. I.

CLEVELAND, O.:

L. A. Williams & Co.

i 1882.

Reproduction by

Unigraphic, Inc.

4400 Jackson Avenue

EvansviUe, Indiana 47715

Nineteen Hundred Sixty-eight

1456505

Prefatory Note,

The compilers and publishers of this volume acknowledge with thankfulness the invaluable aid
and co-operation of many citizens of Louisville and other parts of the country, who have mani-
fested the liveliest interest in the enterprise and the friendliest feeling for it. We desire particu-
larly to name, as objects of this gratitude, Richard H. Collins, LL. D., the distmguished historian
of Kentucky; Colonel R. T. Durrett; Colonel Thomas W. Bullitt; Mr. C. K. Caron, publisher
of an almost unrivaled series of City Directories; ex-Governor Charles Anderson, of Kuttawa,
Owen county, Kentucky; Miss Annie V. Pollard, librarian of the Polytechnic Society, whose
fine collection of books was freely placed at the disposal of our writers; and Mrs. Jennie F.
Atwood, of the Louisville Public Library. Obligations of almost equal weight should be
acknowledged to many more, too numerous to be named here. Some of them, who have most
kindly contributed sections of the work, are mentioned hereafter, in text or foot-notes.

The chief authorities for the annals of the city have necessarily been McMurtrie's Sketches of
Louisville, Ben Casseday's little but very well prepared History, Colonel Durrett's newspaper
articles, and Dr. Collins's History of Kentucky; though a multitude of volumes, pamphlets, news-

(^ paper files, oral traditions, and other sources of information, have been likewise diligently consulted.

^ The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Kentucky has furnished large, though by no means exclusive,
, materials for certain of the chapters. It is hoped that the total result of the immense labor of

Q- investigation, compilation, and arrangement, will at least redeem this work from the scope of

sv Horace Walpole's remark, "Read me anything but history, for history must be false;" or the

OS reproach of Napoleon's question, "What is history after all, but a fiction agreed upon?"

. Cleveland, Ohio, May 24, 1882.

CONTENTS

HISTORICAL,

GENERAL HISTORY.

CHAPTER.

I. — The Mound Builder

II.— The Red Man
HI.— The White Man
I\''. — George Rogers Clark ■

V. — The Falls, the Canal and the Bridges
VI. — Roads, Railroads, and Steamers

9
i8

32
36.

HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, KENTUCKY.

' PAGE.
• .65'

n
81

CHAPTER.

I. — Topography and Geology
II. — Civil Organization — Jeftersoii county
III. — Courts and Court-houses

IV. — Military Record of Jefferson county 85
THE HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE.

CHAPTER. PAGE.

I. — The Site of Louisville ., . . x 153

II. — Before Louisville Was .... 157

III. — Louisville's First Decade . . . 175

IV. — The Second Decade .... 202

V. — The Third Decade .... 211

VI.
VII.
VIII.-
IX.
X.
XI.
. XII.-
XIII.-
XIV.-
XV.-
, XVI.—
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI,
XXII.
XXI I L
XXIV,
XXV.

-The Fourth Decade

223

-The Filth Decade . . .

246

The Sixth Decade

. 264

-The Seventh Decade

287

-The Eighth Decade

301

-The Ninth Decade

322

-The Tenth Decade

337

-The Incomplete Decade

353

-The Ancient Suburbs

356

-Religion in Louisville

359

-The Charities of Louisville

400

— Public Education in Louisville

408

— Louisville Libraries

421

. —The Press of Louisville

427

. — The Medical Profession

442

. — Bench and Bar

481

— General Business

518

— Societies and Clubs .

571

. — The City Government

576

— The Civil List of Louisville .

597

Appendix ....

606

BIOGRAPHICAL.

I'AGE

PAGE

Alexander, General E. P.

539

uridgeford, James .

533

A/ery, Benjamin F. . . ^

547

Brown, James ....

SSI

Aaderson, James, Jr. .

552

Baxter, Ex-mayor John G.

593

Bullitt, Family . . , .

157

Campbell, Colonel John

166

Bullitt, Captain

158

Clark, George Rogers

168

Butler, Professor Noble

417

Casseday, Sr.muel . . . b

etween 252 and 253

Bell, T. S.. M. D.

442

Caldwell, William B., M. D.

451

Bodine, Professor James Morrison, M. D.

447

Cheatham, Dr. W. .

. 458

Bieyfogle, William L., M. D.

457

Cummins, Dr. David

461

Boiling, Dr. W. H.

462

Coomes, Dr. M. F. .

. 461

Bullock, William Fontaine

483

Caldwell, George Alfred .

494

Barr, John W. . . . .

485

Caldwell, Isaac

■ 496

Bloom, Nathan

A,%U

Curd, Haiden Trigg ,

496il

Boone, Squire ....

496^5

Casseday, Samuel

• 565

Boone, Colonel William P.

. 496c

Coggeshall, Samuel

571

Boone, Colonel J. Rowan

496/f

Danforth, Joseph

. 566

Bruce, Hon. H. W. .

499

Foree, Erasmus D., M. D.

45a

Bullitt, Alexander Scott .

504

Fischer, Joseph J.

53S

Bullitt, William Christian

505

Guthrie, James

489

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Hewett, R. C, M. D.

459

Phelps, James S.

551

Harrison, Major John

497

Prather, Captain Basil

496(7

Harbison, Alexander .

• 569

Quarrier, Archibald A.

• 544

JeJferson, Hon. Thomas L.

534

Reynolds, Professor Dudley Sharpe M. D. . 453

Jacob, Charles D.

- 496^

Robinson, R. A.

561

KeUy, Colonel R. M. .

434

Robinson, Rev. Stuart, D. D.

4967;?

Kastenbine, L. D., M. D.

456

Short, Charles Wilkins, M. D.

445

Kinkead, Joseph B., Esq.

506

Scott, Preston Brown, A. M., M. D.

455

Kincaid, Hon. C. E. .

541

Speed, Hon. James

. 432

Litbgow, James S. ...

548

Stites, Judge Henry J.

487

Long, Dennis ....

550

Standiford, Hon. E. D."

532

Long, Charles R. .

596

Swagar, Captain Joseph . ' .

542

Long, William H., M. D.

496/

Sherley, Captain Z. M.

496^

Mathews, Joseph McDowell, M. D.

458

Tarascons, The

488a

Morris, Hon. George W.

545

Tilden, Charles

534

Moore, George H. ...

570

Tyler, Levi

568

Miller, Judge Isaac

. 496^

Trabue, James

594

Miller. Robert N. .

496/

Veech, R. S.

496?

Miller, Dr. Warwick .

• 496/

Verhoeff, H. Jr.

567

Norton, Rev. Dr. J. N. . .

393

Wilson, Hon. W. S.

435

Newcomb, H. Victor

541

Ward, Hon. R. J. .

563

Prentice, George D. . . .

437

Yandell, Dr. L. P. Sr.

449

Pirtle, Judge Henry

491

Yandell, Dr. L. P. Jr.

. 462

Pope, Worden ....

501

History of the Ohio Falls Counties,

CHAPTER I.

THE MOUND BUILDER.

The American Aborigine — The Primitive Dweller at the
Falls — The Toltecs — The Mound Builders' Empire — 'Wieir
\/orks — Enclosuresfor Defense— Sacred Enclosures — Mis-
cellaneous Enclosures — Mounds of Sacrifice — Temple
Mounds — Burial Mounds — Signal Mounds— Effigy or Ani-
mal Mounds — Garden Beds — Mmes — Contents of the
Mounds — The Mound Builders' Civilization — The Build-
ers about the Falls — Curious Relics Found.

THE AMERICAN ABORIGINE.

The red men whom Columbus found upon
this continent, and whom he mistakenly calls
Indians, were not its aborigines. Before them
were the strange, mysterious people of the
mounds, who left no literature, no inscriptions
as yet decipherable, if any indeed, no monu-
ments except the long-forest-covered earth- and
stone-works. No traditions of them, by com-
mon consent of all the tribes, were left to the
North American Indian. As a race, they have
vanished utterly in the darkness of the past.
But the comparatively slight traces they have
left tend to conclusions of deep interest and im-
portance, not only highly probable, but rapidly
approaching certainty. Correspondences in the
manufacture of pottery and in the rude sculp-
tures found, the common use of the serpent-
symbol, the likelihood that all were sun-worship-
ers and practiced the horrid rite of human
sacrifice, and the tokens of commercial inter-
course manifest by the presence of Mexican por-
phyry and obsidian in the Ohio Valley mounds,
together with certain statements of the Mexican
annalists, satisfactorily demonstrate, in the judg
ment of many antiquaries, the racial alliance, if
not the identity, of our Mound Builders with the
ancient Mexicans, whose descendants, with their
remarkable civilization, were found in the coun-

try when Cortes entered it in the second decade
of the sixteenth century.
j The migrations of the Toltecs, one of the
■ Mexican tribes, from parts of the territory now
j covered by the United States, are believed to
I have reached through about a thousand years.
Apart from the exile of the princes and their
allies, and very likely an exodus now and then
j compelled by their enemies and ultimate con-
' querors, the Chichimecs, who at last followed
them to Mexico, the Mound Builders were un-
doubtedly, in the course of the ages, pressed
upon, and finally the last of them — unless the
Natchez and Mandan tribes, as some suppose,
are to be considered connecting links between
the Toltecs and the American Indians — driven
out by the red men. The usual opening of the
gateways in their works of defense, looking to
the east and northeastward, indicates the direc-
tion from which their enemies were expected.
They were, not improbably, the terrible Iroquois
and their allies, the first really formidable In-
dians encountered by the French discoverers
and explorers in "New France" in the seven-
teenth century. A silence as of the grave is
upon the history of their wars, doubtless long
and bloody, the savages meeting with skilled and
determined resistance, but their ferocious and
repeated attacks, continued,, mayhap, through
several centuries, at last expelling the more civi-
lized people —

"And the Mound Builders vanished from the earth,"

unless, indeed, as the works of learned antiqua-
ries assume and as is assumed above, they after-
wards appear in the Mexican story. Many of
the remains of the defensive works at the South
and across the land toward Mexico are of an un-
finished type and pretty plainly indicate that the
retreat of the Mound Builders was in that direc-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

tion, and that it was hastened by the renewed
onslaughts of their fierce pursuers or by the dis-
covery of a fair and distant land, to which they
determined to emigrate in the hope of secure
and untroubled homes. Professor Short, how-
ever, in his North Americans of Antiquity,
arguing from the lessor age of trees found upon
the Southern works, is "led to think the Gulf
coast may have been occupied by the Mound
Builders for a couple of centuries after they were
driven by their enemies from the country north
of the mouths of the Missouri and Ohio rivers."
He believes two thousand years is time enough
to allow for their total occupation of the country
north of the Gulf of Mexico, "though after all
it is but conjecture." He adds : "It seems to
us, however, that the time of abandonment of
their works may be more closely approximated.
A thousand or two years may have elapsed since
they vacated the Ohio valley, and a period em-
bracmg seven or eight centuries may have passed
since they retired from the Gulf coast." The
date to which the latter period carries us
back, approximates somewhat closely to that fixed
by the Mexican annalists as the time of the last
emigration of a people of Nahuan stock from the
northward.

THE MOUND BUILDERS' EMPIRE.

Here we base upon firmer ground. The ex-
tent and something of the character of this are
known. They are tangible and practical reali-
ties. We stand upon the mounds, pace off" the
long lines of the enclosures, collect and handle
and muse upon the long-buried relics now in our
public and private museums. The domain of
the Mound Builders was well-nigh coterminous
with that of the Great Republic. Few States of
the Union are wholly without the ancient monu-
ments. Singular to say, however, in view of the
huge heaps and barrows of shells left by the
aboriginal man along the Atlantic shore, there
are no earth or stone mounds or enclosures of the
older construction on that coast. Says Professor
Short :

No authentic remains of the Mound Ruilders are found in
the New England States. . . . in the former
we have an isolated mound in the valley of the Kennebec, in
Maine, and dim outlines of enclosures neat .Sanborn and Con-
cord, in New Hampshire; but there is no certainty of their
being the work of this people. . . . Mr. .Squier
pronounces them to be purely the work of Red Indians.
Colonel Whittlesey would assign these fort-

like structures, the enclosures of Western New York, and com-
mon upon the rivers discharging themselves into Lakes Erie
and Ontario from the south, differing from the more southern
enclosures, in that they were surrounded by trenches on their
outside, while the latter uniformly have the trench on the in-
side of the enclosure, to a people anterior to the red Indian
and perhaps contemporaneous with the Mound Builders,
but distinct from either. The more reasonable view is that
of Dr. Foster, that they are the frontier works of the Mound
Builders, adapted to the purposes of defense against the sud-
den irruptions of hostile tribes. . . . It is
probable that these defenses belong to the last period of the
Mound Builders' residence on the lakes, and were erected
when the more warlike peoples of the North, who drove them
from their cities, first made their appearance.

The Builders quarried flint in various places,
soapstone m Rhode Island and North Carolina,
and in the latter State also the translucent mica
found so widely dispersed in their burial mounds
in association with the bones of the dead. They
mined or made salt, and in the Upper Peninsula
of Michigan they got out, with infinite labor, the
copper, which was doubtless their most useful
and valued metal. The Lower Peninsula of that
State is rich in ancient remains, particularly in
mounds of sepulture; and there are "garden
beds" in the valleys of the St. Joseph and the
Kalamazoo, in Southwestern Michigan; but "ex-
cepting ancient copper mines, no known works
extend as far north as Lake Superior anywhere
in the central region. Farther to the northwest,
however, the works of the same people are com-
paratively numerous. Dr. Foster quotes a Brit-
ish Columbia newspaper, without giving either
name or date, as authority for the discovery of a
large number of mounds, seemingly the works of
the same people who built further east and south.
On the Butte prairies of Oregon, Wilkes and his
exploring expedition discovered thousands of
similar mounds." We condense further from
Short:

All the way up the Yellowstone region and on the upper
tributaries of the Missouri, mounds are found in profusion.
The Missouri valley seems to have been
one of the most populous branches of the widespread Mound
Builder country. The valleys of its affluents, the Platte and
Kansas rivers, also furnish evidence that these streams served
as the channels into which flowed a part of the tide of popula-
tion which either descended or ascended the Missouri. The
Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, however, formed the great
central arteries of the Mound Builder domain. In Wiscon-
sin we find the northern central limit of their works; occa-
sionally, on the western shores of Lake Michigan, but in great
numbers in the southern counties of the State, and especially
on the lower Wisconsin river.

The remarkable similarity of one group of
works, on a branch of Rock river in the south of

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

that State, to some of the Mexican antiquities led
to the christening of the adjacent village as
Aztalan — which (or Aztlan), meaning whiteness,
was a name of the " most attractive land" some-
where north of Mexico and the sometime home
of the Aztec and the other Nahuan nations. If
rightly conjectured as the Mississippi valley, or
some part of it, that country may well have in-
cluded the site of the modern Aztalan.

Across the Mississippi, in Minnesota and Iowa, the pre-
dominant type of circular tumuli prevails, extending through-
out the latter State to Missouri. There are evidences that
the Upper Missouri region was connected with that of the
Upper Mississippi by settlements occupying the intervening
country. Mounds are often found even in the valley of the
Red river of the North. . . . Descending to the
interior, we find the heart of the Mound Builder country in
Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. It is uncertain whether its vital
cen Ler was in Southern Illinois or Ohio — probably the former,
because of its geographical situation with reference to the
mouths of the Missouri and Ohio rivers.
The site of St. Louis was formerly covered with mounds, one
of which was thirty-five feet high, while in the American Bot-
tom, on the Illinois side of the river, their number approxi-
mates two hundred.

It is pretty well known, we believe, that St.
Louis takes its fanciful title of "Mound City"
from the former fact.

The multitude of mound works which are scattered over
the entire northeastern portion of Missouri indicate that the
region was once inhabited by a population so numerous that
in comparison its present occupants are only as the scattered
pioneers of a new settled country. . . . The same
sagacity which chose the neighborhood of St. Louis for these
works, covered the site of Cincinnati with an extensive sys-
tem of circumvallations and mounds. Almost the entire
space now occupied by the city was utilized by the mysterious
Builders in the construction of embankments and tumuli,
built upon the most accurate geometrical principles, and
evincing keen military foresight. . . The vast

number as well as magnitude of the works found in the State
of Ohio, have surprised the most careless and indifferent ob-
servers. It is estimated by the most conservative, and
Messrs. Squier and Davis among them, that the number of
tumuli in Ohio equals ten thousand, and the number of en-
closures one thousand or one thousand five hundred. In
Ross county alone one hundred enclosures and upwards of
five hundred mounds have been examined. The Alleghany
mountains, the natural limit of the great Mississippi basin,
appear to have served as the eastern and southeastern bound-
ary of the Mound Builder country. In Western New York,
Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and in all of Ken-
tucky and Tennessee, their remains are numerous, and in
some instances imposing. In Tennessee, especially, the
Works of the Mound Builders are of the most interesting
character. . . . Colonies of Mound Builders
seem to have passed the great natural barrier in North Caro-
lina and left remains in Marion county, while still others
penetrated into South Carolina, and built on the Wateree
river.

Mounds in Mississippi also have been ex-
amined, with interesting results.

On the southern Mississippi, in the area embraced between
the termination of the Cumberland mountains, near Florence
and Tuscumbia, in Alabama, and the mouth of Big Black
river, this people left numerous works, many of which were
of a remarkable charactei. The whole region bordering on
the tributaries of the Tombigbee, the country through which
the Wolf river flows, and that watered by the Yazoo river
and its affluents, was densely populated by the same people
who built mounds in the Ohio valley. . . . The
State of Louisiana and the valleys cf the Arkansas and Red
rivers were not only the most thickly populated wing of the
Mound Builder domain, but also furnish us with remains pre-
senting affinities with the great works of Mexico so striking
that no doubt can longer exist that the same people were the
architects of both. . . It is needless to discuss

the fact that the works of the Mound Builders exist in con-
siderable numbers in Texas, extending across the Rio Grande
into Mexico, establishing an unmistakable relationship as
well as actual union between the truncated pyramids of the
Mississippi valley and the Tocalli of Mexico, and the coun-
tries further south.

Such, in a general way, was the geographical
distribution of the Mound Builders within and
near the territory now occupied by the United
States.

THEIR WORKS.

They are — such of them as are left to our day
— generally of earth, occasionally of stone, and
more rarely of earth and stone intermixed. Dried
bricks, in some instances, are found in the walls
and angles of the best pyramids of the Lower
Mississippi valley. Often, especially for the
works devoted to religious purposes, the earth
has not been taken from the surrounding soil,
but has been transported from a distance, prob-
ably from some locality regarded as sacred.
They are further divided into enclosures and
mounds or tumuli. The classification of these
by Squier and Davis, in their great work on "The
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,"
published by the Smithsonian Institution thirty-
four years ago, has not yet been superseded. It
IS as follows:

I. Enclosures — For Defense, Sacred, Mis-
cellaneous.

II. Mounds — Of Sacrifice, or Temple-sites,
of Sepulture, of Observation.,

To these may properly be added the Animal
or Efifigy (emblematic or symbolical) Mounds,
and some would add Mounds for Residence.
The Garden-beds, if true retHains of the Build-
ers, may also be considered a separate class ;
likewise mines and roads, and there is some
reason to believe that canals may be added.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

L Enclosures for Defense. A large and
interesting class of the works is of such a nature
that the object for which they were thrown up is
unmistakable. The "forts," as they are popu-
larly called, are found throughout the length and
breadth of the Mississippi valley, from the Alle-
ghanies to the Rocky mountains. The livers of
this vast basin have worn their valleys deep in
the original plain, leaving broad terraces leading
like gigantic steps up to the general level of the
country. The sides of the terraces are often
steep and difficult of access, and sometimes
quite inaccessible. Such locations would natur-
ally be selected as the site of defensive works,
and there, as a matter of fact, the strong and
complicated embankments of the Mound Build-
ers are found. The points have evidently been
chosen with great care, and are such as would, in
most cases, be approved by modern military en-
gineers. They are usually on the higher ground,
ind are seldom commanded from positions suffi-
ciently near to make them' untenable through the
use of the short-range weapons of the Builders,
and, while rugged and steep on some of their
sides, have one or more points of easy ap-
proach, in the protection of which great skill and
labor seem to have been expended. They are
never found, nor, in general, any other remains
of the Builders, upon the lowest or latest-formed
river terraces or bottoms. They are of irregular
shape, conforming to the nature of the ground,
and are often strengthened by extensive ditches.
The usual defense is a simple embankment
thrown up along and a little below the brow of
the hill, varying in height and thickness accord-
ing to the defensive advantage given by the nat-
ural declivity.

"The walls generally wind around the borders
of the elevations they occupy, and when the na-
ture of the ground renders some points more ac-
cessible than others, the height of the wall and the
depth of the ditch at those weak points are pro-
portionally increased. The gateways are- narrow
and few in number, and well guarded by embank-
ments of earth placed a few yards inside of the
openings or gateways and parallel with them, and
projecting somewhat beyond them at each end,
thus fully covering the entrances, which, in some
cases, are still further protected by projecting
walls on either side of them. These works are
somewhat numerous, and indicate a clear appre-

ciation, of thf: elements, at least, of fortification, ^,
and unmistakably point out the purpose for
which they were constructed. A large number
of these defensive works consist of a line of
ditch and embankment, or several hnes carried
across the neck of penmsulas or bluff headlands,
formed within the bends of streams — an easy
and obvious mode of fortification, common to
all rude peoples."* Upon the side where a pe-
ninsula or promontory merges into the mainland
of the terrace or plateau, the enclosure is usually
guarded by double or overlapping walls, or a
series of them, having sometimes an accompany-
ing mound, probably designed, like many of the
mounds apart from the enclosures, as a lookout
station, corresponding in this respect to the bar-
bican of our British ancestors in the Middle
Ages.

As natural strongholds the positions they oc-
cupy could hardly be excelled, and the labor and
skill expended to strengthen them artificially
rarely fail to awake the admiration and surprise
of the student of our antiquities. Some of the
works are enclosed by miles of embankment
still ten to fifteen feet high, as measured from the
bottom of the ditch. In some cases the num-
ber of openings in the walls is so large as to lead
to the conclusion that certain of them were not
used as gateways, but were occupied by bastions
or block-houses long ago decayed. This is a
• marked peculiarity of the great work known as
" Fort Ancient," on the Little Miami river and
railroad, in Warren county, Ohio. Some of the
forts have very large or smaller " dug-holes " in-
side, seemingly designed as reservoirs for use
in a state of siege. Occasionally parallel earth-
walls, of lower height than the embankments of
the main work, called "covered ways," are found
adjacent to enclosures, and at times connecting
separate works, and seeming to be intended for
the protection of those passing to and fro within
them. These are considered by some antiqua-
ries, however, as belonging to the sacred en-
closures.

This class of works abound in Ohio. Squier
and Davis express the opinion that "there seems
to have been a system of defenses extending
from the sources of the Susquehanna and Alle-
ghany, in Western New York, diagonally across
the country through central and northern Ohio

•American Cyclopiedia, article "American Antiquities."

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

to the Wabash. Within this range the works that
are regarded as defensive are largest and most
numerous." The most notable, however, of the
works usually assigned to this class in this
country is in Southern Ohio, forty-two miles
northeast of Cincinnati. It is the Fort Ancient
already mentioned. This is situated upon a terrace
on the left bank of the river, two hundred and
thirty feet above the Little Miami, and occupies
a peninsula defended by two ravines, while the
river itself, with a high, precipitous bank, de-
fends the western side. The walls are between
four and five miles long, and ten to twenty feet
high, accordmg to the natural strength of the
line to be protected. A resemblance has been
traced in the walls of the lower enclosure "to the
forui of two massive serpents, which are ap-
parently contending with one another. Their
heads are the mounds, which are separated from
the bodies by the opening, which resembles a
ring around the neck. They bend in and out,
and rise and fall, and appear like two massive
green serpents rolling along the summit of this
high hill. Their appearance under the over-
hanging forest trees is very impressive."* Others
have found a resemblance in the form of the
whole work to a rude outline of the continent of
North and South America.

II. Sacred Enclosures. — Regularity of form
is the characteristic of these. They are not,
however, of invariable shape, but are found in
various geometrical figures, as circles, squares,
hexagons, octagons, ellipses, parallelograms, and
others, either singly or in combination. How-
ever large, they were laid out with astounding
accuracy, and show that the Builders had some
scientific knowledge, a scale of measurement,
and the means of computing areas and determm-
ing angles. They are often in groups, but also
often isolated. Most of them are of small size,
two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet in
diameter, with one gateway usually opening to
the east, as if for the worship of the sun, and the
ditch invariably on the inside. These are fre-
quently inside enclosures of a different character,
particularly military works. A sacrificial mound
was commonly erected in the center of them.
The larger circles are oftenest found in connec-
tion with squares; some of them embrace as

* Rev. S. D. Peet, in the American Antiquarian for April,
1878.

many as fifty acres. They seldom have a ditch,
but when they do,, it is inside the wall. The
rectangular works with which they are combined
are believed never to haive a ditch. In several
States a combined work of a square with two
circles is often found, usually agreeing in this re-
markable fact, that each side of thfe rectangle
measures exactly one thousand and eighty >(£et,
and the circles respectively are seventeen hun
dred and eight hundred feet in diameter. The
frequency and wide prevalence of this uniformity
demonstrate that it could not have been acci-
dental. The square enclosures almost invariably
have eight gateways at the angles and midway
between, upon each side, all of which are covered,
or defended by small mounds. The parallels
before mentioned are sometimes found in con-
nection with this class of works. From the
Hopetown work, near Chillicothe, Ohio, a
"covered way" led to the Scioto river, many
hundred feet distant.

III. Miscellaneous Enclosures. — The
difficulty of referring many of the smaller circular
works, thirty to fifty feet in diameter, found in
close proximity to large works, to previous classes,
has prompted the suggestion that they were the
foundations of lodges or habitations of chiefs,
priests, or other prominent personages among the
Builders. In one case within the writer's obser-
vation, a rough stone foundation about four rods
square was found isolated from any other work,
near the Scioto river, in the south part of Ross
county, Ohio. At the other extreme of size, the
largest and most complex of the works, as those
at Newark, are thought to have served, in part at
least, other than religious purposes — that they
may, besides furnishing spaces for sacrifice and
worship, have included also arenas for games and
marriage celebrations and other festivals, the
places of general assembly for the tribe or village,
the encampment or more permanent residences
of the priesthood and chiefs.

IV. Mounds of Sacrifice.— These have sev-
eral distinct characteristics. In height they sel-
dom exceed eight feet. They occur only within or
near the enclosures commonly considered as the
sacred places of the Builders, and are usually
stratified in convex layers of clay or loam alter-
nating above a layer of fine sand. Beneath
the strata, and upon the original surface of the
earth at the centre of the mound, are usually

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

symmetrically formed altars of stone or burnt
clay, evidently brought from a distance. Upon
them are found various remains, all of which ex-
hibit signs of the action of fire, and some which
have excited the suspicion that the Builders
practiced the horrid rite of human sacrifice. Not
only calcined bones, but naturally ashes, char-
coal, and igneous stones are found with them;
also beads, stone implements, simple sculptures,
and pottery. The remains are often in such a
condition as to indicate that the altars had been
covered before the fires upon them were fully
extinguished. Skeletons are occasionally found
in this class of mounds; though these may have
been "intrusive burials," made after the construc-
tion of the works and contrary to their original
intention. Though symmetrical, the altars are
by no means uniform in shape or size. Some
are round, some elliptical, others square or par-
allelograms. In size they vary from two to fifty
feet in length, and are of proportional width and
height, the commoner dimensions being five to
eight feet.

V. Temple Mounds are not numerous.
They are generally larger than the altar and
burial mounds, and are more frequently circular
or oval, though sometimes found m other shapes.
The commonest shape is that of a truncated
cone; and in whatever form a mound of this
class may be, it always has a flattened or level
top, giving it an unfinished look. Some are
called platforms, from their large area and slight
elevation. They are, indeed, almost always of
large base and comparatively small height. Oft-
en, as might reasonably be expected, they are
within a sacred enclosure, and some are terraced
or have spiral ascents or graded inclines to their
summits. They take their name from the prob-
able fact that upon their flat tops were reared
structures of wood, the temples or "high places"
of this people, which decayed and disappeared
ages ago. In many cases in the Northern States
these must have been small, from the smallness
of their sites upon the mounds; but as they are
followed southward they are seen, as might be
expected, to increase gradually and approximate
more closely to perfect construction, until they
end in the great teocallis ("houses of God").
One remarkable platform of this kind in Whit-
ley county, Kentucky, is three hundred and sixty
feet long by one hundred and fifty feet wide and

twelve high, with graded ascents;" and another,
at Hopkinsville, is so large that the county court-
house is built upon it. The great mound at Ca-
hokia, Missouri, is of this class. Its truncated
top measured two hundred by four hundred and
fifty-two feet.

VI. Burial Mounds furnish by far the most
numerous class of tumuli. The largest mounds
in the country are generally of this kind. The
greatest of all, the famous mound at Grave
creek, Virginia, is seventy-five feet high, and has
a circumference at the base of about one thou-
sand. In solid contents it is nearly equal to the
third pyramid of Mykerinus, in Egypt. The
huge mound on the banks of the Great Miami,
twelve miles below Dayton, has a height of sixty-
eight feet. Many of the burial mounds are six
feet or less in height, but the average height, as
deduced from wide observation of them, is
stated as about twenty feet. They are usually
of conical form. It is conjectured that the size
of these mounds has an immediate relation to
the former importance of the personage or family
buried in them. Only three skeletons have so
far been found in the mighty Grave Creek
mound. Except in rare cases, they contain but
one skeleton, unless by "intrusive" or later
burial, as by Indians, who frequently used the
ancient mounds for purposes of sepulture. One
Ohio mound, however — that opened by Profes-
sor Marsh, of Yale college, in Licking county —
contained seventeen skeletons; and another, m
Hardin county, included three hundred. But
these are exceptional instances. Calcined hu-
man bones in some burial mounds at the North,
with charcoal and ashes in close proximity, show
that cremation was occasionally practiced, or that
fire was used in the funeral ceremonies; and
"urn burial" prevailed considerably in the South-
ern States.

At times a rude chamber or cist of stone or
timber contained the remains. In the latter case
the more fragile material has generally disap-
peared, but casts of it in the earth are still ob-
servable. The stone cists furnish some of the
most interesting relics found in the mounds.
They are, in rare cases, very large, and contain
several bodies, with various relics. They are
like large stone boxes, made of several flat stones,
joined without cement or fastening. Similar, but
much smaller, are the stone coffins found in large

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

number in Illinois and near Nashville, Tennes-
see. They are generally occupied by single
bodies. In other cases, as in recent discoveries
near Portsmouth and elsewhere in Ohio, the
slabs are arranged slanting upon each other in
the shape of a triangle, and having, of course,
a triangular vault in the interior. In the Cum-
berland mountams heaps of loose stones are
found over skeletons, but these stone mounds
are probably of Indian origin, and so compara-
tively modern. Implements, weapons, orna-
ments, and various remains of art, as in the later
Indian custom, were buried with the dead. Mica
is often found with the skeletons, with precisely
what meaning is not yet ascertained; also pot-
tery, beads of bone, copper, and even glass-
indicating, some think, commercial intercourse
with Europe — and other articles in great variety,
are present.

There is, also, probably, a sub-class of mounds
that may be mentioned in this connection — the
Memorial or Monumental mounds, thrown up,
it is conjectured, to perpetuate the celebrity of
some important event or in honor of some emi-
nent personage. They are usually of earth, but
occasionally, in this State at least, of stone.

VII. Signal Mounds, or Mounds of Ob-
servation. This is a numerous and very inter-
esting and important class of the works.
Colonel Anderson, of Circleville, Ohio, a des-
cendant of the well-known Louisville family,
thinks he has demonstrated by actual survey,
made at his own expense, the existence of a
regular chain or system of these lookouts through
the Scioto valley, from which, by signal fires, in-
telligence might be rapidly flashed over long dis-
tances. About twenty such mounds occur be-
tween Columbus and Chillicothe, on the eastern
side of the Scioto. In Hamilton county, in the
same State, a chain of mounds, doubtless de-
voted to such purpose, can be traced from the
primitive site of Cincinnati to the "old fort,"
near the mouth of the Great Miami. Along
both the Miamis numbers of small mounds on
the projecting headlands and on heights in the
interior are indubitably signal mounds.

Like the defensive works already described as
part of the military system of the Builders, the
positions of these works were chosen with ex
cellent judgment. They vary in size, according
to the height of the natural eminences upon

which they are placed. Many still bear the
marks of intense heat upon their summits, re-
sults of the long-extinct beacon fires. Some-
times they are found in connection with the
embankments and enclosures, as an enlarged
and elevated part ot the walls. One of these,
near Newark, Ohio, though considerably reduced,
retains a height of twenty-five feet. The huge
mound at Miamisburg, Ohio, mentioned as a
burial mound, very likely was used also as a part
of the chain of signal mounds from above Dayton
to the Cincinnati plain and the Kentucky bluffs
beyond.

VIII. Effigy or Animal Mounds appear
principally in Wisconsin, on the level surface of
the prairie. They are of very low height — one to
six feet — but are otherwise often very large, exten-
ded figures of men, beasts, birds, or reptiles, and
in a very few cases of inanimate things. In Ohio
there are three enormous, remarkable earthwork
efifigies — the "Eagle mound" in the centre of a
thirty-acre enclosure near Newark, and supposed
to represent an eagle on the wing; the ''Alligator
mound," also in Licking county, two hundred
and five feet long; and the famous "Great Ser-
pent," on Brush creek, in Adams county, which
has a length of seven hundred feet, the tail in a
triple coil, with a large mound, supposed to rep-
resent an egg, between the jaws of the figure.

By some writers these mounds are held to be
symbolical, and connected with the religion of
the Builders. Mr. Schoolcraft, however, calls
them "emblematic," and says they represent the
totems or heraldic symbols of the Builder tribes.

IX. Garden Beds. — In Wisconsin, in Mis-
souri, and in parts of Michigan, and to some ex-
tent elsewhere, is found a class of simple works
presumed to be ancient. They are merely ridges
or beds left by the cultivation of the soil, about
six inches high and four feet wide, regularly ar-
ranged in parallel rows, at times rectangular,
otherwise of various but regular and symmetrical
curves, and in fields of ten to a hundred acres.
Where they occur near the animal mounds, they
are in some cases carried across the latter, which
would seem to indicate, if the same people exe-
cuted both works, that no sacred character at
tached to the efifigies.

X. Mines. — These, as worked by the Build
ers, have not yet been found in many difTerenI
regions; but in the Lake Superior copper region

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

their works of this kind are numerous and exten-
sive. In the Ontonagon country their mining
traces abound for thirty miles. Colonel Whit-
tlesey, of Cleveland, estimates that they removed
meul from this region equivalent to a length of
one hundred and fifty feet in veins of varying
thickness. Some of :heir operations approached
the stupendous. No other remains of theirs are
found in the Upper Peninsula; and there is no
probability that they occupied the region for
other than temporary purposes.

THE CONTENTS OF THE MOUNDS.

Besides the human remains which have re-
ceived sufficient treatment for this article under
the head of burial mounds, and the altars noticed
under Mounds of Sacrifice, the contents of the
work of the Mound Builders are mostly small,
and many of them unimportant. They have
been classified hy Dr. Rau, the archaeologist of
the Smithsonian Institution, according to the
material of which they are wrought, as follows :

1. Stone. — This is the most numerous class
of relics, '^hey were fashioned by chipping,
grinding, or polishing, and include rude pieces,
flakes, and cores, as well as finished and more
or less nearly finished articles. In the first list
are arrow- and spear-heads, perforators, scrapers,
cutting and sawing tools, dagger-shaped imple-
ments, large implements supposed to have been
used in digging the ground, and wedge or celt-
shaped tools and weapons. The ground and
polished specimens, more defined in form,
comprise wedges or celts, chisels, gouges,
adzes and grooved axes, hammers, drilled cere-
monial weapons, cutting tools, scraper and
spade-like implements, pendants, and sinkers,
discoidal stones and kindred objects, pierced
tablets and boat-shaped articles, stones used in
grinding and polishing, vessels, mortars, pestles,
tubes, pipes, ornaments, sculptures, and engraved
stones or tablets. Fragmentary plates of mica or
isinglass may be included under this head.

2. Copper. — These are either weapons and
tools or ornaments, produced, it would seem, by
hammering pieces of native copper into the re-
quired shape.

3. Bone and Horn. — Perforators, harpoon
heads, fish-hooks, cups, whistles, drilled teeth,
etc.

4. Shell. — Either utensils and tools, as

celts, drinking-cups, spoons, fish-hooks, etc., or
ornaments, comprising various kinds of gorgets,
pendants, and beads.

5. Ceramic Fabrics. — Pottery, pipes, hu-
man and animal figures, and vessels in great
variety.

6. Wood. — The objects of early date formed
of this material are now very few, owing to its
perishable character.

To these may be added :

7. Gold and Silver. — In a recent find in a
stone cist at Warrensburg, Missouri, a pottery
vase or jar was found, which had a silver as well
as a copper band about it. Other instances of
the kind are on record, and a gold ornament in
the shape of a woodpecker's head has been taken
from a mound in Florida.

8. Textile Fabrics. — A few fragments of
coarse cloth or matting have survived the de-
stroying tooth of time, and some specimens, so
far as texture is concerned, have been very well
preserved by the salts of copper, when used to
enwrap articles shaped from that metal.

the mound builders civilization.

This theme has furnished a vast field for spec-
ulation, and the theorists have pushed into a
wilderness of visionary conjectures. Some in-
ferences, however, may be regarded as tolerably
certain. The number and magnitude of their
works, and their extensive range and uniformity,
says the American Cyclopaedia, prove that the
Mound Builders were essentially homogeneous
in customs, habits, religion, and government.
The general features common to all their re-
mains identify them as appertaining to a single
grand system, owing its origin to men moving in
the same direction, acting under common im-
pulses, and influenced by similar causes. Pro-
fessor Short, in his invaluable work, thinks that,
however writers may differ, these conclusions
may be safely accepted : That they came into
the country in comparatively small numbers at
first (if they were not Autochthones, and there is
no substantial proof that the Mound Builders
were such), and, during their residence in the
territory occu])i2d by the United States, they be-
came extremely populous. Their settlements
were widespread, as the extent of their remains
indicates. The magnitude of their works, some
of which approximate the proportions of Egyptian

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

pyramids, testify to the architectural talent of the
people and the fact that they developed a system
of government controlling the labor of multi-
tudes, whether of subjects or slaves. They were '
an agricultural people, as the extensive ancient
garden-beds found in Wisconsin and Missouri
indicate. Their manufactures offer proof that
they had attained a respectable degree of ad-
vancement and show that they understood the
advantages of the division of labor. Their do-
mestic utensils, the cloth of which they made
their clothing, and the artistic vessels met with
everywhere in the mounds, point to the develop-
ment of home culture and domestic industry.
There is no reason for believmg that the people
who wrought stone and clay into perfect effigies
of animals have not left us sculptures of their
own faces in the images exhumed from the
mounds.

They mined copper, which they wrought into .
implements of war, into ornaments and articles
for domestic use. They quarried mica for mir-
rors and other purposes. They furthermore
worked flint and salt mines. They probably pos-
sessed some astronomical knowledge, though to
what extent is unknown. Their trade, as Dr. Rau
has shown, was widespread, extending probably
from Lake Superior to the Gulf, and possibly to
Mexico. They constructed canals, by which
lake systems were united, a fact which Mr.
Conant has recently shown to be well established
in Missouri. Their defenses were numerous and
constructed with reference to strategic principles,
while their system of signals placed on lofty sum-
mits, visible from their settlements, and com-
municating with the great water-courses at im-
mense distances, rival the signal systems in use at
the beginning of the present century. Their re-
ligion seems to have been attended with the same
ceremonies m all parts of their domain. That
its rites were celebrated with great demonstrations
is certain. The sun and moon were probably
the all-important deities to which sacrifices (pos-
sibly human) were offered. We have already al-
luded to the development in architecture and art
which marked the possible transition of this peo-
ple from north to south. Here we see but the
rude beginnings of a civilization which no doubt
subsequently unfolded in its fuller glory in the
valley of Anahuac and, spreading southward, en-
grafted new life upon the wreck of Xibalba.

Though there is no evidence that the Mound
Builders were indigenous, we must admit that
their civilization was purely such, the natural pro-
duct of climate and the conditions surrounding
them.*

THE BUILDERS ABOUT THE FALLS.

But very brief mention is here made of the
ancient works found in the three counties whose
history is traversed in this work; but full ac-
counts of them will be comprised in the chapters
relating to their respective localities. Professor
Rafinesque's list of the Antiquities of Kentucky,
published in 1824, in the introduction to the
second edition of Marshall's History of Ken-
tucky, and also in separate form, enumerates but
four sites of ancient works and one monument
in Jefferson county, near Louisville. Dr. Mc-
Murtrie's Sketches of Louisville, published in
18 19, after some reference to antiquities, says:

There is nothing of the kind peculiarly interesting in the
immediate vicinity of Louisville. Mounds or tumuli are
occasionally met with, some of which have been opened.
Nothing, however, was found to repay the trouble of the
search but a few human bones, mixed with others, apparently
belonging to the deer.

Some of them were found to contain but a
single skeleton, and were evidently the tombs of
chiefs or other dignitaries of the Mound Build-
ers; while from others of no greater size as many
as twenty skeletons were taken.

Hatchets of stone, pestles or grain-beaters of the same nm-
terial, arrow-heads of flint, together with the remains of
hearths, indicated by flat stones surrounded by and partly
covered with broken shells, fragments of bones, charcoal,
calcined earth, etc., are everywhere to be seen, and some of
them in situations affording an ample fund for speculation to
the geognost. Two of the first-mentioned instruments were
discovered afew miles below the town, at the depth of forty
feet, near an Indian hearth, on which, among other vestiges
of a fire, were' found two charred brands, evidently the ex-
tremities of a stick that had been consumed in the middle of
this identical spot. The whole of this plain, as we before ob-
served, is alluvial, and this fact shows to what depth that for-
mation extends. But at the time the owners of these hatchets
were seated by this fire, where, I would ask, was the Ohio?
Certainly not in its present bed, for these remains are below
its level; and where else it may have been I am at a loss even
to conjecture, as there are no marks of any obsolete water-
course whatever, between the river and Silver Creek hills on
the other side, and between it and the knobs on the other.

The doctor brings m here the mention of some
other very interesting antiquities, perhaps of be-
longing to the period of the Mound Builders ;

Not many years past an iron hatchet was found in a situar
*The Americans of Antiquity, pp. 95-100.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

tion equally sing^ular. A tree of immense size, whose roots
extended thirty or forty feet each way, was obliged to be
felled and the earth on which it grew to be removed, in order
to afford room for a wall connected with the foundations of
the great mill at Shippingport A few feet below tlie sur-
face, and directly under the center of the tree, which was at
least six feet in diameter, was fo!ind the article in question,
which, as was evident upon examination, had been formed
out of a flat bar of wrou^-'it iron, heated in the fire to red-
ness and bent double, leaving a round hole at the joint for
the reception of a handle, the two ends being nicely welded
together, terminated by a cutting edge. The

tree must necessarily have grown over the axe previously de-
posited there, and no human power could have placed it in
the partictilar position in which it was found, after that event
had taken place. The tree was upwards of two hundred
years old.

Since the learned Scotch doctor's lime, during
the excavations made for the Louisville & Port-
land canal between 1826 and 1830, other fire-
places of rude construction were found in the
alluvial deposit twenty feet below the surface,
upon which were brands of partly burnt wood,
bones pf small animals, and some human skele-
tons. Many rude implements of bone and flint
were also thrown out by the pick and shovel, and
a number of well-wrought specimens of hematite
of iron, in the shape of plummets or sinkers.
In the southern part of Louisville, at a depth
just twice as great, still another ancient hearth
was found, across which was still a stick of wood
burnt in the middle, with a stone hatchet and
pestle lying close by. Some of these remains,
it is quite possible, should be referred to the age
of the Mound Builder.

On the other side of the river were also found
some objects of antique interest. Says Dr. Mc-
Murtrie:

A little below Clarksville, immediately on the bank of the
rivef , is the site of a wigwam [village], covered with an allu-
vial deposition of earth, six feet in depth. Interspersed
among the hearths, and scattered in the soil beyond them, are
large quantities of human bones in a very advanced stage of
decomposition. Facts most generally speak for themselves,
and this one tells a very simple and probable tale. The vil-
lage must have been surprised by an enemy, many of whose
bodies, mixed with those of the inhabitants, were left upon
the spot. Had it been a common burial-place, something
like regularity would have been exercised in the disposition of
the skeletons, neither should we have found them in the same
plane with the fireplaces of an extensive settlement, or near
h, but below it.

The Indiana Gazetteer, or Topographical Dic-
tionary, of 1833, mentions that in the digging of
a well at Clarksville was found a walnut plank
several feet long, more than a foot broad, and
about two inches in thickness, at the depth of

forty feet below the surface. It was in a state of
perfect preservation, and even retained marks of
the saw as plainly as it it had not been more
than a week from the mill.

Further notice of the works of the Mound
Builders in the Ohio Falls counties we must
leave to the several local histories in this work.

CHAPTER IL

THE RED MAN.
A Singular Fact — No Kentucky Indians Proper — A Tradi-
tion of Extermination — The Indians Visiting and Roaming
Kentucky — The Shawnees — The Miamis— The Wyandots
— The Delawares— the Ottawas— The Pottawatomies — The
Kickapoos — The Weas — The Chickasaws — The Indian
Treaties — The Jackson Purchase — Fortified Stations —
Those in Jefferson County — Armstrong's Station — Tragic
Incidents — Colonel Floyd's Adventure and Death — A Tale
of the Salt Licks — Bland Ballard Captured and Escapes —
Another Story of Ballard — The Rowan Party Attacked —
Alexander Scott Bullitt's Adventure— The Famous Lancaster
Story — Two Boys Surprised and Taken — The Battle of
the Pumpkins — Some More Stories — The Hites and the
Indians.

A SINGULAR FACT.

It is not a little remarkable that while the
Kentucky wilderness was the theatre of some of
the most desperate battles ever fought with the
North American Indians, and is rife with legends
of Indian massacre and captivity, it was at no
time, within their own traditions or the knowl-
edge of the whites, the residence of any one of
the red-browed tribes. Most of the savages
found at any time by the pioneers had crossed
the Ohio from the North and West, and were
here for but short periods. It was, in fact, but
the hunting-ground for the Ohio and Indiana
tiibes, with their respective territorial jurisdic-
tions wholly undefined. Between the Shawnee
or Cumberland river and the Mississippi, how-
ever, the ownership of the Chickasaws was dis-
tinctly recognized. Elsewhere the tribes seem to
have held in common, for their several purposes.
Says Mr, Henry R. Schoolcraft:

They landed at secret pomts, as hunters and warriors, and
had no permanent residence within its boundaries.
At an early day the head of the Kentucky river became a
favorite and important point of embarkation for Indians mov-
ing in predatory or liunting bands, from the South to the
North and West. The Shawnees, after their great defeat by

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Ihe Cherokees, took that route, and this people always con-
sidered themselves to have claims to these attractive hunting-
grounds, where the deer, the elk, buffalo, and bear abounded
— claims, indeed, whose only foundation was blood and
thunder.

The history of these events is replete with the
highest degree of interest, but cannot here be
entered on. The following letter, from one of
the early settlers of the country, is given as show-
ing the common tradition that, while the area of
Kentucky was perpetually fought for, as a cher-
ished part of the Indian hunting-ground, it was
not, in fact, permanently occupied by any tribe.
The writer's (Mr. Joseph Ficklin's) attention was
but incidentally called to the subject. His let-
ter, which is in answer to a copy of a pamphlet
of printed inquiries, bears date at Lexington,
31st of August, 1847:

I have opened your circular addressed to Dr. Jarvis,
agreeably to your request, and beg leave to remark that I
have myself an acquaintance with the Indian history of this
State from the year 1781, and that nothing is known here
connected with your inquiries, save the remains of early
settlements too remote to allow of any evidence of the
character of the population, except that it must have been
nearly similar to that of the greater portion which once oc-
cupied the rest of the States of the Union.

There is one fact favorable to this State, which belongs to
few, if any, of the sister .States. We have not to answer to
any tribunal for the crime of driving off the Indian tribes
and possessing their lands. There were no Indians located
within our limits on our taking possession of this countrv. A
discontented portion of the Shawnee tribe, from Virginia,
broke off from the nation, which removed to the Scioto
country, in Ohio, about the year 1730, and formed a town,
known by the name of Lulbegrud, in what is now Clark
county, about thirty miles east of this place. This tribe left
this country about 1750 and went to East Tennessee, to t^ie
Cherokee Nation. Soon after they returned to Ohio and
joined the rest of the nation, after spending a few years on
the Ohio river, giving name to Shawnee-town in the State of
Illinois, a place of some note at this time. This information
is founded on the account of the Indians at the first settle-
ment of this State, and since confirmed by Blackhoof, a na-
tive of Lulbegrud, who visited this country in 1816, and
went on the spot, describing the water-streams and hills in a
manner to satisfy everybody that he was acquainted with
the place.

1 claim no credit for this State in escaping the odium of
driving off the savages, because I hold that no people have
any claim to a whole country for a hunting or robbing resi-
dence, on the score of living, for a brief period, on a small
part of it. Our right to Northern Mexico, California, and
Texas, is preferable to any other nation, for the simple
eason that we alone subdue the savages and robbers, and
place it under a position which was intended by the Creator
of the world, as explained to the father of our race.

A TRADITION.

After mentioning a tradition of the Delawares,
in regard to the extermination of the Kentucky

tribes, Mr. Collins says, in his History of Ken-
tucky:

But this tradition of the Delawares does not stand alone.
That the prehistoric inhabitants of Kentucky were at some
intermediate period overwhelmed by a tide of savage invasion
from the North, is a point upon which Indian tradition, as
far as it goes, is positive and expHcit. It is related, in a
posthumous fragment on Western antiquities, by Rev. John
P. Campbell, M. D., which was published in the early part
of the present century, that Colonel James Moore, of Ken-
tucky, was told by an old Indian that the primitive inhabit-
ants of this State had perished in a war of extermination
waged against them by the Indians; that the last great battle
was fought at the Falls of the Ohio; and that the Indians
succeeded in driving the aborigines into a small island below
the rapids, "where the whole of them were cut to pieces."
The Indian further said this was an undoubted fact handed
down by tradition, and that the Colonel would have proofs of
it under his eyes as soon as the waters of the Ohio became
low. When the waters of the river had fallen, an examina-
tion of Sandy island was made, and "a multitude of human
bones were discovered."

There is similar confirmation of this tradition in the state-
ment of General George Rogers Clark, that there was a
great bu ying-ground on the northern side of the river, but
a short distance below the Falls. According to a tradition
imparted to the same gentleman by the Indian chief Tobacco,
the battle of Sandy island decided finally the fall of Ken-
tucky, with its ancient inhabitants. When Colonel McKee
commanded on the Kanawha (says Dr. Campbell), he was
told by the Indian chief Cornstalk, with whom he had fre-
quent conversations, that Ohio and Kentucky (and Tennessee
is also associated with Kentucky in the pre-historic ethnogra-
phy of Rafinesque) had gnce been settled by a white people
who were familiar with arts of which the Indians knew noth-
ing; that these whites, after a series of bloody contests with
the Indians, had been exterminated; that the old burial-
places were the graves of an unknown people; and that the
old forts had not been built by Indians, but had come down
from "a very long ago" people, who were of a white com-
plexion, and skilled in the arts.

The statement of General Clark, above re-
ferred to, is doubtless what is mentioned in
greater detail by Dr. McMurtrie, in his Sketches
of Louisville, in these terms:

About the time when General Clark first visited this coun-
try, an old Indian is said to have assured him that there was
a tradition to this effect: that therehad formerly existeda race
of Indians whose complexion was much lighter than that of
the other natives, which caused them to be known by the
name of the white Indians; that bloody wars had always been
waged between the two, but that at last the black Indians
got ihe better of the others in a great battle fought at Clarks-
ville, wherein all the latter were assembled; that the remnant
of their army took refuge in Sandy island, whither their suc-
cessful and implacable enemies followed and put every indi-
vidual to death.

How true this may be I know not, but appearances are
strongly in its favor. A large field a little below Clarksville
contains immense quantities of human bones, whose decom-
posed state and the regular manner in which they are scat-
tered, as well as the circumstance of their being covered with
an alluvial deposition of earth six or seven feet deep, evidently

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

prove that it was not a regular burial-place, but a field of bat-
tle, in some former century. Relics of a smiilar description
are said to have been seen in great plenty on Sandy island in
1778, none of which, however, are visible at this day (upon
the surface), which may be owing to the constant deposition
of sand upon the island and the action of the water in high
floods, whose attrition may have finally removed every vestige
of such substances.

THE KENTUCKY INDIANS,

then, were really the Indians of Ohio and Indi-
ana, and probably, to a less degree, of the South
and Southwest. This faci enlarges greatly the
field of our inquiry, and compels us to consider,
at least briefly, a greater number of tribes than
usually dwelt within the limits of any tract now
formed into a State.

The chief of these tribes was undoubtedly

THE SHAWNEES.

The name of this once-powerful tribe is de-
rived from Shawano or Oshawano, the name, in
one of the most ancient traditions of the Algon-
quins, of one of the brothers of Manabozho,
who had assigned to him the government of the
southern part of the earth. The name, with a
final ng for the plural, is said to convey to the
Indian mind the idea of Southerners. In the
English mouth and writing it has been corrupted
into Shawanese or Shawnees, although Mr.
Schoolcraft and other writers upon the aborigines
often use the older form Shawanoes. By the
Iroquois and English, about 1747, they were
called Satanas (devils), and are also mentioned
in the French writings as Chouanons. From these
the names Suwanee and Sawnee, as applied
to Southern rivers, where they formerly resided,
are derived. About the year 1640 the Shawnees
came into the Ohio valley from the Appalachian
range by way of the Kentucky river (also said to
have a Shawnee name, Cuttawa or Kentucke),
while other bands of the tribe, driven from the
South by the Catawbas and Cherokees, settled
among their kinsfolk, the Delawares of Pennsyl-
vania.

The Shawnees had a tradition of foreign origin,
or at least of landing from a sea-voyage. Colonel
John Johnston, who was their agent for many
years, in a letter dated July 7, 1819, observes:

1 111- pi-ople of this nation have a ir.idition that their an-
cestors crus-f,l the sea. They are the only tril)e with which
I am acqtiainiiil Mho admit a foreign origin. Until lately
they kept yearly sacrihc.-s for their safe arrival in this coun-
try. From where they c.irn.-. or at what period they arrived
in .America, thi-y do not kiid.v. It j, a prevailing opinion

among them that Florida had been inhabited by white f)eople,
who had the use of iron tools. Blackhoof (a celebrated
chief) affirms that he has often heard it spoken of by old
people, that stumps of trees, covered with earth, were fre-
quently found, which had been cut down by edged tools.
It is somewhat doubtful whether the
deliverance which they celebrate has any other reference than
to the crossing of some great river or an arm of the sea.

In McKenney and Hall's splendid History of
the Indian Tribes of North America, published
at Philadelphia in 1844, the following account is
given of this tribe:

Much obscurity rests upon the history of the Shawanese.
Their manners, customs, and language indicated northern
origin, and upwards of two centuries ago they held the coun-
try south of Lake Erie. They were the first tribe which felt
the force and yielded to the superiority of the Iroquois.
Conquered by them, they migrated to the South, and, from
fear or favor, they were allowed to take possession of a region
upon Savannah river, but what part of that river, whether in
Georgia or Florida, is not known — it is presumed the former.
How long they resided there we have not the means of ascer-
taining, nor have we any account of the incidents of their
history in that country, or of the causes of their leaving it.
One, if not more, of their bands removed from- thence to
Pennsylvania, but the larger portion took p>ossession of the
country upon the Miami and Scioto rivers in Ohio, a fertile,
region, where their habits, more industrious than those of
their race generally, enabled them to live comfortably.

This is the only tribe among all our Indians who claim for
themselves a foreign origin. Most of the aborigines of the
continent believe their forefathers ascended from holes in the
earth, and many of them assign a local habitation to these
traditionary places of nativity of their race; resembling in
this respect some of the traditions of antiquity, and derived
perhaps from that remote period when barbarous tribes were
■ troglodytes, subsisting upon the spontaneous productions of
the earth. The Shawnees believe their ancestors inhabited a
foreign land, which, from some unknown cause, they deter-
mined to abandon. They collected their people together, and
marched to the seashore. Here various persons were
selected to le.id them, but they declined the duty, until it
was undertaken by one of the Turtle tribe. He placed him-
self at the head of the procession, and walked into the sea.
The waters immediately divided, and they passed along the
bottom of the ocean until they reached this "island."

The Shawnees have one institution peculiar to themselves.
Their nation was originally divided into twelve tribes or
bands, bearing different names. Each of these tribes was
subdivided in the usual manner, into families of the E^gle,
the Turtle, etc., these animals constituting their totems.
Two of these tribes have become extinct and their names are
forgotten. The names of the other ten are preserved, but
only four of these are now kept distinct. These are the
Makostrake, the Pickaway, the Kickapoo, and the Chilli-
cothe tribes. Of the six whose names are preserved, but
whose separate characters are lost, no descendant of one of
them, the Waiiphauthawonaukee, now survive. The remains
of the other five have become incorporated with the four
subsisting tribes. Even to this day each of the four sides of
their council-houses is assigned to one of these tribes, and is
invariably occupied by it. Although, to us, they appear the
same people, yet they pretend to possess the f)ower of dis-
cerning at sight to which tribe an individual belongs.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Iho celebrated Teciimseh and his brother, Tens-kwau-ta-
waw, more generally known by the appellation of the
Prophet, were Shawnees, and sjirang from the Kickapoo
tribe. They belonged to the family or totem of the Panther,
to the males of which alone was the name Tecunithe, or
"Flying Across, " given. Their paternal grandfather was a
Creek, and their grandmother a Shawnee. The name of
their father was Pukeshinwau, who was born among the
Creeks, but removed with his tribe to Chillicothe, upon the
Scioto. Tecumthe, his fourth son, was born upon the jour-
ney. Pukeshinwau was killed at the battle at Point Pleasant
at the mouth of the Kenhawa, in 1774, and the Prophet was
one of three posthumous children, born at the same birth a
few months afterwards.

The Kickapoos were doubtless united with the Shawanese
at a period not very distant. The traditions of each tribe
contain similar accounts of their union and separation ; and
the identity of their language furnished irrefragable evident
of their consanguinity. We are inclined to believe that when
the Shawanese were overpowered by the Iroquois, and aban-
doned their country upon Lake Erie, they separated into two
great divisions — one of which, preserving their original repu-
tation [designation], fled into Florida, and the other, now
known to us as the Kickapoos, returned to the West and es-
tablished themselves among the Illinois Indians, upon the
extensive prairies on that river and between it and the Mis-
sissippi. This region, however, they have relinquished to
the United States.

Judge James Hall, of Cincinnati, one of the
authors of this work, in his Essay on the History
of the North American Indians, comprised in
the third volume, writes eloquently of this tribe.
A part of his account allies it more closely
with the history of Western Kentucky, and seems
to indicate the region watered by the lower Cum-
berland as a former habitat of the tribe.

The Shawanoe nation, when first known to the whites,
were a numerous and warlike people of Georgia and South
Carohna. After the lapse of a very few years, they aban-
doned or were driven from that region, and are found
in the southwestern part of the Ohio valley, giving their beau-
tiful name to the river which by the bad taste of the Ameri-
cans has acquired the hackneyed name of Cumberland. We
next hear of them in Pennsylvania, participators in the tragic
scenes which have given celebrity to the valley of Wyoming.
Again they lecede to the Ohio valley, to a locality hundreds
of miles distant from their former hunting-grounds in the
West, selecting now the rich and beautiful plains of the
Scioto valley and the Miamis. Here they attained the high-
est point of their fame. Here was heard the eloquence of
Logan; here was spent the boyhood of Tecum seh. It was
from the romantic scenes of the Little Miami, from the Pick-
away plains and the beautiful shores of the Scioto— from
scenes of such transcending fertility and beauty as must have
won any but a nature inherently savage to the luxury of rest
and contentment, that the Shawanoese went forth to battle
oft Braddock's field, at Point Pleasant, and along the whole
hne «if the then Western frontier. Lastly, we find them
dwelling on the Wabash, at Tippecanoe, holding councils
with the Governor of Indiana at Vincennes, intriguing with
the Cherokees and Creeks of the South, and fighting under
the British banner in Canada. Here we find a people num-

bering but a few thousand, and who could, even as savages
and hunters, occupy but a small tract of country at any one
time, roaming, in the course of two centuries, over ten de-
grees of latitude ; changing their hunting-grounds, not grad-
ually, but by migrations of hundreds of miles at a time;
abandoning entirely a whole region, and appearing upon a
new and far-distant scene. What land was the country of
the Shawanoese ? To what place could that strong local at-
tachment which has been claimed for the Indians, have af-
fixed itself? Where must the Shawanoe linger, to indulge
that veneration lor the bones of his fathers which is said to
form so strong a feeling in the savage breast ? Their bones
are mouldering in every, ^valley, from the sultry confines of
Georgia to the frozen shores of the Canadian frontier. Their
traditions, if carefully preserved, in as many separate dis-
tricts, have consecrated to the affections ol a little rem-
nant of people a vast expanse of territory, which now em-
braces eight or nine sovereign States, and maintains five
millions of people.

Mr. Dodge, in his Red Men of the Ohio Val-
ley, expresses the opinion that, at the period of
the settlement of Virginia, the Shawnees were
doubtless the occupants of what is now the State
of Kertucky, from the Ohio river up to the
Cumbei land basin, the country of the Cherokees,
and that they were driven from this delightful
land into the Pennsylvania and Ohio country,
probably by the Cherokees and Chickasaws.

Upon Charlevoix's map of New France, the
Kentucky country is given as the "Pays du
Chouanons," or Land of the Shawnees, while the
Kentucky river is noted as "La Riviere des An-
ciens Chouanons," or of the Old Shawnees. It
is well known that the Tennessee river was for-
merly called the Shawnee — and, indeed, wher-
ever this tribe dwelt in their earlier history, they
seem to have left a memorial in the nam6 of a
river. When first known to the Europeans, they
were dwelling among the Creeks on the Florida
rivers. The "Suwanee" of the popular song
takes its name from them.

In passing, we may note that this map of
Charlevoix's marks the Ohio as the "Oyo, or la
Belle Riviere," and the country west of the
Wabash as the "Pays des Miamis," indicating
the reputed habitat of another great tribe. West
of these was the Pays des Illinois.

About 1745 the Shawnees retired to the Mi-
ami and Muskingum valleys to avoid their south-
ern enemies. They were represented at the
treaty with the Menguys, and in the alliance
against the Cherokees, Catawbas, Muscologees,
Chickasaws, and other tribes of the South. Ken-
tucky being the usual ground of warfare between
these Southern and Northern tribes, it so came to

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

be called, as is believed, the Dark and Bloody
Ground.

THE MIAMIS.

Messrs. Kenny and Hall furnish the following
facts concerning this tribe:

The Miamis, when first known to the French, were living
around Chicago, upon Lake Michigan. It was the chief of
this tribe whose state and attendance were depicted by the
Sieur Perot in such strong colors. Charlevoix, without
vouching for the entire accuracy of the relation, observes that
in his time there was more deference paid by the Miamis to
their chiefs than by any other Indians.

This tribe removed from Lake Michigan to the Wabash,
where they yet [1843] retain an extensive tract of country up-
on which they reside. A kindred thbe, the Weas, more
properly called the Newcalenons, long lived with the Miamis;
but they have recently separated from them and crossed the
Mississippi. Their whole number does not exceed three
hundred and fifty. Of the Miamis about one thousand yet
remain.

This tribe was formerly known to the English as the Twigh-
twees. They appear to have been the only Indians in the
West, with the exception of one other tribe, the Foxes, who,
at an early period, were attached to the English interest.
The causes which led to this union are unknown, but for
many years they produced a decisive effect upon the fortunes
of the Miamis.

That strangest of all institutions in the history of hu-
man waywardness, the man-eating society, existed among
this tribe. It extended also to the Kichapoos, but to
how many others we do not know. It appears to have been
the duty of the members of this society to eat any captives
who were delivered to them for that purpose. The subject
itself is so revolting to us at this day, even to the Indians,
that it is difficult to collect the traditionary details concerning
this institution. Its duties and its privileges, for it had.
both, were regulated by long usage, and its whole ceremonial
was prescribed by a horrible ritual. Its members belonged
to one family, and inherited this odious distinction. The so-
ciety was a religious one, and its great festivals were cele-
brated in the presence of the whole tribe. During the exist-
ence of the present generation, this society has flourished and
performed shocking duties, but they are now wholly discon-
tinued, and will be ere long forgotten.

THE WYANDOTS

claim to be "uncle" to all the other tribes. The
Delawares, they say, are grandfather, but still the
nephew of the Wyandots. They sometimes are
called Hurons, were of Huron stock, with the
Algonquins as their allies, and were driven from
their ancestral seat on the St. Lawrence by their
hereditary enemies, the terrible Iroquois. In
their later homes, however, in Northwestern Ohio
and Northeastern Indiana, they were the leading
tribe. For ages they had been at the head of a
great Indian commonwealth or confederacy, and,
though greatly enfeebled by long and bloody
wars, their scepter had not yet quite departed.
Once they held the great coimcil-fire, and had

the sole right of convening the tribes of the con-
federacy around it, when some important event
or plan required general deliberation. In the
possession of their chiefs an Indian agent at Fort
Wayne saw a very ancient belt believed to have
been sent to them by the Mexican Emperor
Montezuma, with a warning that the Spaniards
under Cortez had appeared upon the coast.
They were among the last of the tribes to leave
Ohio, by which time they had become reduced
to but a few hundred. McKenney & Hall's
History of the Indian Tribes of North America
says:

This tribe was not unworthy of the preeminence it enjoyed.
The French historians describe them as superior, in all the
essential characteristics of savage life, to any other Indians
upon the continent. And at this day [1844] their intrepid-
ity, their general deportment, and their lofty bearing, confirm
the accounts which have been given to us. In all the wars
upon our borders, until the conclusion of Wayne's treaty,
they acted a conspicuous part, and their advice in council
and conduct in action were worthy of their ancient renown.

THE DELAWARES.

These are the Lenni-Lenape, or " original peo-
ple"— certainly a very ancient people, about
whom many large stories, if not absolute fables,
have been related. When first known to the
whites, they resided chiefly upon the tidewaters
of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
They early became known to the Moravian mis-
sionaries, who labored among them with exem-
plary zeal and care, and accompanied them in
their migrations to the Susquehanna, thence to
the Ohio, thence to the Muskingum, where the
first white settlements, except a trading-post or
two, were made upon the present territory of the
commonwealth of Ohio, shared in their horrible
calamities, went with them thence to Lake St.
Clair and the neighborhood of Sandusky, and re-
mained with them till their pious mission was
fulfilled. The unconverted or heathen portion
of the tribe, after the removal from Ohio, settled
on White river, in Indiana, which they occupied
until transported beyond the Mississippi, where
they were settled upon a reservation in the south-
west part of Missouri.

THE OTIAWAS

were faithful adherents and allies of the Wyan-
dots, and accompanied them in all their migra-
tions. The celebrated Pontiac, hero of the con-
spiracy agamst the British garrison at 13etroit so
much exploited in history, was an Ottawa chief,

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

born about 17 14. They became much scattered
in more recent days, but large bands of them re-
sided upon the Maumee, and their parties occa-
sionally roamed the hunting-grounds of Ken-
tucky.

THE POTTAWATOMIES

were also occasionally seen by the pioneers in
these regions. They were not Ohio Indians, but
had their habitat in parts of Indiana, Michigan,
and Illinois. Until they became degraded and
degenerate, they were the most popular tribe
north of the Ohio, remarkable, even with the
Wyandots so near, for their stature, symmetry,
and fine personal bearing. Their residence did
not extend in this direction beyond the White
river of Indiana, but they often penetrated south
of the Beautiful river, and were probably the
chief instruments in the annoyance of the early
settlers about the Falls.

THE KICKAPOOS,

who were also among the " Wabash Indians,"
were simply a tribe of the powerful Shawnees.
This nation was originally separated into twelve
tribes, each divided into families known by their
" totems," as the Eagle, the Turtle, etc. When
the period of white occupancy began here, all the
tribes had become extinct or intermingled, ex-
cept four, of which the Kickapoos formed one.
To this day, each of the four sides of their coun-
cil-house is assigned to one of these tribes. To
the Kickapoo division and the family of " the
Panther" belonged the eloquent and brave Te-
cumseh and his brother, the Prophet. The
Shawnee tongue seems closely related to that of
the Kickapoos and of some other Northern
tribes.

THE WEAS

were an insignificant band, sometimes called the
Newcalenons, whose habitat was upon the small
river which bears their name in Western Indiana.
They were allied to the Miamis, with whom they
long lived. When they crossed the Mississippi,
their number scarcely reached four hundred.
General Scott's expedition from Kentucky, in
1 791, was specially directed against this tribe.

THE CHICKASAWS.

The only great Southern tribe with which this
history need deal, is the Chickasaws, who held
the entire tract of the Kentucky country west of
the Tennessee to the Mississippi.

The Chickasaws formed one of a number of
Indian nations found by the whites in the south-
ernmost States east of the Mississippi river in
the early part of the last century. The Uchees,
with the Lower, Middle, and Upper Creeks, con-
stituted the formidable Muscogee confederacy;
the other tribes were the Seminoles, the Chero-
kees, the Choctaws. the Natchez, the Yemasees,
and the Chickasaws. The last-named are de-
scribed by Captain Romans, in his Concise
Natural History of East and West Florida, pub-
lished at New York in 1775, ^s a fierce, cruel, in-
solent, and haughty race, corrupt in morals, filthy
in discourse, lazy, powerful, and well made,
expert swimmers, good warriors, and excellent
hunters. He contrasts them unfavorably with
the Choctaws, whom he praises as a nation of
farmers, inclined to peace and industry. The
Chickasaws about this time lived on the left bank
of the Savannah river, opposite Augusta.

The following facts concerning the Chicka-
saws are derived chiefly from the first volume of
Mr. Henry R. Schoolcraft's great report to the
Government of information respecting the History,
Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of
the United States. They are full of interest, and
their sources give them authority and permanent
value.

The traditional origin and history of this
branch of the Appalachian family is retained by
the tribe, in their later homes west of the Mis-
sissippi. Their old men tell the tale thus: They
came from the west, and a part of their tribe re-
mained behind. When about to start Eastward
they were provided with a large dog as a guard
and a pole as a guide. The former would give
them notice whenever an enemy was at hand,
and thus enable them to make their arrange-
ments to receive them. The pole they would
plant in the ground every night, and the next
morning they would look at it and go in the di-
rection it leaned. (Mr. Schoolcraft says this
allegory of the dog and pole probably reveals the
faith of this people in an ancient prophet, or
seer, under whose guidance they migrated.)
They continued their journey in this way until
they crossed the great Mississippi river, and, on
the waters of the Alabama river, arrived in the
country about where Huntsville, Alabama, now is.
There the pole was unsettled for several days,
but finally it settled and pointed in a southwest

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

direction. They then started on that course,
planting the pole every night, until they got to
what is called the Chickasaw Old Fields, where
the pole stood perfectly erect. All then came to
the conclusion that that was the promised land,
and there they accordingly remained until they
emigrated west of the State of Arkansas in the
years 1837 and 1838.

While the pole was in an unsettled situation, a
part of their tribe moved further eastward and got
with the Creek Indians; but so soon asa majority
of the tribe settled at the Old Fields, they sent
for the party that had gone on east, who answered
that they were very tired and would rest where
they were a while. This clan was called Cush-
e-tah. They have never joined the present tribe,
but they always remained as friends until they
had intercourse with the whites; then they be
came a separate nation. The great dog was lost
in the Mississippi, and they always believed that
the dog had got into a large sink-hole and
there remained; the Chickasaws said they could
hear the dog howl just before the evening came.
Whenever any of their warriors get scalps, they
give them to the boys to go and throw them into
the sink where the dog was. After throwing the
scalps, the boys would run off in great fright,
and if one should fall in running off, the Chicka-
saws were certain he would be killed or taken
prisoner by their enemies. Some of the half-
breeds, and nearly all of the full-bloods, now be-
lieve it.

In traveling from the West to the East, they
have no recollection of crossing any large water-
course except the Mississippi river. During this
exodus they had enemies on all sides, and had to
fight their way through, but they cannot give the
names of the people they fought with while
traveling. They were informed, when they left
the VVest, that they might look for whites; that
they would come from the East; and that they
were to be on their guard and to avoid the
whites, lest they should bring all manner of
vice among them.

After their settlement in Mississippi, they had
several wars, all defensive. They fought with
the Choctaws, and came off victorious ; with the
Creeks, and killed several hundred of them and
drove them off; they fought the Cherokees,
Kickapoos, Osages, and several other tribes of
Indians, all of whom ihcy whipped. The ex-

pedition of De Soto passed through their coun-
try, had sharp conflicts with them, and occupied
for a time one of their deserted towns, which the
Chickasaws finally burned over their heads in a
night attack, destroying all the hogs that were
being driven along, many horses, and other
property. A large number of French landed
once at the Chickasaw Bluff, where Memphis
now is, and made an attack upon this tribe, as
their traditions relate, but were beaten off with
great loss. At one time a large body of Creeks
came to the Chickasaw country to kill them off
and take their lands. The Indians knew of their
coming and built a fort, assisted by Captain
David Smith and a party of Tennesseeans. The
Creeks came on, but few of them returned to
their own land to tell the tale of disaster.

Until the nation removed to the west of the
Mississippi, it had a king, who is recognized by
name in the treaty made by General Jackson in
18 19. The Indian title was Minko, and there
was a clan or family by that name from which
the king was taken. He was hereditary through
the female side. Since the migration the tribe
has elected chiefs from different families or
bands.

The highest clan next to Minko is the Sho-wa.
The next chief to the king was out of their clan.
The next is Co-ish-to, second chief out of this
clan. The next is Oush-pe-ne. The next is
Uin-ne; and the lowest clan is called Hus-co-na.
Runners and waiters are taken from this family.
When the chiefs thought it necessary to hold a
council, they went to the king and requested
him to call one. He would then send one of
his runners out to inform the people that a coun-
cil would be held at such a time and place.
When they convened, the king would take his
seat. The runners then placed each chief in his
proper place. All the talking and business was
done by the chiefs. If they passed a law they
informed the king of it. If he consented to it,
it was a law ; if he refused, the chiefs could make
it a law if every chief was in favor of it. If one
chief refused to give his consent, the law was
lost.

These Indians have no tradition concerning
the large mounds in Mississippi ; they do not
know whether they are natural or artificial. They
found them when they first entered the country,
and called them "navels," from the notion that

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

the Mississippi was l;he center of the parth j^nd
the mounds were as the navel of a man in the
center of his body.

Beyond the Mississippi, the Chickasaws made
an agreement with the Choctaws, by which they
agreed to hve under the Choctaw laws, in a re-
publican form of government. They elect a
chief every four years, and captains once in two
years. Judges are elected by the general coun-
cil. The chiefs and captains in council make
all appropriations for any of the purposes of the
Chickasaws. The Choctaws have no control of
their financial affairs, nor they of those of the
Choctaws. Mr. Schoolcraft, writing in 1850,
says that, under the new government, they had
improved more in the last five years than they
had in the preceding twenty years. They had
then in progress a large manual-labor academy,
and had provided for two more, one for males
and one for females. The Chickasaw district
lay north of Red river, was about two hundred
and twenty-five by one hundred and fifty miles
in length and breadth, being large enough for
two such tribes,and was esteemed well adapted
to all their wants. Mr. Schoolcraft concludes
his account as follows :

The funds of the Chickasaws, in the hands of the Govern-
ment, for lands ceded to the United States, are ample for the
purposes of educating every member of the tribe, and of
making the most liberal provision for their advancement in
agriculture and the arts. Possessing the fee of a fertile and
well-watered territorial area of thirty-three thousand seven
hundred and fifty square miles, over which they are guaran-
teed in the sovereignty, with an enlightened chieftaincy, a
practical representative and elective system, and a people
recognizing the value of labor, it would be difficult to im-
agine a condition of things more favorable to their rapid prog-
ress in all the elements of civilization, self-government, and
permanent prosperity.

The total number of the tribe at this time, in
the Indian Territory and elsewhere, was about
five thousand.

Mr. Bartram, in his book of Travels through
North and South Carolina, Georgia, etc., pub-
lished in London in 1792, makes the following
remarks on the physical characteristics of the
Southern Indians, including the Chickasaws:

The males of the Cherokees, Muscogulgees, Seminoles,
Chickasaws, Choctaws, and confederate tribes of the Creeks,
are tall, erect, and moderately robust ; their limbs well
shaped, so as generally to form a perfect human figure; their
features regular and countenance open, dignified, and placid,
yet the forehead and brow so formed as to strike you in-
stantly with heroism and bravery; the eye, though rather
small, active and full of fire; the iris always black, and the

nose commonly inclining to the aquiline. Their countenance
and actions exhibit an air of magnanimity, superionty, and
independence. Their complexion of a reddish brown or
copper color; their hair long, lank, coarse, and black as a
raven, and reflecting the like lustre at different exposures to
the light.

The Muscogulgee women, though remarkably short of
stature, are well formed; their visage round, features regular
and beautiful, the brow high and arched; the eyes large,
black, and languishing, expressive of modesty, diffidence,
and bashfulness; these charms are their defensive and oflFen-
sive weapons, and they know very well how to play them off,
and under cover of these alluring graces are concealed the
most subtle artifices. They are, however, loving and affec-
tionate; they are, I believe, the smallest race of women yet
known, seldom above five feet high, and I believe the greater
number never arrive to that stature; their hands and feet not
larger than those of Europeans of nine or ten years of age;
yet the men are of gigantic stature, a full size larger than
Europeans, many of them above six feet, and few under
that, or five feet eight or ten inches. Their complexion
is much darker than any of the tribes to the north of them,
that I have seen. This description will, I believe, compre*
hend the Muscogulgees, their confederates, the Choctaws,
and I believe the Chickasaws (though I have never seen their
women), excepting some bands of the Seminoles, Uches,
and Savai nucas, who are rather taller and slenderer, and
their complexion brighter.

With these citations we conclude the account
of the Indians who kept Kentucky for genera-
tions as a hunting-ground and field for war, and
proceed to give some account of the relinquish-
ment of their claims to the white man.

THE INDIAN TREATIES.

The Iroquois, or Six Nations, although not in
actual occupation of the Kentucky country dur-
ing the last century, had some sort of shadowy
claim upon it, which they assumed to grant by
treaty, and upon which the English found it con-
venient to base their claims, as against the
French claim by right of discovery. In 1684;
and again in 1701, the Six Nations had formally
put themselves under the protection of England:
and in 1726, September 14th, a deed was made
by the chiefs conveying all their lands to the
Crown in trust, "to be protected and defended
by his Majesty, to be for the use of the grantors
and their heirs."

In June, 1744, at Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
when the savages had been well plied with liquor^
they were induced to sign a treaty by virtue of
which they should recognize the king's right to
all lands that are, or by his Majesty's appoint-
ment shall be, within the colony of Virginia" — a
remarkable grant, truly, and one under which
tracts of indefinite greatness might have been
claimed.

HISTORY OF TEfE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

On the 9th of Jun«, 1752, the commissioners
of Virginia met the Indians of some other tribes,
probably the Twightwees, or Miamis, at Logs-
town, below Pittsburg, and a few days afterwards
obtained a ratification of the Lancaster treaty and
a guarantee that the Indians would not disturb
settlements southeast of the Ohio.

In September, 1753, William Fairfax, of Vir-
ginia, made another treaty at Winchester, the
pjarticulars of which have never been disclosed.
The iniquity of the Lancaster and Logstown
conventions and of appliances by which they
were obtained, is manifest from the fact that
Fairfax is known to have endorsed upon the
treaty that such was the feeling among the In-
dians that he had not dared to mention to them
either of these. A more satisfactory interview
occurred at Carlisle the next month, between
the representatives of the leading tribes and
commissioners of Pennsylvania, of whom one
was Benjamin Franklin.

October 24, 1768, an inportant congress of
white and Indian deputies met at Fort Stanwix,
in Western New York, during which a treaty was
made whereby the Indians agreed that the south
line of their territories should begin on the
Ohio, at the mouth of the Cherokee (Tennessee)
river, running thence up the Ohio and Alleghany
rivers to Kittaning, thence across to the Susque-
hanna, etc. Thus the whole country south of
the Ohio and the Alleghany, to which the Six
Nations had any claim, was transferred to the
British. The Delawares and the Shawnees were
also in the congress at Fort Stanwix, and were
equally bound by it with the Six Nations, as re-
gards the Kentucky region and all other lands
granted by it. The Shawnee and Delaware dep-
uties, however, did not sign the treaty; but the
chiefs of the Six Nations undertook to bind them
also as "their allies and dependents," together
with the Mingoes of Ohio. It was expressly
agreed that no claim should ever be made by
the whites upon the basis of previous treaties, as
those of Lancaster and Logstown. Up<yi the
Fort Stanwix treaty, for the most part, rested the
English title by purchase to Pennsylvania, West-
ern Virginia, and Kentucky. True, the Chero-
kees had an interest in the Kentucky lands, which
was recognized in 1770 by the treaty of Lochaber,
and the right of the Southern Indians to those
north and east of the Kentucky river was bought

by one Colonel Donaldson about that time.
The arrangement at Fort Stanwix, however,
finally prevailed, although the Shawnees and
other Ohio tribes held it in contempt, and made
fierce raids upon the settlers south as well as
north of the Ohio, on account of the invasion
of their favorite hunting-grounds.

Another treaty was made with the Six Nations
at Fort Stanwix October 22, 1784, by which the
western boundary of their lands was fixed, not
reaching beyond the Pennsylvania line, and all
claims to the country west of their line were sur-
rendered to the United States, which had now
achieved their independence. This treaty was
confirmed by the Iroquois, in the important con-
vention with General Harmar at the Muskingum
settlement, or Fort Harmar, January 9, 1789.

Between the two former meetings and treaties,
January 21, 1785, a convention was held at Fort
Mcintosh, between Generals George Rogers
Clark and Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee, com-
missioners on behalf of the United States Gov-
ernment, with Western Indians alone — the Wy-
andots, Delawares, Chippewas, and Ottawas.
By the treaty then concluded, a reservation was
made to the Wyandots, Delawares, and Ottawas,
of a large tract in Central and Northern Ohio,
the Indians acknowledging "the lands east, south
and west of the lines described in the third arti-
cle, so far as the said Indians formerly claimed
the same, to belong to the United States; and
none of their tribes shall presume to settle upon
the same, or any part of it." This treaty was
also confirmed and extended by the Muskingum
arrangement in January, 1789. The Wabash
tribes had not, however, been bound by this or
any other treaty, and continued their attacks up-
on the Kentucky settlements and voyagers on
the Ohio, until pacificated by the victory of
Wayne in 1794 and the treaty of Greenville the
next year, in which the Wabash Indians partici-
pated.

Jackson's purchase.

The entire western part of the State of Ken-
tucky, between the Tennessee and Mississippi
rivers, recognized as belonging to the Chickasaw
tribe, was ceded to the United States by treaty
October 19, 18 18, made by Generals Andrew
Jackson and Isaac Shelby, commissioners on be-
half of the Government, and Chiunnby, king of
the Chickasaw Nation, Teshnamingo, James

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Brown, and oth3rs, chiefs, and Colonel George
Gilbert, Major William Glover, Goweamarthlar,
and other military leaders of the tribe. The
"treaty-ground, east of Old Town," as mentioned
just before the signatures, is in Monroe county,
Mississippi, on the Tombigbee river, about ten
miles from Aberdeen, on the road to Cotton
Gin. The commissioners and their staff occu-
pied a spot beneath the spreading branches of a
magnificent oak, which was standing many years
later, and was locally quite celebrated. By the
second article of the treaty the Indians bound
their nation to cede to the United States, with
the exception of a small reservation, "all claim
or title which the said Nation has to the land
lying north of the south boundary of the State of
Tennessee, which is bounded south by the thirty-
fifth degree of north latitude, and which lands,
hereby ceded, he within the following boundaries,
viz.: Beginning on the Tennessee river, about
thirty five miles, by water, below Colonel George
Colbert's ferry, where the thirty- fifth degree of
north latitude strikes the same; thence due west
with said degree of north latitude, to where it
cuts the Mississippi river at or near the Chick-
asaw Bluffs; thence up the said Mississippi river
to the mouth of the Ohio; thence up the Ohio
river to the mouth of Tennessee river; thence
up the Tennessee to the place of beginning."

This ceded all the Indian lands in Western
Kentucky. The consideration agreed upon was
$20,000 per annum, for fifteen successive years,
with various smaller sums paid to the chiefs and
the Nation, on sundry accounts.

At the time this treaty was signed, there re-
mained of the Chickasaw tribe, according to the
Report of the Rev. Dr. Jedidiah Morse, the
celebrated geographer, to the Secretary of War,
but three thousand six hundred and twenty-five
souls. They were in the singular proportion of
four males to one female, which inequality, says
Dr. Morse, "is attributed to the practice of
polygamy, which is general in this tribe." He re-
marks further:

The Chickasaws have always been warm friends of the
United States, and are distinguished for their hospitahty.
Some of the chiefs are half-breed, men of sense, possess nu-
merous negro slaves, and annually sell several hundred cattle
and hogs. The nation resides in eight towns, and, like their
neighbors, are considerably advanced in civilization. The
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions have
in contemplation the speedy establishment of a mission

among these Indians, prepaiations for which are already
made. This is done at the earnest solicitation of the nation.

THE FORTIFIED STATIONS.

Long before the Kentucky country was cleared
of Indians and Indian titles, however, it was
necessary for the white man to wage long and des-
perate wars with his red-browed brother. Promi-
nent among the means of defense adopted by the
settlers was the fortified station, which took va-
rious forms, as may be seen by the following ex-
tract from Doddridge's Notes:

The forts in which the inhabitants took refuge from the
fury of the savages, consisted of cabins, block-houses, and
stockades. A range of the former commonly formed at least
one side of the fort. Divisions or partitions of logs separated
the cabins from each other. The walls on the outside were
ten or twelve feet high, the slope of the roof being invariably
inward. A few of these cabins had puncheon floors, but the
greater part were earthen.

The block-houses were built at the angles of the fort. They
projected about two feet beyond the outer walls of the cabins
and stock; des. Their upper stories were about eighteen
inches evety way larger in dimensions than the under one,
leaving an opening at the commencement of the second
story to pievent the enemy from making a lodgment under
their walls. A large folding-gate made of thick slabs closed
the fort on the side nearest the spring. The stockades,
cabins, and block-house walls were furnished with ports at
proper heights and distances. The entire extent of the outer
wall was made bullet-proof. The whole of this work was
made without the aid of a single nail or spike of iron, >vhich
articles were not to be had.

Mr. Collins, in the invaluable Dictionary of
the Stations and Early Settlements in Kentucky,
prefixed to the second volume of his History,
enumerates the following stations in Jefferson

county:

Flovd's station, first located at the mouth of Beargrass,
creek, in Louisville, near the present foot of Third street;
built by Colonel John Floyd.

Another Floyd's station, on the Middle fork of Beargrass
six miles from the Falls; planted by Colonel John Floyd in

1,775-

A Sturgus's station, on Harrod's Trace, settled in 1783;
also Sturgus's station, "in or before 1784" — perhaps the
same.

The Dutch station, on Beargrass creek, 1780.

Hogland's station, on Beargrass, 1780.

Kellar's station, before 1780.

Moses Kuykendall's station, on the Beargrass, 1782.

Linn's station, on the Beargrass, about ten miles from the
Falls.

Middle station, before 1787.

New Holland, before 1784.

Poplar Level, before 1784.

Spring station, in 1784.

Sullivan's old station, on the Bardstown road, five miles
southeast of Louisville, before 1780.

Sullivan's new station, before 1784.

Mr. Collins finds six stations on the waters of

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

the Beargrass in 1780, with a population, includ-
ing Louisville, of six hundred.

Dr. McMurtrie says that in the fall of 1779
and the spring of 1780 seven stations were set-
tled on the Beargrass.

Some of these stations will be more definitely
legated, and their story more fully told, in subse-
quent chapters.

Armstrong station stood at the mouth of Bull
creek, on the north side of the Ohio, just oppo-
site the Eighteen-mile Island bar and the Grassy
Flats, eighteen miles above Louisville. Here
the block-house was erected, at some time be-
tween 1786 and 1790, by Colonel John Arm
strong, where the river was fordable, in order to
prevent the Indians from crossing and making
raids into Kentucky.

MANY TRAGIC INCIDENTS

are related of this part of the Dark and Bloody
Ground, during the era of conflict for supremacy.
We give a number of these below, collected from
various sources, and others will be related in
future chapters. Some of them, it will be ob-
served, are intimately associated with the fortified
stations.

COLONEL FLOYD'S ADVENTURE.

One of the most interesting tales of the Indian
period, concerning one of the most famous of
the pioneer heroes of this region, who had him-
self a fortified station on the Middle fork of Bear-
grass, only six miles from Louisville, is thus
related in the first edition of Marshall's History
of Kentucky:

In April (1781) a station settled by 'Squire Boone, near
where Shelbyville now stands, became alarmed by the appear-
ance of Indians, and after some consultation among the peo-
ple they determined to remove to Beargrass. In executing
this resolution, men, women, and children, encumbered with
household goods and cattle, were overtaken on the road
near Long Run by a large parly of Indians, attacked, de-
feated with considerable loss and general dispersion. Intelli-
gence of this disaster reaching Colonel John Floyd, he in
great haste raised a company of twenty-five men and repaired
toward the scene of the late encounter, intent upon admin-
istering relief to the sufferers and chastisement to the enemy;
and notwithstanding he divided his paity and proceeded with
considerable caution, such was the address of the Indians
and the nature of the country that he fell into an ambuscade
and was defeated with the loss of half his men, who, it was
said, killed nine or ten of the Indians. The Indians are be-
lieved to have been three times the number of Colonel Floyd's
party. The colonel narrowly escaped with the assistance of
Captain Samuel Wells, who, seeing him on foot pursued by
the enemy, mounted him on his own horse and fled by his
side to support him. The conduct of Captain Wells was

the more magnanimous, inasmuch as he and Colonel Floy
were not fri(>nds at the time. This service, however, was c
a nature to subdue all existing animosities, nor was it b(
stowed on an unworthy object. Xo man knew better tha
Floyd how to regard so gallant and dismterested an actior
He lived and died the friend of Wells.

A tew years ago a monument was erected ani
dedicated to the memory of the slain in the sa^
disaster. The end of the brave Colonel cam
no great while after. It is thus told in the er
tertaining pages of Mr. Collins:

On April 12, 1783, Colonel Floyd and his brother Charle
not suspecting any ambush or danger from the Indians — f(
there had recently been serious trouble with them, and the
were supposed to have retreated to a safe distance — wei
riding together, some miles from Floyd's station, when the
were fired upon, and the former mortally wounded. He Wi
dressed in his wedding coat, of scarlet cloth, and was thus
prominent mark. His brother, abandoning his own hors
which was wounded, sprang up behind his saddle, and pu
ting his arms around the colonel, took the reins and rot
off with the wounded man to his home, where he died
a few hours. Colonel Floyd had a remarkable horse th;
he usually rode, which had the singular instinct of knowir
when Indians were near, and always gave to his rider tl
sign of their presence. He remarked to his brothe
"Charles, if I had been riding Pompey to-day this wou!
not have happened."

A TALE OF THE SALT LICKS.

The following narrative is from the account c
Mr. William Russell, as found in Bogart's wor
on Daniel Boone and the Hunters of Kentucky

It is more than fifty years since salt was made at Bullitt
lick. The Indians resorted there, and combined their hun
ing expeditions with a pursuit which, however useful, was n(
at all to their liking, distinguished as they were for the
aversion to be classed among the producing classes — tl
manufacture of salt. There were guides to these salt-lick
which told even the Indian where they were to be found — tl
buffalo and the deer. There was vast difficulty, of coursi
in procuring the salt from the eastward, and the settlers soo
congregated around the lick ; for all were not so self-denyin
as the bold old hunter Boone, who could pass his montl
without either salt or sugar.

There were scenes in those salt-works to which Syracus
and Cracow are strangers. The hunters divided ; part (
them worked at the boiling, and part hunted to supply tl"
forest table; and — a characteristic of the insecurity of the
position — the remainder served as an advance guard. Th
crystals cost the settlers such price as made salt more pn
cious than gold. The Indian hated to see the white ma
thus engaged— not but that he liked well to see the heav
hand of labor On the whites ; but it seemed like an invasio
of the rights of the owner of the soil, and the very industi
of the settlers was a perpetual reproach. It was part of t?
arts which he used, and before the exercise of which the Ii
dian felt himself fading away. So, when the work was bus;
when the furnaces glowed and the tramp of the laborin
man was all around, when the manufacturer, and the hunte
and guard were all on the alert, the Indian crept behind tl
trees, and thirsted for the opportunity to send the shots (
his warriors' rifles among the groups below ; and thev woul

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

liave been hurled there hut for the fact he knew so well, thnt
the vengeance of the hunter would he rapid and certain.

There is a knot there which bears the name of Cabre's
knot, and it is associated with a thrilling incident. 'I'liero
was all the glare and bustle of a busy working time. The
light of the furnaces shone through tlic forest. Tlie Indian
saw, and was enraged at the spectacle. C'abre was bound in
a chestnut oak, the Indians intending to bum him in sight of
the lick itself — it might be so that the saciifice could in reality
be seen, and yet not its nature detected till assistance was
too late. Tlie Indians had collected their fagots from the
pitch-pine, and while every preparation for the horror was
making, some oxen, grazing on the hill, moved through the
thicket. The Indians mistook the sound for that of an ap-
proach of a rescue-party of the whites. They hastened to
hide themselves in an opposite thicket, and Cabre, slipping
off the cords that bound him, darted through the darkness
and escaped. There was new life among those salt-boilers
when that panting fugitive arrived among them, and the
ladle was exchanged for the rifie instantly. They who
had met to destroy became the object of pursuit, and the
trail was struck and followed until they reached the Ohio
river.

BLAND BALLARD A CAPTIVE.

The following incident was related of Captain
Bland Ballard, one of the most noted olificers of
General Clark's expeditions, in the address of
Colonel Humphrey Marshall, upon the occasion
of the re-interment of the remains of Scott,
Barry, and Ballard, in the cemetery at Frankfort,
November 8, i8e;4. Said the eloquent orator:

On one occasion, while scouting alone some five miles be-
yond the Ohio, near the Falls, he was taken prisoner by a
party of savages and marched to their village, some thirty
miles in the interior. The next day after his arrival, while
the Indians were engaged in racing with horses they had
stolen from the settlements, Ballard availed himself of a
favorable moment to spring on the back of a fleet horse in
the Indian camp and to fly for his life. The Indians gave
immediate pursuit, but Ballard eluded them, and reached
Louisville in safety. . . . The noble

steed was ridden to death ; the skill of the woodsman baffled
the subtle sons of the forest, and, dashing into the broad
Ohio, Ballard accomplished his freedom.

The story is thus told, with some additional
details, by the venerable Dr. C. C. Graham, of
Louisville, in a sketch of the life and services of
Mr. Ballard, in the Louisville Monthly Magazine
for January, 1879:

During the period he was a spy for General Clark, he was
taken prisoner by five Indians on the other side of the Ohio,
a few miles above Louisville, and conducted to an encamp-
ment twenty-five miles from the river. The Indians treated
him comparatively well, for though they kept him with a
guard, they did not tie him. On the next day after his
arrival at the encampment the Indians were engaged in
horse-racing. In the evening two very old warriors were to
have a race, which attracted the attention of all the Indians,
and his guard left him a few steps to see how the race would
terminate. Near him stood a fine black horse, which the
Indians had recently stolen from Beargrass, and while the

attention of the Indians was attracted in a different direc-
tion, Ballard mounted this horse and had a race indeed.
They pursued him nearly to the river, but he escaped, though
the horse died soon after he reached the station. This was
the only instance, with the exception of that at the river
Raisin, that he was a prisoner.

Another anecdote, which has somewhat closer
relation to the Falls cities, is given in this enter-
taining essay:

When not engaged in regular campaign as a soldier, he
served as hunter and spy for General Clark, who was sta-
tioned at Louisville, and in this service he continued two
years and a half. During this time he had several rencoun-
ters with the Indians. One of these occurred just below
Louisville. He had been sent in his character as spy to ex-
plore the Ohio, from the mouth of Salt river, and from
thence up to what is now the town of Westport. On his
way down the river, when six or eight miles below the Falls,
he heard a noise on the Indiana shore. He immediately
concealed himself in the bushes, and when the fog had suffi-
ciently scattered to permit him to see, he saw a canoe occu-
pied with three Indians approaching the Kentucky shore.
When they had approached within ranee, he fired and killed
one. The other two jumped overboard and endeavored to
get their ranoe in deep water; but before they could succeed
he killed i second, and finally the third. Upon reporting his
morning';, work to General Clark, a detachment was sent
down, who found the three dead Indians and buried them.
For this service General Clark gave him a linen shirt and
some other small presents. This shirt was the only shirt he
had for several years, except those made of batten. Of this
shirt the pioneer hero was justly proud.

Another anecdote of Ballard, which properly
belongs to Jefferson county annals, is narrated
by Dr. Graham:

At the time of the defeat on Long run, he was living at
Lyon's Station, on Beargrass, and came up to assist some
families in moving from from 'Squire Boone's station, near
the present town of Shelbyville. The people of this station
had become alarmed at the numerous Indian signs in the
country, and had determined to renwve to the stronger sta-
tions on the Beargrass. They proceeded safely until they
arrived near Long run, when they were attacked in front
and rear by the Indians, who fired their rifles and then rushed
on them with their tomahawks. Some few of the men ran at
the first fire ; of the other some succeeded in saving part of
their families, or died with them after a brave resistance. The
subject of this sketch, after assisting several of the women on
horseback, who had been thrown on the first onset, during
which he had several single-handed combats with the Indians,
and seeing the party about to be defeated, he succeeded in
getting outside of the Indian lines, when he used his rifle with
some effect, until he saw they were totally routed. He then
started for the station, pursued by the Indians, and, on stop-
ping at Floyd's fork, in the bushes on the bank, he sa« an
Indian on horseback, pursuing the fugitives, ride into the
creek. As he ascended the bank, near to where Ballard
stood, he shot the Indian, caught the horse, and made good
his escape to the station. Many were killed, the number not
being recollected ; some were taken prisoners, and some es-
caped to the station. The pioneers afterwards learned from
the prisoners taken that the Indians were marching to attack
the station the whites had deserted, but, learning from their

3°

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

spies that they were moving, the Indians turned from the
head of BuUskin and marched in the direction of Long run.
The news of the defeat induced Colonel Floyd to raise a
party of thirty-seven men. with the intention of chastising the
Indians. Floyd commanded one division and Captain Hol-
den the other, Ballard being with the latter. They proceed-
ed with great caution, but did not discei-n the Indians until
they received their fire, which killed or mortally wounded
sixteen of their men. Notwithstanding their loss, the party
under Floyd maintained their ground and fought bravely un-
til they were overpowered by three times their number, who
appealed to the tomahawk. The retreat was completed, how-
ever, without much further loss. This occasion has been
rendered memorable by the magnanimous galla.itry of young
Wells (afterwards the Colonel Wells of Tippecanoe), who
saved the life of Floyd, his personal enemy, by the timely of-
fer of his horse, at a moment when the Indians were near
Floyd, who was retreating on foot and nearly exhausted.

This famous Indian fighter, Captain Bland W.
Ballard, was uncle to the Hon. Bland Ballard,
late judge of the United States court for the Dis-
trict of Kentucky, who died in Louisville in 1879.

THE ROWAN PARTY ATTACKED.

The following narrative is from Collins:

In the latter part of April , 1784, the father of the late Judge
Rowan, with his family and five other families, set out from
Louisville in flat-bottomed boats, for the Long Falls of
Greene river. The intention was to descend the Ohio river
to the mouth of Greene river, and ascend that river to the
place of destination. At that time there were no settlements
in Kentucky within one hundred miles of the Long Falls of
Green river (afterwards called Vienna). The families were in
one boat and their cattle in the other. When the boats had
descended the Ohio about one hundred miles, and were near
the middle of it, gliding along very securely, as it was
thought, about 10 o'clock of the night, a prodigious yelling
of Indians was heard, some two or three miles below, on
the northern shore; and they had floated but a short distance
further down the river, when a number of fires were seen
on that shore. The yelling continued, and it was concluded
that they had captured a boat which had passed these two
about mid-day, and were massacreing their captives. The two
boats were lashed together, and the best practicable arrange-
ments were made for defending them. The men were dis-
tributed by Mr. Rowan to the best advantage, in case of an
attack — they were seven in number, including himself The
boats were "neared " to the Kentucky shore, with as little
noise as possible; but avoided too close an approach to that
shore, lest there might be Indians there also. The fires of
the Indians were extended along the bank at intervals fur
half a mile or more, and as the boats reached a point about
opF>osite the central fire they were discovered, and com-
manded to "come to." All on board remained silent; Mr.
Rowan had given strict orders that no one should utter any
sound but that of his rifle, and not that until the Indians
should come within powder-burning distance. They united
in a terrific yell, rushed to their canoes, and gave pursuit.
The boats floated on in silence— not an oar w.is pulled. The
Indians approached within less than a hundred yards, with a
seeming determination to board. Just at this moment Mrs.
Rowan rose from her seat, collected the axes, and placed one
by the side of each man, where he stood by his gun, touch-
ing him on the knee with the handle of the axe. as she leaned

it up by him against the side of the boat, to let him know it
was there, and retired to her seat, retaining a hatchet for her-
self The Indians continued hovering in the rear, and yelling,
for nearly three miles, when, awed by the inference which
they drew from the silence observed on board, they relin-
quished farther pursuit. None but those who have a prac-
tical acquaintance with Indian warfare can form a just idea
of the terror which their hideous yelling is calculated to in-
spire. Judge Rowan, who was then ten years old, states that
he could never forget the sensations of that night, or cease to
admire the fortitude and composure displayed by his mother
on that trying occasion. There were seven men and three
boys in the boat, with nine guns in all. Mrs. Rowan, in
speaking of the incident afterward, in her calm way said,
"We made a providential escape, for which we ought to feel
grateful."

MR. BULLITT'S ADVENTURE.

The following is from Mr. CoUins's biographi-
cal notice of Alexander Scott Bullitt, from whom
Bullitt county is named:

In 1784, six years before the father's death, the subject of
this sketch emigrated to Kentucky, then a portion of Vir-
ginia, and settled on or near the stream called Bullskin, in
what is now Shelby county. Here he resided but a few
months, being compelled, by the annoyances to which he was
subjected by the Indians, to seek a less exposed situation.
This he found in Jefferson county, in the neighborhood of
Sturgus's station, where he entered and settled upon the tract
of land on which he continued to reside until his death. In
the fall of 1785, he married the daughter of Colonel W.
Christian, who had removed from Virginia the preceding
spring. In April, 1786, Colonel Christian with a party of
eight or ten men pursued a small body of Indians, who had
been committing depredations on the property of the settlers
in the neighborhood of Sturgus's station. Two of the Indians
were overtaken about a mile north of Jeffersonville, Indiana,
and finding escape impossible, they turned upon their pur-
suers, and one of them fired at Colonel Christian, who was
foremost in the pursuit, and mortally wounded him. Next
to Colonel Christian was the subject of this sketch and Col-
onel John O'Bannon, who fired simultaneously, bringing both
Indians to the ground. Under the impression that the
Indians were both dead, a man by the name of Kelly in-
cautiously approached them, when one of them who, though
mortally wounded, still retained some strength and all his
thirst for blood, raised himself to his knees, and fired with the
rifle which had not been discharged, killed Kelly, fell back
and expired.

THE FAMOUS LANCASTER STORY.

In Bishop Spalding's valuable book of Early
Sketches of Catholic Missions in Kentucky, the
misfortunes of John Lancaster and his compan-
ions, at the hands of the savages, are well told.
The four were bound from Maysville to Louis-
ville in a flat-boat. On the 8lh of May, 1788,
near the mouth of one of the Miami rivers, the
party was captured. Lancaster alone escaped,
and after much toil and danger succeeded in
reaching the Kentucky shore. We extract the

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

remainder of the story, which lies directly within
the field of this history.

After resting a short time, he determined to float down the
river to the station at the Falls, which he estimated was be-
tween twenty and thirty miles distant. Accordingly, he made
a small raft, by tying two trees together with bark, on which
he placed himself, with a pole for an oar. When a little
above Eighteen-mile Island, he heard the sharp report of a
rifie, when, thinking that his pursuers had overtaken him, he
crouched down on his little raft, and concealed himself as
best he could. Hearing no other noise, however, he conclud-
ed that his alarm was without foundation. But shortly after,
a dreadful storm broke upon the river; night had already
closed in, and he sank exhausted and almost lifeless on his
treacherous raft, drenched with the rain, benumbed with cold,
and with the terrible apprehension on his mind that he might
be precipitated over the Falls during the night.

At break of day he was aroused from his death-like lethar-
gy, by one of the most cheering sounds that ever fell on the
ears of a forlorn and lost wanderer — the crowing of a cock —
which announced the immediate vicinity of a white settle-
ment. The sound revived him ; he collected all his energies
for one last eflFort, and sat upright on his little raft. Soon,
in the gray light of the morning, he discovered the cabins of
his countrymen, and was enabled to effect a landing at the
mouth of Beargrass — the site of the present city of Louis-
ville. He immediately rejoined his friends, and their warm
welcome soon made him forget all his past sufferings. He
lived for many years to recount his adventures, and died
about 1838, surrounded by his children and his children's
children.

TWO BOYS SURPRISED AND TAKEN.

From Mr. Casseday's History of Louisville we
have the following. The incident occurred in
1784:

Another incident will show the education, even in boy-
hood, which the nature of the times demanded. Four
young lads, two of them named Linn, accompanied by
Wells and Brashears, went on a hunting party to a pond
about six miles southwest of Louisville. They succeeded
well in their sport, having killed, among other game, a small
cub bear. While they were assisting the elder Linn to strap
the bear on his shoulders, and had laid down their guns,
they were surprised by a party of Indians, and hurried over to
the White river towns, where they remained in captivity sev-
eral months. One of the party had in the meantime been
carried to another town ; and late in the fall the remaining
three determined to effect their escape. When night had
come they rose quietly, and having stunned tbe old squaw,
in whose hut they were living, by repeated blows with a
small axe, they stole out of the lodge and started for Louis-
ville. After daybreak they concealed themselves in a hollow
log, where they were frequently passed by the Indians, who
were near them everywhere ; and at night they resumed their
march, guided only by the stars and their knowledge of
woodcraft. After several days, during which they subsisted
on the game they could procure, they reached the river at
JefFersonville. Arrived here they hallooed for their friends,
but did not succeed in making themselves heard. They had,
however, no time to lose ; the Indians were behind them, and
if they were taken they knew their doom. Accordingly, as
two of them could not swim, they constructed a raft of the
drift-logs about the shore and tied it together with grape-

vines, and the two launched upon it, while Brashears plunged
into the water, pushing the rafi with one hand and swimming
with the other. Before they had arrived at the other shore,
and when their raft was in a sinking condition from having
taken up so much water, they were descried from this side,
and boats went out and returned them safely to their friends.

THE BATTLE OF THE PUMPKINS.

The following account of the battle of the
pumpkins, which occurred in Jefferson county,
was communicated to the American Pioneer
March 25, 1843, by Mr. John McCaddon, then
and for many years of Newark, Ohio, but an old
Indian fighter of Kentucky. The following is
his narrative:

After I returned from the expedition of General George
Rogers Clark (1780), as related in the first volume of the
Pioneer, we had peace with the Indians for about four weeks,
when two athletic young men, Jacob and Adam Wickerham,
went out to a small lot they had cleared and planted. They
filled a bag wjth pumpkins, and Jacob put it on his shoulder
and got over the fence. Adam, on looking around, saw an
Indian start up from a place of concealment and run up
behind Jacob with his tomahawk in hand. The Indian,
finding he was discovered, dropped his weapon and grasped
Jacob round the body, who threw the bag of pumpkins back
on the Indian, jerked loose and made off at the top of his
speed. The Indian picked up his gun and fired, but without
effect. During this time another Indian, from outside the
fence, ran up toward Adam, who was inside. They coursed
along the fence, the Indian being between Adam and the
fort. Adam outstripped him, leaped the fence before him,
and crossed the Indian's path and ran down a ravine, across
which a large tree had fallen, which he leaped. Such is the
agility which an Indian chase gave to the pioneers, scarcely
believed possible now in this time of peace, wherein there is
no such cogent reason for exertion almost above belief. The
tree stopped the Indian, who threw his tomahawk, but which,
not being well distanced, hit Adam pole foremost on the
back, and left a ring as red as blood. In the meantime we
in the fort, hearing the shot, were all out in two or three
minutes, and the Wickerhams were safe among us. We, with
our small force, not more than ten or twelve, visited the
battle-field of the pumpkin-bag, but saw nothing more of the
Indians that time.

Colonel R. T. Durrett, of Louisville, in his
Centennial Address, pronounced May i, 1880,
after relating several of the stories already given,
tells the following in addition:

In March, 1781, a party of Indians came near to Louisville
and killed Colonel Linn and several other persons. Captain
Aguila Whitkaker raised a company of fifteen men and went
in pursuit of them. They were trailed to the Falls, and it be-
ing supposed that they had crossed the river. Captain Whit-
kaker and his men took a boat to cross and pursue. They
were scarcely out from shore when the Indians, until then
concealed on this side of the river, fired upon the boat and
killed and wounded nine of the party. The boat put back to
the shore, and the Indians were attacked and dispersed.

In the following year [that is, 1785, the year after the
Linn, Wells, and Brashears incident | a man named Squires

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

went out for a hunt in the suburbs of the town. A slight
snow was upon the ground, and an Indian tracked him to a
sycamore tree near the mouth of Beargrass creek, where
Squires had treed a raccoon, and was preparing to secure it.
The Indian came suddenly upon Squires at the base of the
tree, and then a race began around the tree— the Indian some-
times after Squires and Squires sometimes after the Indian.
Finally both became weary of the chase, and each taking at
the same time the idea of escape by leaving the tree, the In-
dian shot off in one direction and Squires in another, much
to the satisfaction of both. Neither seeming disposed to re-
new the treadmill chase around the tree, each pursued the
course taken unmolested by tlie other. The Indian lost his
prisoner and Squires lost his raccoon, but both, no doubt,
were satisfied with the loss.

In 1793 a party of Indians captured a boy at Eastin's mill,
and, by some strange fancy, gave him a scalping-knife, a
tomahawk, and a pipe, and turned him loose with this equip-
ment. What use the boy made of his instruments of war
and peace in after years is not known.

THE HITES AND THE INDIANS.

Eight miles south of Louisville, on what subse-
quently became the Bardstown road, Captain
Abraham Hite, of Beikeley county, Virginia, a
brave soldier of the Revolution, settled in 1782,
his brother, Joseph Hite, following the next year,
and settling two miles south of him, and their
father, Abraham Hite, Sr., joining their colony
in 1784. Here they had somewhat numerous
encounters with the marauding and murdering
savages. The younger Abraham was waylaid by
them one day, while going from his house to a
neighbor's, and shot through the body, but got
away without capture, and, stranger to say,
eventually recovered of his wounds. His brother
Joseph, while mounting guard over a party of
toilers in the field, was fired at by the red men,
and severely but not dangerously hurt. Both
the brothers, however, bore marks of their inju-
ries to their graves, and both survived for nearly
fifty years afterwards.

CHAPTER III.

THE WHITE MAN.

The Discovery of the Ohio— La Salle at the Falls — Biographi-
cal Sketch of the Great French Explorer — The Spaniard
— The Frenchman Again — The Welshman at the Falls in
the Twelfth Century (?)— The Mound Builders White
Men (?) — The Later Explorers and Voyagers to the Falls —
John Howard, the Englishman — Christopher Gist, Pros-
pector for the Ohio Company — Colonel Croghan, the In-
dian Agent — Captain Harry Gordon, the Surveyor — Then
Come the Surveyors.

The first man of European stock, whose face
the placid waters of La Belle Riviere gave back,
was undoubtedly the daring explorer, the chival-
rous Frenchman, Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur
de la Salle. A tradition exists that one Colonel
Wood, an Englishman, penetrated from Virginia
into the Kentucky wilds in 1654, reaching the
Mississippi and discovering several branches of
that and the Ohio rivers, with an ultimate view to
trade with the Indians. The story is at least a
doubtful one, as is also the tale which avers that
about 1670 one Captain Bolton (called Bolt or
Batt in Collins's History of Kentucky) also
journeyed from Virginia through this country to
the Mississippi. " Neither statement," says
Parkman, the best authority on such subjects,
" is improbable ; but neither is sustained by suf-
ficent evidence." However these may be, there
can now be but little debate over the claim made
by La Salle himself, and of late by the historians
of his enterprises, that he was the discoverer of
the Ohio in the winter of 1669-70 or in the fol-
lowing spring. To this we may add that he was
probably the first man to look upon the dense
forests of primeval Kentucky, and that his voy-
ages down the river, with equally strong proba-
bility, ended at or near the present site of the
cities about the Falls of the Ohio.

Robert Cavelier, commonly called La Salle, was
born at Rouen, France, in 1643. At an early
age he became a Jesuit, and taught one of the
schools of that order, but soon abandoned it
and went in 1666 to Canada, whither an elder
brother, a priest of St. Sulpice, had preceded
him. A corporation of these priests, styled the
Seminary of St. Sulpice, had become the founders
and proprietors of Montreal, and were freely
making grants of lands to immigrants, in order
to form as soon as possible a bulwark of settle-
ment against the inroads of the Iroquois. A
generous offer was made to La Salle by the Su-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

perior of the seminary, in the gift of a large
tract on the St. Lawrence, at the head of the
Lachinc rapids, eight or nine miles above Mon-
treal. He accepted the grant, and straightway
began its improvement, with such small means
as he could command. Soon afterwards, while
at Montreal trading in furs, La Salle heard from
the Seneca Indians that a great river arose in
their country and flowed thence to the sea, which
It reached so far away that eight or nine months
were required to reach its mouth. It was called
the "Ohio," but was evidently confused with the
Mississippi and identified in La Salle's mind
with the "Great River," which the geographies
of that day believed to flow westward to the
"Vermilion Sea," or Gulf of California. De-
termined to discover and explore it, in the hope
of finding the much-sought west passage to
China, or at least of opening profitable trade
with the natives. La Salle went to Quebec to se-
cure for his expedition the approval of Courcelles,
Governor of New France. This was soon ob-
tained, and ofificial letters patent were granted m
authorization of the scheme, but without the ad
dition of ofificial aid. La Salle had spent all his
scanty means in improving the land given him
by the Superior of the seminary, and this he
was obliged to sell to procure an outfit for his
expedition. The priest who had granted it, tak-
mg a lively interest in his adventurous plans,
bought back the greater part of the tract with
its improvements, and the explorer, with two
thousand eight hundred livres realized from his
sales, procured four canoes and the necessary
equipments and supplies, and hired fourteen
men for his crew.

The St. Sulpice brethren at the seminary were
meanwhile fitting out an expedition for similar
purposes; and at Quebec, where some of them
had gone to purchase the needful articles for it,
they heard of the meditated Ohio exploration
from the Governor, who urged upon them the
advantage of a union of the two expeditions.
La Salle was not wholly pleased with the pro-
posal, which would deprive him of his rightful
place as leader, and make him simply an equal
associate and co-laborer. Furthermore, he feared
trouble between the Sulpitians and the members
of the Order of Loyola, or the Jesuits, to which
he had formerly belonged, and who already oc-
cupied the missionary field in the Northwest.

He could notjhowever, easily neglect the official
suggestion, with its manifest advantages; and the
two ventures were presently merged into one.
On the 6th of July, 1669, in seven canoes, with
twenty-five persons in the party, the expedition
started up the St. Lawrence. It was accom-
panied and guided by a number of Seneca In-
dians, in two other canoes, who had been visit-
ing La Salle. To their village upon the Genesee,
in w) ^t is now Western New York, they piloted
the white voyagers up the mightier stream and
across the broad bosom of Ontario. Here the
explorers expected cordial co-operation and aid,
but were disappointed, the savages even burning
at the stake, in their presence, a captive who was
known to be in possession of desired informa-
tion as to the great river to the southwest.

It was unfortunate that here they were com-
pelled, from ignorance of the native language,
to communicate with the Indians through a
Jesuit missionary residing at the village. He
was thu5. practically master of the situation, and
could color statements from either side at will.
The new-comers, not unnaturally, suspected him
of being the author of the obstructions here met,
since he, in common with his fellows of the or-
der, would be glad to prevent the Sulpitians from
establishing themselves in the West. They were
obliged to remain at the Indian village an entire
month, when, an Iroquois happening to visit
them, they learned from" him that near the bend
of the lake where they lived they could obtain
guides into the unknown country which they
sought. Accepting his offer of attendance to
his lodge, they passed along the south shore of
Lake Ontario, and were the first of white men
to hear, at the mouth of the Niagara, the thun-
der of the mighty cataract. At the Iroquois
village they were cordially welcomed, and there
found a Shawnee prisoner from the Ohio coun-
try, who told them that in a six-weeks' journey
they could reach the desired river, and that he
would guide them to it if set at liberty. The
party then prepared to commence the journey,
but the Sulpitians, hearing stimulating news of
the success of the Jesuit missions at the North-
west, decided to go in that direction, find the
Beautiful river, if possible, by that route, and
establish their own mission stations in that quar-
ter. The traveler Joliet, returning from the
Lake Superior region, under the orders of M.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Talon, Intendant of Canada, called upon them
at the Iroquois town, and further excited them
by his accounts, the map of the country which
he presented them, and his assurance that the
natives thereabout were in great need of more
missionaries. La Salle warned them of difificul-
ties with the Jesuits, whom he knew only too
well; but they nevertheless separated from him
and went on their bootless way, as it proved, to
the Northwest.

La Salle was just recovering from a severe
attack of fever, and felt the abandonment the
more keenly in consequence. He was soon able,
however, to reorganize his expedition, which he
took to Onondaga, and thence was guided to an
upper tributary of the Ohio, on whose current he
was exultantly borne to the noble expanse of the
CQveted La Belle Reviere. Down this, too, he
went, on and on, through jnany perils, even to
the Falls of the Ohio, where now rise the domes
and towers of the Falls cities. There is a tra-
dition that he went further, so far as to the
mouth of the great stream; but this statement is
not held to be well supported. Some doubt has
also been thrown upon the daring explorer's ad-
vent at all in the Ohio valley; but this doubt is
likewise ill-founded. He himself certainly claims,
in a memorial of 1677 to Count Frontenac, that
he was the discoverer of the Ohio, and that he
passed down it to the Falls. His identical words,
in a close translation — but writing of himself in
the third person — are as follows:

In the year 1667, and the following, he made sundry jour-
neys at much expense, in which he 4vas the first to discover
much of the country to the south of the great lakes, and
among others the great river Ohio. He pursued that as far
as a very high [tn-s haut\ fall in a vast marsh, at the latitude
of thirty-seven degrees, after having been swelled by another
very large river which flows from the north, and all these
waters discharge themselves, to all appeaiance, into the (nilf
of Mexico.

M. Louis Joliet, another of the explorers of
New France, and who, as in some sense a rival
of La Salle in the race for fame and fortune in
the Western wilds, can hardly be accused of too
much friendliness for him, yet names the other
upon both of his maps of the Missis5i|)pi and
Lake region as the explorer of the Ohio.*

* Upon Joliefs large map the Ohio is called the "Qua
boustikou." In Franquelins great map of 1684 it is desig-
nated as "Fleuve St. Louis, ou Chucagoa, ou Casquinam-
p)ogamou," while the Alleghany is marked as the "Ohio, ou
Olighin."

Another map, probably of 1673, represents the
course of the Ohio to a point somewhat below
the present site of Louisville, as if it were not
then known further, and above it is the inscrip-
tion: "River Ohio, so called by the Iroquois on
account of its beauty, by which the Sieur de
la Salle descended. " In view of all the evidence,
Mr. Parkman says: "That he discovered the
Ohio may then be regarded as established; that
he descended it to the Mississippi he himself
does not pretend, nor is there any reason to be-
lieve that he did so. "

From the Falls La Salle returned at leisure
and alone — his men having refused to go further
and abandoning him for the English and Dutch
on the Atlantic coast — to the settlements on the
St. Lawrence, there to prepare for other and more
renowned explorations in the Northwest and
South, which were finally and in a very few years,
while he was yet in the prime of his powers, to
cost him his life. He perished, as is well known,
by the hands of assassins upon the plains of
Texas, March 19, 1687, at the age of forty-three,
but already one of the most famous men of his
time. He was but twenty-six years old when he
stood here, the first of Europeans to behold the
Falls of the Ohio.

THE SPANIARD.

In 1669, according to a work by Governor
Dewitt Clinton, quoted in a note to Colonel
Stone's Life of Joseph Brant, which is copied
without objection into the second volume of
The Olden Tiine, a party of twenty-three Span-
iards, guided by some Iroquois returning from
captivity among the Southern tribes, came up the
Mississippi from New Orleans, passed the Falls
of the Ohio, and proceeded up this and the Al-
leghany rivers to Olean Point. Thence they trav-
eled by land to a French colony founded in
Western New York three years before, at the re-
quest of the Onondagas, where they, together
with the villagers, were attacked by the Indians
before daybreak on All-Saints day, 1669, and not
one left to tell the tale. The Spaniards had
been attracted to this region by Indian stories
that here was a lake whose bottom was covered
with a substance shining and white. The Eu-
ropeans guessed this to be silver; it was very
likely an incrustation of salt in the vicinity of
water.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

THE FRENCHMAN AGAIN.

In a memorial delivered by the Due de Mire-
poix to the British ministry, May 14, 1755, dur-
ing a diplomatic correspondence concerning the
boundaries of Canada, the noble Duke, in his
"remarks concerning the course and territory of
the Ohio," which he claimed as a Canadian river,
"essentially necessary" to the French for com-
munication with Louisiana, said:

They have frequented it at all times, and with forces. It
was also by that river that the detachment of troops passed,
who were sent to Louisiana about the year 1739, on account
of the war with the Chickasaws.

This force, then, must have passed the Falls
of the Ohio, but it may be doubted whether any
other mention of it is made in history.

THE WELSHMAN.

Mr. Thomas S. Hinde, an old citizen of Ken-
tucky, neighbor and companion of Daniel Boone
and Simon Kenton, wrote a letter in his old age
from his home in Mount Carmel, Illinois, dated
May 30, 1842, to the editor of the American
Pioneer, in which is comprised the following
startling bit of information:

It is a fact that the Welsh, under Owen ap Zuinch, in the
twelfth century, found their way to the Mississippi and as far
up the Ohio as the falls of that river at Louisville, where they
were cut off by the Indians ; others ascended the Mississippi,
were either captured or settled with and sunk into Indian
habits. Proof: In 179Q six soldiers' skeletons were dug up
near Jeffersonville; each skeleton had a breast -plate of brass,
cast, with the Welsh coat of arms, the mermaid and harp,
with a Latin inscription, in substance, "virtuous deeds meet
their just reward. " One of these plates was left by Captain
Jonathan Taylor with the late Mr. Hubbard Taylor, of
Clark county, Kentucky, and when called for by me, in
1814, for the late Dr. John P. Campbell, of Chillicothe, Ohio,
who was preparing notes of the antiquities of the West, by a
letter from Hubbard Taylor, Jr. (a relation of mine), now
living, I was informed that the breast-plate had been taken
to Virginia by a gentleman of that State — I supposed as a
matter of curiosity.

Mr. Hinde adduces other "proofs" in support
of his theory of the advent of his countrymen
here half a millennium before La Salle came;
but they are of no local importance, and we do
not copy them. This may be added, however:

The Mohawk Ifldians had a tradition among them, respect-
ing the Welsh and of their having been cut off by the Indi-
ans, at the Falls of the Ohio. The late Colonel Joseph
Hamilton Daviess, who had for many years sought for infor-
mation on this subject, mentions this fact, and of the Welsh-
men's bones being found buried on Corn Island ; so that
Southey, the king's laureate, had some foundation for his
Welsh poem.

The story of the Jeffersonville skeletons, we

hardly need add, is purely mythical. It is not
probable that any pre-Columbian Welshman was
ever at the Falls of the Ohio.

THE MOUND-BUILDERS WHITES.

The Rev. Benjamin F. Brown, in his little
work on America Discovered by the Welsh, pub-
lished at Philadelphia in 1876, making a strong
argument for the proposition embodied m his
title, quotes Mr. Culloh's Researches on Amer-
ica as affirming of the Western earthworks:

Almost without exception the traditions of the red men as-
cribe the construction of these works to white men. Some of
them belonging to different tribes at the present say that they
had understood from their prophets and old men that it had
been a tradition among their several nations that the Eastern
country and Ohio and Kentucky had once been inhabited by
while people, but that they were mostly exterminated at the
Falls of Ohio. The red men drove the whites to a small
island (Sandy Island) below the rapids, where they were cut
to pieces.

This tradition has been more fully related in
the previous chapter. 1456505

LATER EXPLORERS AND VOYAGERS.

We gladly come back now to more recent
times and to authentic traditions.

In 1742 an Englishman named John Howard
descended the river in a skin canoe, after cross-
ing the mountains from Virginia. He was un-
doubtedly at the Falls of the Ohio, went on to
the Mississippi, and was there captured by the
French, when we lose sight of him. Upon his
voyage — which De Hass, author of a History of
Western Virginia, seems to think "a vague tra-
dition"— the English based, in part, their claim
to the Ohio valley, on the ground of priority of
discovery.

Next came Christopher Gist, sent out in Sep-
tember, 1750, by the Ohio company, to "go out
to the westward of the great mountains, in order
to search out and discover the lands upon the
river Ohio down as low as the great falls there-
of; and to take an exact account of all the large
bodies of good level land, that the company may
the better judge where it will be the most con-
venient to take their grant of five hundred thou-
sand acres." After making his way across the
Ohio wilderness to the Great Miami, and down
that stream to the great river, he, says the West-
ern Annals, "went as far down the Ohio as the
Falls, and was gone seven months." No record
of his observations or adventures here has been
left.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

In 1765 Colonel George Croghan, a deputy or
sub-commissioner of Sir William Johnson, the
noted Indian agent in the employ of Great
Britain, came down the river on a mission to the
distant Western Indians, to secure the alliance
of the French at the Illinois settlements, and
prevent their inciting the savages to war. The
following is an extract from his Journal :

June ist — We ai rived within a mile of the Fails of the
Ohio, where we encamped, after coming about fifty miles this
day.

2d — Early in the morning we embarked, and passed the
Falls. The river being very low, we were obliged to lighten
our boats, and pass on the north side of the little island
which lays in the middle of the river. In general, what is
called the Falls here is no more than rapids ; and in the least
fresh a batteau of any size may come and go on each side
without any risk. This day we proceed sixty miles, in the
course of which we pass Pigeon river. The country pretty
high on each side of the Ohio.

Colonel Croghan pursued his way to the Wa-
bash, where he found a breastwork, made by the
Indians, as he supposed. He remained at the
mouth of the river the following day, and at day-
break the next morning was surprised by a party
of Kickapoos and " Musquattimes," who killed
five of his party, wounded him and all the
rest but three, and carried the survivors off as
prisoners. He was released soon after, and ac-
complished the objects of his mission.

Captain Harry Gordon, an official engineer for
the British Government, who passed the rapids
July 22, 1766, says in his journal:

Those Falls do not deserve the name, as the stream on the
north side has no sudden pitch, but only runs over a ledge of
rock.s. Several boats passed them in the driest season of the
year, unloading half of their freight. They passed on the
north side, where the carrying place is three-cjuarters of a
mile; on the southeast side it is about half the distance, and
is reckoned the safest passage for those who are acquainted
with it, as, during the summer and autumn, the balteau.x-men
drag their boats over the rock. The fall is about half a mile
rapid water, which, however, is passable by wading and
dragging the boat against the stream when lowest, and with
still greater ease when the water is raised a little.

Within a very few years after this came the voy-
ages of the pioneer surveyors to the Falls, with
which we begin the annals of Louisville in sub-
sequent chapters.

CHAPTER IV.

GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.*

Introduction — His Earlier Life — He Saves Kentucky — The
Illinois Campaign — The Ohio Campaign— Clark Never
Defeated — C'haracter of His Enemy — Clark never Caught
Asleep — "A Shakspeare in His Way" — The General's
Death and Burial.

This sketch can give but a faint idea of the
courage, energy, capacity, and indomitable tenac-
ity of General George Rogers Clark. The stern
and appalling difficulties he encountered assume
the wild charm of a startling romance, and had I
space for the details of time, place, and circum-
stances, it would transcend fiction itself. In
short, his life was a life of self-reliant and daring
deeds that stand pre-eminent above all the
heroes that ever lived or led an army. For
brave, humane, and high-toned chivalry he was
truly preeminent. Though daring and fierce to
his enemies, his generous and social impulses
made him the idol of his friends. Quick to re-
sent an injury, yet prompt to forgive it; fiery in
pursuit, yet cool and calculating in action, he
never stooped nor shrunk but in wisdom to gain
strength for the rebound. Full of generous
deeds and native nobility of soul, he was a brave
defender of the " Dark and Bloody Ground," the
splendid country now called Kentucky.

HIS EARLIER LIFE.

George Rogers Clark was born November 19,
1752, in Albemarle county, Virginia. In early
life he was, like Washington, a surveyor, and
then a major in the wars of Lord Dunmore
against the Canadian, French, and Northern In-
dians. Hearing much said about the newly dis-
covered world called Kentucky, and the bloody
conflict between the white and red men for pos-
session, he determined to see for himself the
present condition and future prospect of the
disputed land. His arrival in the promised land
was in 1775, where he found a few isolated forts
in the heart of a vast wilderness claimed by the
most savage and warlike people in the world,
against whom unaided individual courage, though
great, could not prevail. He at once set his
plans, and went mentally and bodily into the
work; and marvelous was the result.

* From a communication to the Louisville Daily Commer-
cial, February 24, 1878, by the veteran Kentuckian, Dr.
Christopher ('. Graham, now in his ninety-eighth year.

GEN. CLARK.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

HE SAVKS K.KXTICKV.

Clark, with his bold and penetrating mind, saw
but one course to settle the many conflicting
claims to the richest region on earth. All the
country south of Kentucky river at that time was
clauned by the noted Colonel Henderson and
the great Transylvania Land company, in which
the most influential men of the Union and no-
bility of England were interested. This claim
was by a purchase made by the above company
from the Cherokees South, at the treaty of
Watauga, while the colony of Virginia claimed
the whole region from the Ohio river to the
Cumberland mountains, by her purchase from the
Delawares and Shawnees, and from other tribes
of the Northwest, called the Six Nations, at the
celebrated treaty of Fort Stanwix, by Sir William
Johnson and his co-English authorities. This
rumor of a purchase and lasting peace with the
Indians produced a flood of immigration to
Kentucky, which caused great alarm among the
Six Nations, many of whose chiefs had not been
in the treaty, and knew nothing about it; and the
Six Nations not being paid according to contract,
and being egged on by the British, trading-posts,
where large prices were paid for Kentucky scalps,
all the tribes were about to unite and exterminate
the intruders. Clark, seeing the hopeless con-
dition of the early settlers and the danger they
were in, determined to put his life at stake in
their defense. The powder and lead being well-
nigh exhausted, and the forts being widely sepa-
rated, there was no concert of action ; so he
called a meeting of the citizens at Harrodsburg
station, to send delegates to Virginia to ask for
a supply of ammunition, at which convention
Gabriel Jones and Clark were appointed com-
missioners, signed by Harrod and eighty-seven
others.

Clark and Jones now set off through a path-
less wilderness of three hundred miles, over
rugged mountains, on to the seat of government,
Williamsburg, and, finding the Legislature ad-
journed, Jones despaired and gave it up. But
not so with Clark, who, with undaunted resolve,
went straightway to Patrick Henry, then Gover-
nor of Virginia, and implored him to save the
people of Kentucky from their threatened de-
struction. The Governor being sick in bed, gave
Clark a letter to the Executive Council, and they
declining to take any responsibility, Clark said to

them, in firm and threatening language, that if
Virginia did not think Kentucky worth saving,
he would apply to a power that was ready, willing,
and waiting to save and protect it. The execu-
tive council, understanding Clark's stern and in-
dependent remarks, granted him the ammunition
asked for. Spain at that time controlled the
navigation of the Mississippi river, and New Or-
leans being the only market for Kentucky, many
of the leading men of Kentucky, aware of the
great commercial advantages Spain oflfered, pre-
ferred the protection of Spain to that of Eng-
land. Clark, from his penetrating knowledge of
human nature, now obtained, as I have said, the
ammunition for Kentucky, but found great diffi-
culiy in getting it to the different forts in the far-
off wilderness. He at last" getting it to Pitts-
burgh fore, was joined by Jones, and improvising
a craft, they descended the Ohio, and though
fired at frequently by Indians on the shore, they
landed near Limestone, took the powder and
lead out, set^their craft afloat, and hid the treas-
ure in the woods. Jones went to the nearest
station, and procuring some ten men, started
back to bring in the powder, but was attacked
by the Indians and himself and others were
killed. Clark, however, kept on to Harrodsburg
station, got Kenton and others, brought the treas-
ure safely in, and supplied the differept stations
with the means of defense.

THE ILLINOIS CAMPAIGN.

Clark was always ready to sally out against the
invaders of Kentucky, but with quick perception
he saw no end to such petty warfare, and that the
ax must be laid at the root of the tree; and as
there was not sufficient force in Kentucky to in-
vade the savage strongholds and break up the
British trading-posts, he again went back to both
Virginia and Pennsylvania, through a wilderness
of hundreds of miles, and, procuring a hundred
and fifty men and boats at Pittsburg fort, came
on to the Falls. Being here joined by a few
Kentuckians, swelling his army of invasion, he
floated on down to a point nearest to Kaskaskia,
the then great trading-post of the Canadians,
French, and English, and where all the Western
tribes resorted. His march was rapid, and the
night before his attack he led his men through a
tangled forest of thirty miles, and, taking the
enemy by surprise, captured them all, ten times

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

his number. In like manner did he take Kaho-
kia and St. Louis forts, making prisoners of the
English officers and sending them to Virginia.

The French traders and missionaries were the
first whites to mix and intermarry among the
Indians and gain their friendship. The Enghsh
having taken posse sion of Canada, sent their
officers and traders to those posts where they
were not welcomed either by the French or In-
dians, and Clark, by his inherent knowledge of
mind, soon made friends of both French and
Indians by pledging exclusive trade for the
French traders, and protection to all by the
powers of Virginia and Kentucky. Thus, having
by his shrewdness accomplished more than many
officers with an army of ten thousand men could
have done, he swore his newly made friends to
their allegiance to Virginia and peace with Ken-
tucky. He left a single officer, with the aid of
the inhabitants, to hold the place, and prepared
foi" F is march to Fort Vincennes.

Beiore leaving, he kindly took the French
priests and Indian chiefs by the hand, saying to
the chiet'b- 'We are brothers, and in you I have
confid'-n'.£, and if I hear of the English dis-
turbin,*^ your command I will bring an army to
your defense ;"and expressing a hope to meet the
priests in heaven, he asked for prayer and de-
parted with his little fragment of an army to at-
tack the British stronghold in the West. He
sent spies ahead, one being the noted Colonel
Vigo, a Spaniard of St. Louis, and the other an
influential chief, to gain the friendship of the
French and Indians in the British fortress in ad-
vance of the assault. All things being made
ready, Clark again plunged into the dark and
dismal wilderness, and alter marching day and
night through rain, sleet, and mud, they came
near the Wabash, which being out of its banks,
the low flats were for miles inundated and frozen
over with ice an inch thick. The shivering men,
already being worn down and half-starved, halted,
and, gazing in each other's faces with feelings of
despair, muttered, "Let us go back;" but seeing
their commander with his tomahawk cut a club
and black his face with powder, some of which
he drank, all eyes were upon him as he turned
his face to his command and, with a voice of de-
termination, ordered Colonel Bowman to fall in
the rear, and put to death any that might refuse
to follow him. In he plunged, waist deep and

sometimes to the chin, breaking the ice as he
went, till he came to shallow water, where he
halted for the moment to see whether he had
lost any of his men; and seeing some of them
like to faint, he put the weaker men by the side
of the stronger for the next two miles, till they
came to trees and bushes which afforded some
support. They, at last, getting on higher ground
within hearing of the guns of the fort, the enjoy-
ment of fire and rest gave such life and hope to
the whole company that when Clark addressed
them, with one voice they exclaimed, "We will
take the fort or die in the attempt."

One of Clark's spies came to his camp and
told him that Colonel Hamilton, the British com-
mander, had knowledge of his approach, but that
the French and Indian inhabitants, six hundred
in number, were in sympathy with the Ameri-
cans.

Stop here and think of the wonderful sagacity
of Clark. Having already taken three fortresses
with numbers more than his command, without
the loss of a man, now we see he has laid the
foundation for the capture of Fort Vincennes.
He marched boldly on, and with the eye of
an eagle scanned the ground, marching and
countermarching behind high ground where his
scant numbers could not be seen, and where one
man by hoisting the flag higher might be thought
a full company. He, moreover, placed his sharp-
shooters behind a hillock close to the port-holes
of the artillery, and as soon as they opened, a
shower of balls cut down the gunners; after
which not a man could be got to work the guns.
Hamilton, seeing this and that the citizens were
against him, was paralyzed by alarm, of which
Clark took the advantage, and with pretended
feelings of humanity addressed him in the
language both of a conqueror and a friend,
showing his astonishing insight into human na-
ture. He said to the commander that he was
fully able and determined to storm the place, but
to save bloodshed and the destruction of prop-
erty, he was willing simply to hold his men
prisoners instead of killing them, and to let him-
self march out with his side-arms, and that he
would send a safeguard with him to Detroit ; but
if he had to take the place by assault, he would
not be responsible for the revengeful conse-
tjuences; that his army was largely composed of
Kentuckians, who had come with frantic and

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

firm resolve to recover the scalps of their friends,
for which he had paid high prices, and if any of
them lost their lives in the attempt, he might ex-
pect the most excruciating torture. And now
this singular epistle, which Clark knew would
touch the feeling of self-preservation, soon
brought an answer, *' Walk in," and thus it is
seen that Clark's magic power over the minds of
men accomplished more, with but little over a
hundred men, without the loss of a single man,
than others by brute force could have done with
an army of a thousand and the loss of one-half.
He now (after sending his British prisoners,
eighty in number, off to Fort Pittsburg) organ-
ized a colonial government, and, leaving a sufifi-
cient force, returned to Louisville and built a
fort, where he established his headquarters as
Commander in chief of the Northwest.

THK OHIO CAMPAIGN.

The four British posts that had furnished the
savages with arms and ammunitions of war and
paid premiums for scalps bemg broken up by our
noble defender, Kentucky felt safe, and the flood
of immigration became great. Kentucky's se-
curity, however, did not continue; it was not
long till the foe again lurked in every path from
fort to fort and house to house, crouched in the
case, and murdered all who passed, till Clark,
becoming wearied in his conflicts with them, de-
termined to invade Ohio and desolate their own
homes. His voice being as great a charm to his
friends as a terror to his enemies, he called for
troops, and soon had an army by his side wait-
ing his orders, with which force he defeated the
enemy in every pitched battle, and like a tornado
swept over their country. Shouts of victory rent
the air, and seeing their towns in flames, the
savages for the first time felt the power of the
white man and begged for peace.

NEVER DEFEATED.

The conflicts that Clark had with the Indians
and British from time to time are too numerous
for detail, but suffice it to say he was never de-
feated, even by an enemy of double his number,
while other white commanders contending with
the same foes, with double their numbers, were
defeated with great slaughter. In Braddock's
defeat, of twelve hundred men engaged, there
were seven hundred and fourteen killed. In
St. Clair's defeat, out of fourteen hun-

dred men, eight hundred and ninety were
killed and wounded. Braddock's officers
were eighty-six in number, of whom sixty-
three were slain, himself among them. St. Clair
had from eighty-six to ninety officers, of whom
sixteen were killed and wounded — a second
Braddock's defeat. Harmar's defeats were gen-
erally calamitous, and that of the Lower Blue
Lick even more distressing, where, out of one
hundred and eighty-two who went into the battle,
near one-half were killed, seven taken prisoners
and tortured in the flames.

This latter little army was composed of the
first men in Kentucky, whose loss was not only
heart-rending to their families, but fearful to all,
as all hope for the hves of the few left had de-
parted with the dead. Isolated and hopeless in
•the far-off" wilderness, surrounded by fiends that
sought their lives, what but dread fear could tor-
ment them by day and startle their slumbers by
hideous shouts at night? Clark, stationed at
Louisville, was their only hope left, and he,
when he heard of the sad defeats, quickly col-
lected a large force, followed them to their
homes, defeated them in every battle, and burnt
their towns, to the great joy of Kentucky.

CHARACTER OF HIS ENEMY.

I will only mention a few more of the many
calamitous defeats, both in Ohio and Kentucky,
to show the kind of men Clark had to contend
with, and the contrast of his and other com-
mands. The destruction of Colonel Estill and
his command where Mr. Sterling now stands,
and the defeat of Captain Holdtn at the Upper
Blue licks, are but drops of blood in the hogs-
head that was spilt on this once "dark and
bloody ground."

I will now indulge in but one more incident,
which may be of interest to the reader, to show
how the savages tortured their prisoners. When
Colonel Crawford was defeated by the Indians
in Northern Ohio, he, the almost only one left
alive, was, a few days after his capture, put to
the torture. They blacked his face that he might
know his fate, bound him tight, and kept him
long enough to suffer more than death; ther
they stripped him naked and shot some twent)
loads of powder into his body, and having
burned down wood to lively coals they put hiir
on them, and piling brush around him quicklj

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

engulfed him in flames. His hair was first
burned from his head, his eyes were next burned
out, all of which he bore with incredible forti-
tude, uttering only in low and solemn tones,
"The Lord have mercy upon my soul" — till his
tongue was parched beyond utterance and his
feet (on which he had walked round upon the
coals) were crisped to the bone, when he quietly
laid himself down with his face upon the fire,
when an old squaw, with a wooden shovel,
poured hot embers on his back till life became
extinct. Dr. Knight, the surgeon of Crawford's
command, was captured with him, and with his
own face painted black for execution, witnessed
the whole horrid scene. They beat him (as they
did Colonel Crawford before his execution)
almost to a jelly, and often threw the bloody
scalps of his friends in his face, and knocking
down a fellow prisoner a squaw cut off his head,
which was kicked about and stamped into the
ground. Dr. Knight, after great suffering, was
saved. I marched over Crawford's battle-ground
in our War of 1812, and saw the trees scarred
by the balls.

NEVER CAUGHT ASLEEP.

General George Rogers Clark never suffered
such a fate, nor did one of his command; he
never was caught asleep, but often took his ene-
my a-napping, conquering as he went, as he often
did, through Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Mis-
souri, till his name was a terror to the Western
tribes. His first arrival in Kentucky was marvel-
ous. Having made his way down the Ohio river,
lined on either side with savages that almost
daily captured boats and murdered whole fami-
lies, he landed in a wild and trackless forest,
filled with a lurking foe, and alone, without map
or guide, traveling over a hundred miles, and
crossing deep and dangerous streams, he struck
the isolated fortress of Harrodsburg, after which
he was seen foremost in the defense of all the
interior forts, and then beyond the border in the
Far West in bloody conflicts with fearful odds,
yet ever victorious. No general ever led an
army with more celerity and secresy, and his
battle-cry in the onset was "victory or death,
honor or disgrace;" and he invariably led the
way. He had the foresight of Napoleon in strat-
egy, the heroism of Cresar in execution, and the
wisdom of Scipio Africanus in leading an army

into the enemy's country. His addresses to his
men going into battle had much to do with his
brilliant victories: "We are now about to engage
with a savage and cruel enemy who, if they take
you, will torture you in the flames, and better a '
thousand times to die in battle; but victory being '
better than either, you can, by a manly and un-
flinching courage, gain it, when cowardice and
confusion will be death to all."

HIS WIDE RENOWN.

The fame of General George Rogers Clark
was not confined to Kentucky or the United
States, but reached the ears of Napoleon, whose ,
Minister to the United States, the noted Genet,
conferred upon him the office of generalissimo,
with the title of major-general in the armies of
France. Clark was expected to lead an army of
Kentuckians to seize upon New Orleans and hold
it in the name of France, then at war with Spain;
but Spain having shortly ceded Louisiana to
Fiance, and Napoleon, about to engage in a
war with England, knowing that her fleet would
quickly sail for New Orleans, offered the whole
of Louisiana, reaching from the Gulf to the head
of the Mississippi, and west to the Pacific, for
$15,000,000. So Clark's expedition, in which
all Kentucky was ready to embark, was rendered
unnecessary by Spain's cession to France aud
France's cession to the United States.

Monuments have been reared in honor of
politicians whose lives were frolic and feasting,
while those who have risked their lives a hundred
times, and worn themselves out by hardships and
privations to save their country from ruin, sleep
in their graves forgotten and unthanked by those
who now slumber upon their downy beds, un-
startled by the Indian's war-whoop, the sharp
crack of the rifle, and the cry of distress. Then
forget no^ those who saved your fathers from
death, and enabled them to transmit to you the
blessings you now enjoy.

The writer lived in those days of sadness and
sorrow when our fate seemed certain either by
the tomahawk or the torturing flames. Isolated
families and forts far apart, two hundred miles
from any help; in the midst of a vast wilderness,
surrounded by cruel savages that lurked upon
every path and crouched around the little forts,
total destruction to all without concert and foreign
aid was certain. True, we had men as willing

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

and ready as Clark to meet the foe face to face
and hand to hand in bloody conflict, a thing of
daily occurrence; but we had no men of Clark's
strategic and magic powers of combining and
controUing masses. When the reader knows
that our war with Great Britain commenced in
1776, and that the colonies beyond the moun-
tains being themselves hard pressed, could afford
us no aid, he will see us as we were, in a helpless
condition, struggling against fearful odds.

"a SHAKESPEARE IN HIS WAY."

The English immediately and wisely seized the
Western trading-posts in order to set the Indians
upon the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania,
Virginia, and Kentucky, and the red men, like
the whites, preferring the strong side, listened to
the promises of the English to restore to them
their homes that Kentuckians had, in violation
of the treaty of Fort Stanwix, taken possession
of. The Six Nations now determined to join
the Southern and Western tribes in the recovery
of their common hunting-grounds. Clark, from
his unerring knowledge of human nature, kept
such spies as Kenton and Ballard on the alert,
and finding out that Governor Hamilto^, of Fort
Vincent, had promised the chiefs that if they
would assemble five thousand warriors by the
middle of May he would furnish two hundred
British soldiers and light artillery to quickly rid
Kentucky of every man, wpman, and child in it,
and to nip this plot in the bud and take them by
surprise, Clark (not being able to get sufficient
force in Kentucky) made a third trip to Virginia
and Pennsylvania, and begged from these colo-
nies (themselves hard pressed) one hundred and
seventy-five men, with which he made his winter
campaign, wading in mud and ice-water chin
deep, and taking Governor Hamilton's strong-
hold without losing a man. Thus were saved
the lives of the parents and grandparents of
many now in Louisville, who but for the exer-
tions of General George Rogers Clark, would
never have had an existence; and who, in the
chase of fortune and the luxuries of life, have no
time to visit the grave of one of the greatest mili-
tary men of this globe; one who accomplished
more by his strategy, through a long series of
brilliant victories, than Washington did with the
aid of a powerful nation or than Jackson did in
a single battle behind his breastworks. Clark

was by nature a Shakespeare in his way, and as
he was the savior of Kentucky, and aided much
in keeping the Indians and British from our
mother, Virginia, I say honor to whom honor is
due.

General Clark, as is elsewhere related more
fully, was the founder of Clarksville, on the In-
diana shore, in which his later years were chiefly
spent. He died at the residence of his sister
and brother-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Croghan, at
Locust Grove, just above Louisville, February 13,
18 18, and was buried upon the place. He was
never married, but left somewhat numerous rela-
tives in and about Louisville.

CHAPTER V.

THE FALLS, THE CANAL, AND THE BRIDGES.

' ' La Belle Riviere"— The Falls of the Ohio — Captain Hutch-
ins's Account of Them — Imlay's Narrative — Espy's Obser-
vations—Utilization of the Water-power— J ared Brooks's
Map — Modern Proposals and Movements — Improvement
ot the Falls — The Ship Canal — Early Plans — The Indiana
Schemes — The Kentucky Side again — The Company That
Built the Work — The Federal Government Takes a Hand
• — Completed — Mr. Casseday's Description — Subsequent
History of the Canal — Notices of Judge Hall and Others —
Its Transfer to the United States — Enlargement — The
Railway Bridges.

"la belle riviere."

The superb Ohio was well called by the
French explorers and geographers the Beautiful
river. It flows with gentle, majestic current and
broad stream, for nearly a thousand miles,
through some of the finest river scenery in the
world. Its numerous tributaries drain, for hun-
dreds of miles to the north and to the south, one
of the grandest, richest, most fertile valleys on
the globe. Its value in the development of the
Northwest has been incalculable. Fortunate in-
deed are the cities and towns that are located by
its shores ; and doubly fortunate is the county of
Jefferson, with a frontage of nearly forty miles
upon its amber waters. Without the Ohio, Louis-
ville would hardly have been. Never has the
sagacious, unconsciously humorous remark been
better illustrated, that Providence always causes
the large rivers to flow by the large cities.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

THE FALLS OF THE OHIO.

Scarcely a break or ripple occurs in the tran-
quil flow of the great river, until Louisville is
reached. Here an outcrop of limestone from
the hidden depths — the same foundation which
underlies the Falls cities and the surrounding
country on both sides of the river — throws itself
boldly across the entire stream, producing, not
so much a fall as a rapid, descending for about
three miles in the central line of the river, before
resuming the usual moderate pace and smooth-
ness of the current. Careful observations have
been made of the difference in the stand or
height of water at the head and that at the foot
of the Falls, at different stages of the river, with
the following result :

Rise in

feet at head

Corresponding rise

Aggrega

te ascent of

of the Falls.

at foot of the Falls.

the

Falls.

25H

I to 2

24 X

t0 25J<

2K " 3K

23 K

" 24K

4% " 6

22 }<

" 23%

7% " «K

20K

" 22

loji " 13%

" 20

13K " i75<

" 17K

I9K " 22%

914

" 13

24K " 27X

" 9

28K " 29K

" 6

2,0% " 31%

" 4^

32K " 33K

" 3%

34 " 34K

" 3J<

3S% " 36

" 3

14
21

to 20

" 3i4

" 40'A

" 2

41*

i'A

• Extreme high flood of 1832.

It is thus seen that the greatest fall, as reck-
oned between the extreme head and extreme
foot of the Falls, is twenty-five feet and three
inches, and that the fall steadily diminishes as
the river rises, until, long before the unwonted
height of the flood of 1832 is reached, the as-
cent, as compared with the ordinary ascent of
the river in the same distance, has become no
longer an obstruction to navigation.

It is estimated that three hundred mills and
factories might be fully supplied with water-power
by the Falls.

Some further account of this remarkable
physical feature in the stream will be found in
the subjoined descriptions,

CAPTAIN HUTCHINS'S NARRATIVE.

Captain Thomas Hutchins, of Her Majesty's
Sixtieth Regiment of Foot, afterwards Geographer
of the United States, made careful examinations
of the valley of the Ohio, and much of the in-
terior country, about the year 1766, and pub-

lished some years afterward, in London, an in-
valuable though brief Topographical Description
of the regions visited. It contains probably the
first plan of the Rapids of the Ohio ever
made by a competent hand. From this it may
be observed that the map shows no vestige
of white settlement on either side as yet. This
plan was made, the Captain says, "on the spot in
the year 1766." In the text of his book he
says :

The Rapids, in a dry season, are difficult to descend with
loaded boats or barges, without a good Pilot ; it would be
advisable therefore for the Bargemen, in such season, rather
than run any risk in passing them, to unload part of their
cargoes, and reship it when the barges have got through the
Rapids. It may, however, be proper to observe that loaded
boats in freshes have been easily rowed against the stream
(up the Rapids), and that others, by means only of a long
sail, have ascended them.

In a dry season the descent of the rapids, in the distance of
a mile, is about twelve or fifteen feet, and the passage down
would not be difficult except, perhaps, for the following rea-
sons : Two miles above them the River is deep and three-
quarters of a mile broad ; but the channel is much contracted
and does not exceed two hundred and fifty yards in breadth
(near three-quarters of the bed of the river, on the southeast-
ern side of it, being filled with a flat Limestone rock, so that
in a dry season there is seldom more than six or eight inches'
water), it is upon the northern side of the River, and being
confined, as above mentioned, the descending waters tumble
over the Rapids with a considerable degree of celerity and
orce. The channel is of different depths, but nowhere, I
think, less than five feet. It is clear, and upon each side of
it are large broken rocks, a few inches under water.

The rapids are nearly in Latitude 38^ 8'; and the only In-
dian village (in 1766) on the banks of the Ohio river, between
there and Fort Pitt was on the northwest side, seventy-five
miles below Pittsburgh, called the Mingo town. It contained
sixty families.

IMLAV'S ACCOUNT.

Captain Imlay's Topographical Description of
the Western Teriitory of North America, pub-
lished in various editions about 1793, comprises
a brief notice of the Falls and their surround-
ings, which, as it has some unique remarks in it,
seems well worth copying:

The Rapids of the Ohio lie almost seven hundred miles
below Pittsburg and about four hundred above its confluence
with the Mississippi. They are occasioned by a ledge of
rocks which stretch across the bed of the river from one side
to the other, in some places projecting so much that they are
visible when the water is not high, and in most places when
the river is extremely low. The fall is not more than between
four and five feet in the distance of a mile; so that boats of
any burthen may pass with safety when there is a flood, but
boats coming up the river must unload, which inconvenience
may very easily be removed by cutting a canal from the mouth
of Beargrass, the upper side of the Rapids, to below the
lower reef of rocks, which is not quite two miles, and the
country a gentle declivity the whole way.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

The situation of the Rapids is truly delightful. The river
is full a mile wide, and the fall of water, which is an eternal cas-
ade, appears as if Nature had designed it to show how inim-
itable and stupendous are her works. Its breadth contributes
to its sublimity, and the continual rumbling noise tends to
exhilarate the spirits and gives a cheerfulness even to slug-
gards. The view up the river is terminated, at the distance
of four leagues, by an island in its centre, which is contrasted
by the plain on the opposite shore, that extends a long way
into the country; but the eye receding finds new beauties and
ample subject for admiration in the rising hills of Silver creek,
which, stretching obliquely to the northwest, proudly rise
higher and higher as they e.xlend, until their summits are
lost in air. Clarksville on the opposite shore completes the
prospect, and from its neighborhood and from the settle-
ments forming upon the officers' land, a few years must afford
us a cultivated country to blend appropriate beauty with the
charms of the imagination. There lies a small island in the
river, about two hundred yards from the eastern shore, be-
tween which and the main is a quarry of excellent stone for
buildmg, and which in great part is dry the latter part of
sur ner. The banks of the river are never overflowed here,
they being fifty feet higher than the bed of the river. There
is no doubt but it will soon become a flourishing town; there
are already upwards of two hundred good houses built. This
town is called Lx)uisville.

JOSIAH ESPY's observations.

A graphic and highly interesting description of
the Falls, as seen in 1805 by the intelligent travel-
er, Josiah Espy, then on his tour through Ohio,
Kentucky, and the Indiana Territory, is con-
tained in his book of Memorandums, from which
we extract as follows:

2nd October, I took a view of the magnificent Falls of the
Ohio. The rapids appear to be about a mile long. On the
Indiana side, where the great body of the river runs at low
water, 1 could not discover any perpendicular falls. It was
not so in the middle and southeast channels, in both of which
the extent of the rapids were in a great degree contracted in-
to two nearly perpendicular shoots of about seven feet each,
over rocks on which the water has but little effect. At some
anterior period the channel on the northwest side, I am in-
duced to believe, was neatly similar; but the great body of
water that has been for ages pouring down has gradually
worn away the rocks above, thereby increasing the length of
the rapid on that side, and diminishing their perpendicular
"fall. I have no doubt but that the first break of the water
here is now much higher up the river than it was originally.

The beach and whole bed of the river for two or three
miles here is one continued body of limestone and petrifac-
tions. The infinite variety of the latter are equally elegant
and astonishing. All kinds of roots, flowers, shells, bones,
buffalo horns, buffalo dung, yellow-jacket's nests, etc. , are
promiscuously seen in every direction on the extensive beach
at low water, in perfect form.* I discovered and brought to
my lodgings a completely formed petrified wasp's nest, with

•Foot-note of editor of Espy 's narrative: " It needs but
little imagination on the p?rt of one nor versed in palaeon-
tology to convert the beautiful corals and other fossils found
so abundantly at the falls into the objects named by Mr.
Espy."

the young in it, as natural as when alive. The entire comt
is preserved.

Nearly every traveler who subsequently visited
this region had his observations to make con-
cerning the Falls; but we have presented the
main points of interest in the three examples
given. Some notes of the writers, however, will
be found in the annals of Louisville hereafter.
One of them, an English traveler named Asle,
actually averred that he could hear the roaring of
the Falls when still fifteen miles distant!

THE UTILIZATION

of the splendid water-power which for ages had
been expending itself unused at the Falls very
soon engaged the attention of the settlers, and
was often in discussion. So early as 1806, Mr.
Jared Brooks, the same surveyor who made the
first authentic and recorded survey of the town-
site, went thoroughly over the ground on both
sides of the river with his instruments, and over
the water with his eye and his calculations, and
embodied the results in his published chart, en-
titled, "A Map of the Rapids of the Ohio river,
and of the countries on each side thereof, so far
as to include the routes contemplated for Canal
navigation. Respectfully inscribed to His Excel-
lency Christopher Greenup, Governor of Ken-
tucky, by his very obedient servant, J. Brooks.
Engraved and printed by John Goodman, Frank-
fort, Kentucky, 1806." Copies of this map have
been preserved to recent times, and are much
praised by those who have seen them. The Rev.
Richard H. Deering, author of a pamphlet
printed in 1859, on Louisville- Her Commercial,
Manufacturing, and Social Advantages, had a
copy of it before him, and makes the following
intelligent remarks upon it and its plan of secur-
ing water-power and a canal:

A section of this map gives an enlarged "plan
of the work below L (upper lock), including all
the locks and aqueducts for the supply of 'water-
works,' and situations marked from i to 12 (mill-
sites), which may be extended to any required
distance." In the "Notes," the author says:

The rapids are caused by a vast body of rock which
crosses the course of the Ohio at this place, and obstructs
the current until it swells over its top, and thence searches a
passage down an irregular declivity to the lower end of Rock
island. The draught of the falls reaches to the line before
mentioned, crossing obliquely above the rapids, from whence
the velocity of the current increases to the great break of the
current at C ; from thence to D, the current rates ten miles
and 1,066 yards an hour; from D to E, thirteen and a half

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

miles an hour; in all, according to the course of the chan-
nel, 3,366 yards in ten minutes and thirty-five seconds. . .
It is calculated that the canal will be sufficiently capacious for
a ship of four hundred tons. [No steamboat had as yet been
seen on the Ohio]. The water will be carried plane with the
surface above the rapids to the bank of the river below the
whole falls, and then disposed of agreeable to the enlarged plan
of the work below the letter L (upper lock) ; so that any required
number of water-works may be erected, and each benefited
by a perpendicular fall of water equal to the whole fall of the
rapids, viz: twenty-four feet. The water-works will stand
upon a high and permanent bank, close under which is the
main and only channel of that part of the Ohio, which seems
to have been carved out of the rock for that purpose. Boats
and vessels of any burthen that can descend the river, may
lie alongside of the mills and store-houses, and lade and un-
lade with the greatest convenience imaginable. The land in
the vicinity of the rapids, on both sides of the liver, is gen-
erally of the first quality, and is so shaped as to afford beauty
with convenience. That part situated within view of the
rapids, is beyond description delightful.

This map of the Falls, by far the most accur-
ate and complete we have ever seen, exhibiting
every prominent rock, current, and eddy, and
the forests on either side of the river as they
stood at that early day, shows how feasible the
development of the water-power of the Falls was
then considered.

In the absence of the map in this work, we
will explain to the reader that Mr. Brooks's plan
for "water-works" consisted of a couple of races
taken out, one on either side of the main canal,
just above the upper lock, and running parallel
with the river bank, upward and downward, from
which races short side-cuts were to be made at
convenient distances for mills, and the water dis-
charged into the river after it left the wheels.
The race was to be extended down the river to
any distance that might be required, thus furnish-
ing room and power for an indefinite number of
mills.

That this was, and is, all perfectly ))racticable,
no one at all familiar with the subject can doubt;
and had it been c .■ried into execution, simul-
taneously with the canal, Louisville would have
been at this day one of the greatest manufactur-
ing cities in this country. A portion of the peo-
ple of Louisville then opposed the construction
of the canal, because it would destroy the busi-
ness of transporting passengers and freight
around the Falls, and a large commission and
forwarding business, by which a vast number
gained a livelihood. To meet their objections,
the friends of the enterprise urged the fact that
the canal, when completed, would make Louis-

ville one of the greatest manufacturing cities in
America; thus, besides giving better employ-
ment to the persons concerned, it would be the
means of drawing infinitely more people and
more business to the place than could ever be
realized without the canal. It was urged that a
city, possessing all other advantages in the high-
est degree known to any in our country, and
adding this unequaled water-power above every
other, could not fail to advance to the rank of
the most populous and important of Western
cities. Nor does it appear that any one looked
upon the canal in those days as simply and solely
to facilitate navigation. Water power was in the
mouths of all its advocates, whether in the halls
of legislation, on the stump, or in the street. It
was to serve the double purpose of navigation
and manufacturing. How strange, then, that we
should be told, at this day, that the canal can
not spare the necessary water for manufacturing !
With the whole Ohio river to feed it, men are
afraid a number of mill-wheels will drain it dry!
"The canal cannot spare the water without re-
ducing the depth so as to interrupt navigation.'"
Yet not a canal can be found in America, if it
has any fall, that is not used for manufacturing —
no, not even the least of them, even where the
"feeders" are miles distant from the point where
the power is required, while on our canal we
have an immense volume of water constantly
pushing with great power, thus preventing any
material decrease in the depth. This objection
is simply childish and ridiculous.

Had our fathers been told that but half the
original plan would be carried to completion by
the year 1859, and that their sons would at this
day not only be neglecting this boundless source
of wealth and prosperity, but actually arguing
themselves into the belief that the thing is im.
practicable, they would have denounced us as un-
worthy of our origin.

The thing is and always has been practicable,
and of such easy development that we are amazed
when we consider it. That a basin command-
ing the whole power of the Ohio river should
stand there within a few yards of the river-bank
for a period of twenty-nine years, at an elevation
of twenty-four feet above the current passing be-
neath it, and not be let into a mill-wheel, is
strange indeed.

To show more clearly still the feasibility of the

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

water-power here, we will state that the plan as
drawn by Mr. Brooks, and as the canal is now
constructed, brings the water on the plane or
level of the river above the Falls to the upper
lock, which is only a few rods from the river
bank below the Falls. The river bank at this
point is composed of a very adhesive clay, or
chiefly of this material, down to the black De-
vonian slate, which at this point forms the floor
of the canal, and in which the locks are con-
structed. The land slopes down gradually from
the upper lock toward the river, the main and
only channel of which at low water is immediate-
ly under this bank. The water in the canal basin
above the upper lock stands at an elevation of
twenty-four feet above the level of the water in
the river just alluded to. By taking out the two
races as drawn by Mr. Brooks, one extending up
the river for a distance of half a mile or more,
and the other down the river to any distance
that may be desirable, water can be drawn from
them on to mill-wheels, by means of side-cuts
for a vast number of mills. To do this in the
cheapest way let the races be extended only as
demanded by new mills. A few yards of race
and one mill will develop the principle, and this
can be done at less cost than would be required
to start an ordinary country mill, where a dam
had to be constructed. This arrangement, it
will be seen, will place the manufacturing estab-
lishments two miles distant from the business
part of the city. To obviate this difficulty, and
also to place the mills entirely beyond the reach
of high water, we will suggest another plan, which
we long since determined in our own mind was
feasible, and in some respects preferable to the
one just given.

Just south of the canal, from fifty to one hun-
dred yards, or perhaps more, there is a beauti-
ful elevation forming the terminus toward the
river of the vast plain or table land on which the
city stands. This elevation or bluff, as it is
usually called, forms a most beautiful feature of
this unrivaled landscape, and runs parallel with
the canal from its head to near its foot, the bluff
bending to the south with the river when oppo-
site the locks, and the canal bending a little to
the north at that point to enter the river. Imme-
diately on the brow of this bluff runs a fine, wide
street, two miles in length and well bouldered,
called High street. The travel on it is immense.

it being one of the great thoroughfares between
this city and New Albany, on the opposite side
of the river, below the Falls. Between the bluf
and the canal there is a beautiful valley, which L
generally a little lower between the blufiF and the
canal than where the canal runs through it.
Standing on this bluflf near the upper end of the
canal, and looking down the valley westward, one
will almost declare that Nature made the valley
for a race to run just at the foot of the bluff
parallel with the canal from end to end, to re-
ceive the water drawn by hundreds of cross-cuts
from the canal after it shall have turned -as many
wheels, and convey it off into the river at the
west end of the valley. This beautiful bluff
evidently seems to have been formed for hun-
dreds of manufacturing establishments to stand
upon, fronting on one of the prettiest streets in
the world, while the elevated plane south gives
room for tens of thousands of artisans and labor-
ers to build their homes. '

Such a race, it is believed, can be made at a
small cost as compared with the present canal.
First, because it need not be more than half
or one-third as large; and next, because ijKseems
very probable it will miss the rock through which
the canal is excavated. Several wells have been
sunk on the south side of the canal, which re-
veal the fact that the rock dips south very sud-
denly. Du Font's great artesian well is but a few
rods south of it, and there it is seventy-six feet to
the rock, which must be many feet below the bot-
tom of the canal. If the race were commenced
at the lower end, and a mill constructed there, so
as to develop the practicability of the plan, the
expense as in the other plan would be but
small. Then it could be extended as required
until the upper end of the line of mills
would be quite in the business part of the city as
the business is now located. The whole of the
mills would then be on a high and beautiful
plane, entirely out of the way of floods, ice, and
drift. Thus far Mr. Deering.

Nevertheless, to this day the great power here
runnmg to waste, apparently, is but little utilized
m the movement of machinery, and steam re-
mains the preferred motor. It is understood
that the frequent floods in the river, occasionally
very great and troublesome, constitute an im-
portant factor in the problem, and that the difl5
culties they present have not yet been satisfac-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

torily overcome. Four plans for utilization of
the Falls are still considered, however. They
are thus given by Mr. Collins, in his History of
Kentucky: i. Enlarge the present Louisville
and Portland canal, and increase the height of
water therein by building. a dam clear across the
river; 2. Build a new canal, parallel with the
Portland canal, only for the location of factories
and mills; 3. Tap the Portland canal east of its
lower locks, and build a new canal through Port-
land— gaining an enormous water-power and
very convenient sites for factories and mills;
4. Tap the Portland canal east of its lower locks,
and cut a canal across Shippingport.

A determined effort was made at a meeting of
citizens held April 26, 1876, to secure measures
for utilizing the superb water-power of the Falls.
A resolution was unanimously adopted request-
ing the General Council of the city to procure a
report from hydraulic engineers and competent
experts on the utilization of the power, and an-
other for the appointment of a committee to as-
certain by correspondence with steamboat owners
and masters, and others interested in the naviga-
tion of the Ohio, whether navigation would be
impeded by such use. The services of Mr. John
Zellmyer, a civil engineer, were secured, and in
due time he made an elaborate report fixing the
cost of the necessary machinery, gearing ropes,
timber work, masonry, and stations for three
thousand teet of transmission, at $60,000, with-
out definite estimate for head- and tail-races and
other improvements. A calculation was made
oy Mr. Zellmyer upon the basis of the use of
steam-power during sixty days of high water,
when it would not be practicable to use the water-
pwwer, showing that the combined cost of power
from steam and water for three hundred and
sixty days would be $46 per horse-power, against
$72 per horse-power for steam alone. Nothing
more tangible, however, has yet come of his inves-
tigations or the Centennial effort of the citizens.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE FALLS,

so as to facilitate their navigation, has also some-
what engaged public attention. When Mr. Cas-
seday wrote his little History, about 1852, it was
proposed to introduce a system of slackwater
navigation by dams and locks; also, to blast out
the rocks in and near the channel, so as to turn
all the water at low stages of the river into one

chanriel, which it was calculated would be suffi-
cient for the passage of vessels. Neither project
was consummated, however; but, about five years
afterwards, during low-water in the season of
1857, tlie Falls pilots took the matter of improve-
ment of the channel into iheir own hands, and
deepened and widened it in part by their own
labors and in part at their own pecuniary ex-
pense. It has since, and very lately, been greatly
improved, at the expense of the General Gov-
ernment.

The famous improvement at the Falls, how-
ever, now, and perhaps for all time to come, is
and must be

THE SHIP CANAL.

We have seen that, at a very early period, the
attention of dwellers at the Falls was attracted
to the necessity of an artificial water-way around
this formidable obstruction, and that, so early as
1806, a line had been marked out for it. Even
two years before this, in 1804, a company was
incorporated to excavate a canal around the
Falls; but nothing came of this, except, as be-
fore mentioned, some surveys. In 1809 or
1810 a bill was passed by Congress authorizing a
subscription from the National Treasury of
$150,000 to the capital stock of the Ohio Canal
company, conditioned that the company should
previously have a sum funded equal to half the
total amount required, complete its arrangements
for cutting the canal, and report the situation,
with all necessary explanation, to the President
of the United States.

On the 20th of December, 1815, a resolution
passed the Kentucky Legislature, requesting the
co-operation of the several States interested in
the proposed improvement. The State was
authorized to subscribe for one thousand shares
($50,000) and to reserve a subscription of one
thousand more for future disposition. To the
Governor was delegated the right to vote in the
meetings of the company, on behalf of the State,
according _to the amount of the public shares.
No part of this subscription was to be paid until
three hundred shares were otherwise taken, and
in any case only $10,000 a year was to be paid
out on this account, unless by consent of the
Assembly. The same Legislature duly incor-
porated the Ohio Canal company to operate on
the south side of the Falls, and about the same
time an "Indiana Canal company" was granted

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FAI.LS COUNTIES.

a charter by its own Legislature on the other
side. Congress was asked in behalf of one or
both these companies, to grant "a pre-emption of
land enabling them to divide their rights into
several parts, and that before all the best lands
were sold, with the remittance of part, either
principal or interest, and on larger than usual
credit."

THE INDIANA CANAL.

A ship canal on the north side had been pro-
posed as early as 1805, and it was thought that
special advantages in the lie of the land, particu-
larly in the situation and trend of certain ravines,
attended this project and promised it certain
success. General B, Hovey wrote to the com-
pany about this time:

When I first viewed the Rapids of the Ohio, it was my ob-
ject to have opened a canal on the side of Louisville, but on
examination I discovered such advantages on the opposite
side that I at once decided in favor of it.

He rested his judgment decisively upon the
two deep ravines, " one above the Rapids, and
the other below the steepest fall."

The Legislature incorporated his company on
the most liberal scale, and the subscription books
filled rapidly. About $ 1 20,000 were actually sub-
scribed, the names of some of the first men in
the country appearing on the books. Josiah
Espy, from whose " Memorandums " we have al-
ready quoted, writing here in 1805, expressed his
confidence of the success of the enterprise, and
said:

If these expectations should be realized, there remains but
little doubt the Falls of the Ohio will become the centre of the
wealth of the Western World.

And yet the scheme came to utter and abso-
lute failure.

In 18 19, when the founders of Jefferson ville,
largely Cine' .lati men, were actively engaged in
pushing their projects, this particular scheme was
revived with a great deal of energy, and a begin-
ning of work made upon it. The maps of the
town-site, made at this period, have the line of
the intended canal distinctly marked upon them,
and traces of the work actually done upon it yet
remain in certain spots. The canal here was to
begin a few rods east of the original plat of Jeffer-
sonville, at the mouth of the ravine, thence run
by the shortest route through the back lots of the
town, and terminate at the eddy at the foot of
the Rapids by Clarksville. It was to be two and

one-half miles long, with a width at the top ol
one hundred feet and at the bottom of fifty, and
an average depth of forty-five feet. Except aboui
one-fourth of it in the upper end, rock to the
depth of ten or twelve feet would have to be
blasted out. The twenty-three feet fall given by
it, it was expected, would furnish excellent mill-
seats and power to drive machinery for very ex-
tensive manufacturing establishments.

"'For the building of this the Jefferson ville Ohio
Canal company was incorporated by the Indiana
Legislature in January, 1818, with a capital of
$1,000,000, and permission to raise $100,000 by
a lottery. The charter was to run until 1899, but
the canal, in order to the continued life of the
company, must be completed by the end of the
year 1824.

By May, 1819, the line had been surveyed and
located, some contracts had been let, and exca-
vating commenced. A writer soon after this
said the work " continues to be prosecuted with
spirit, and the faint prospect of success." There
was prospect enough, though, to prompt Dr. Mc-
Murtrie, writing the same year, to devote a num-
ber of the most vigorous pages of his Sketches of
Louisville to writing down the scheme and put-
ting it in the very worst light. As all the world
now knows, money in sufficiency could not be
raised for it, even under the inducements of a
lottery, and the project presently fell at once and
forever.

THE KENTUCKY SIDE AGAIN,

Meanwhile the friends of the Louisville plan
were not idle. In 181 6 Mr. L. Baldwin, a Gov-
ernment engineer, was sent out by the Federal
authorities to make surveys and borings along the
Kentucky shore near the Falls, and report as to
the practicability of a ship-canal on that line.
He made his investigations with due care, and
concluded that, by digging about twenty feet be-
low the surface (three and one-half through lime-
stone rock), a sufficient canal for the passage oi
a four-hundred-ton vessel might be had. January
30, 1818, another company was chartered to ex-
cavate the canal; and still nothing of account
was done. Finally, seven years afterward, the
coming men appeared, and the unmistakably
hopeful beginning was made.

THE COMPANY THAT BUILT IT.

The construction of the canal around the

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Falls of the Ohio, on the Kentucky side, was
authorized, and a company for that purpose in-
corporated, by act of the General Assembly of
the State, approved January 12, 1825. The
company chartered was composed mainly of
gentlemen residmg in Philadelphia, and pos-
sessed of the requisite means, intelligence, and
energy for the prosecution of such an enterprise.
The names prominently associated with it in its
early day were James McGilly Cuddy, president;
Simeon S. Goodwin, secretary; James Ronald-
son, John C. Buckland, William Fitch, and Mr.
Goodwin, directors. Thomas Hulme was also
a prominent member. The charter fixed the
amount of the capital stock at $600,000, to be
held in shares of $100 each, and prescribed the
time of completion of the canal as not to ex-
ceed three years — -a time which was subse-
quently, by a legislative act December 20, 182$,
extended to three years from that date, and
further extensions were subsequently granted by
acts of February 6th and December 11, 1828.

Contracts were let in December, 1825, or
January, of the next year, for the construction
of the canal by October, 1827, for the total sum
of $370,000. The work was begun in March,
1826, but dragged along till the last of 1828
without completion, when the contractors failed,
and new contracts had to be made at higher
rates. The work of excavating the canal was
begun as soon as practicable, but, as a part of it
had to be cut through solid rock, its progress
was at times necessarily slow.

UNCLE SAMUEL INVEST.S.

Almost upon the inception of the work, the
Federal Government became a shareholder in the
enterprise. By an act of Congress, approved
May 13, 1826, the Secretary of the Treasury was
authorized to subscribe one thousand shares to
the capital stock of the company, and by another
act, of date March 2, 1829, a further subscrip-
tion was authorized, not to exceed 1,350 shares.
Under these acts the ofificers of the United States
subscribed or bought for tlie Government, 2,335
shares at the full par value of $100 per share,
and subsequently, by the conversion of mterest
and tolls into stock, it became the owner of 567
addilional shares, making 2,902 in all, or 552
more than it was authorized to acquire by direct
subscription. Down to 1842, it may here be re-

marked, the General Government received, as
earnings of their stock, in cash dividends, the
total sum of $257,778 — $24,278 more than its
entire stock had cost in actual money payments
— a vastly better return than is usual in the in-
vestments of public authorities. The company's
capital stock was increased by the State Legisla-
ture, by act of December 12, 1829, to $700,000;
and by an act approved just two years from that
date, it was raised to whatever amount might be
necessary for the payment of all costs and ex-
penses of constructing the canal, and interest to
the time it was opened for navigation. By tliis
time (December 12, 1831), and, indeed, before
the passage of the former act, the work has been
so far completed that a steamer had passed its
channel and locks. This vessel was the Vesta,
(some say the Uncas), said to have been the first
in the long line of steamboats constructed since
the year 181 6 at Cincinnati. It made its transit
through the canal December 21, 1829.

The great work had been sufficiently com-
pleted for this purpose within little more than
three years. Nothing was done upon it in 1825;
but the next year $66,223.56 were expended up-
on the requisitions of the contractors, and $10,-
946.24 for the land required for the canal. In
1827 the expenditures upon the contract were
$111,430.51; in 1828, $194,280; 1829, $151,-
796.03; in 1830, on the order of the engineer
in charge, for labor and materials, $168,302.05;
and in 1831, for completion of contracts and ad-
ditional work, $3,444.90, besides $4,960 for ex-
penses of repairs and alterations. For some
time the work was in the hands of but a single
contractor, without competition; but so small an
j amount of labor was done during the year (1829)
that the work was next divided into several con-
venient sections, each of which was let only to
contractors who could give it their personal su-
pervision, and so the construction proceeded
more rapidly. By the middle of March, 1830,
as many as seven companies of contractors were
thus engaged at prices somewhat lower than
those which prevailed the previous year. On
the first of December, says the official report for
the year, "the water, which had been rising for
several days, had attained to near the top of the
temporary dam at the head of the canal, and the
whole line of canal, from the basin to the grand
lock, being completely excavated and cleared

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

out, it was deemed advisable to remove the dam
and fill the canal, which was done on that day."
There were then seven feet of water in it, from
the basin, to the head of the lock, being four
feet more than there were upon the Falls.

It was now announced that the canal was com-
pleted, and opened for navigation. Mr. Casse-
day, in his History of Louisville, gives the fol-
lowmg description of it:

When completed, it cost about $750,000. It is about two
miles in length and is intended to overcome a fall of twenty-
four feet, occasioned by an irregular ledge of limestone and
rock, through which the entire bed of the canal is excavated,
a part to the depth of 12 feet, overlaid with earth. There is
one guard and three lift locks combined, all of which have
their foundation on the rock. One bridge of stone 240 feet
long, with an elevation of 68 feet to the top of the parapet
wall, and three arches, the center one of which is semi-ellip-
tical, with a transverse diameter of 66, and a semi-conjugate
diameter of 22 feet. The two arches are segments of 40 feet
span. The guard lock is 190 feet long in the clear, with
semi-circular heads of 26 feet in diameter, 50 feet wide, and
42feethigh, and contains 21,775 perches of mason work.
The solid contents of this lock are equal to 15 common
locks, such as are built on the Ohio and New York canals.
The lift locks are of the same width with the guard lock, 20
feet high and 183 feet long in the clear, and contain 12,300
perches of mason work. The entire length of the walls from
the head of the guard lock to the end of the outlet lock is
921 feet. In addition to the amount of mason work above,
there are three culverts to drain off the water from the adja-
cent lands, the mason work of which, when added to the
locks and bridge, gives the whole amount of mason work
41,989 perches, equal to about 30 common canal locks. The
cross section of the canal is 200 feet at top of banks, 50 feet
at bottom, and 42 feet high, having a capacity equal to that
of 25 common canals; and if we keep in view the unequal
quantity of mason work, compared to the length of the
canal, the great difficulties of excavating earth and rock from
so great a depth and width, together with the contingencies
attending its construction from the fluctuations of the Ohio
river, it may not be considered as extravagant in drawing
the comparison between the work in this, and in that of 70 or
75 miles of common canaling.

In the upper sections of the canal, the alluvial earth to the
average depth of 20 feet being removed, trunks of trees were
found, more or less decayed, and so imbedded as to indicate
a powerful •»>' Tent towards the present shore, some of which
were cedar, -...m,;! is not now found in this region. Severa]
fire-places of a rude construction, with partially burnt wood,
were discovered near the rock, as well as the bones of a
variety of small animals, and several human skeletons; rude
implements formed of bone and stone were also frequently
seen, as also several well- wrought specimens of hematite of
iron, in the shape of plummets or sinkers, displaying a
knowledge in the arts far in advance of the present race of
Indians.

The first stratum of rock was light, friable slate in close
contact with the limestone, and difficult to disengage from it ;
this slate did not, however, extend over the whole surface of
the rock, and was of various thicknesses from three inches to
four feet.

The stratum next to the slate was a close compact lime-
7

stone, in which petrified sea shells and an infinite variety of
coraline formations were embedded, and frequent cavities of
\ crystaline encrustations were seen, many of which still con-
I tained petroleum of a highly fetid smell, whic'h gives the name
to this description of limestone. This description of rock is
on an average of five feet, covering a substratum of a species
of cias limestone of a bluish color, embedding nodules of
hornstone and organic remains. The fracture of this stone
has in all instances been found to be irregularly conchoidal,
and on exposure to the atmosphere and subjection to fire it
crumbled to pieces. When burnt and ground, and mixed
with a due proportion of silicious sand, it has been found to
make a most superior kind of hydraulic cement or water-lime.

The discovery of this valuable limestone has enabled the
canal company to construct their masonry more solidly than
any other known in the United States.

A manufactory of this hydraulic cement or water-lime is
now established on the bank of the canal, on a scale capable
of supplying the United States with this much valued mate-
rial for all works in contact with water or exposed to moist-
ure ; the nature of this cement being to harden in the water,
the grout used on the locks of the canal is already harder
than the stone used in their construction.

After passing through the stratum which was commonly
called the water-lime, about ten feet in thickness, the work-
men came to a more compact mass of primitive grey lime-
stone, which however was not penetrated to any great depth.
In many parts of the excavation, masses of bluish white flint
and hornstone were found enclosed in or encrusting the
fetid limestone. And from the large quantities of arrow-
heads and other rude formations of this flint-stone, it is evi-
dent that it was made much use of by the Indians in forming
their weapons of war and hunting; in one place a magazine
of arrow heads was discovered, containing many hundreds of
those rude implements, carefully packed together, and buried
below the surface of the grouud.

The existence of iron ore in considerable quantities was
exhibited in the progress of excavation of the canal by
numerous highly charged Chalybeate sjjrings, that gushed out
and continued to flow during the time that the rock was ex-
posed, chiefly in the upper strata of limestone.* The canal
when built was intended for the largest class of boats, but the
facilities for navigation have so far improved and the size of
vessels increased so far beyond the expectations of the pro-
jectors of this enterprise that it is now found much too small
to answer the demands of navigation. The consequence is
that the canal is looked upon as, equally with the Falls, a
barrier to navigation. The larger lower-river boats refuse to
sign bills of lading compelling them to deliver their goods
above the Falls, and as this class of boats is increasing, it
promises soon to be as difficult to pass this point as before
this immense work was completed. As previous to the under-
taking of this canal, so there are now numerous plans pro-
posed for overcoming the impediment ; and these do not
differ materially from those suggested and noticed in 1804.
The only ground upon which all parties agree is, that what-
ever is done should be effected by the General Government,
and not left to be completed by individual enterprise.

The Government, as has before been said, owns a very
large part of the stock in this canal, say three-fifths, and
it is strongly urged by a part of the community that nothing
would better serve the interests of Western navigation than a
movement on the part of the United States, making it free.

*This is extracted from Mr. Mann Butler's account of the

canal.

5°

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

The question of internal improvement is not witbin the
provinceof this history to discuss; but certainly a deaf ear
should not be turned by the General Government to the united
voice of so many of its children , all alike demanding to be
relieved from their embarrassments, and the more particular-
ly so, as it has already heard and answered the supplications
of a part of its numerous family. Any semblance of favor-
itism in a government is a sure means of alienating the trust
and affection of a part of its dependents. Whatever means
may be most advisable to effect the removal of the impedi-
ments to navigation here should at once be adopted. And if
the opening of the canal freely to all could tend to effect this
object, the Government has already had from its revenue suf-
ficent to warrant it in taking off the tax from navigation.

During the first year of operation, much diffi-
culty was experienced from the accumulation of
mud in and in front of the lower lock, brought
in by repeated freshets; from the falling into the
canal of some of the piles of stone from the ex-
cavation which had been allowed temporary
place upon the berme bank of the canal; and the
large quantities of drift-wood which at one time
blocked up the entrance. Relief from all these
hindrances was eventually had; but large loss
was suffered by reason of them. During the en-
tire thirteen months from the opening of the
canal December i, 1830, to the close of 1831,
there were but one hundred and four days dur-
ing which vessels drawing more than four feet of
water could pass into or out of the lower lock;
and it was estimated that but for the obstruction
caused by mud here, three times as many boats
would have passed the canal. There were but
one hundred and eighty-three days, indeed, when
any boats, however light their draft, could pass
it. The entire transit of the year, however,
amounted to eight hundred and twenty-seven
vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of seventy six
thousand three hundred and twenty-three tons.
It is interesting to note, by the aid of this report,
the relative proportions of the several river-craft
upon this part of the Ohio half a century ago.
These eight hundred and twenty-seven boats in-
cluded less than half that number of steamers
(four hundred and six), with three hundred and
fifty-seven flat-boats, forty-eight keel-boats, six-
teen rafts. The broadhorn age on the Western
waters had yet by no means passed away.

In the winter of 1831-32, and the spring of
1832, the river was closed by ice for an unusual
length of time, and its break-up was followed by
great floods, which swept over the banks of the
canal and brought into it immense quantities of
mud, drift-wood, and even houses carried off by

the raging waters. After the flood had subsided,
the water was shut off from the whole length of
the canal, and it was thoroughly cleared and re-
paired, and much new machinery added. The
upper and northern embankment was extended
in the form of a heavy wall, to facilitate the
passage of boats and form a barrier to the en-
trance of drift-wood. The receipts from tolls for
the year were only $25,756. 12, and it became
necessary to raise over two-thirds as much more
to meet the large expenditure.

In 1833 a draw-bridge was constructed over
the guard-lock, to connect the villages of Port-
land and Shippingport. A dredging machine
was also built, and used effectually in clearing
the mud collected at both ends of the canal.
On the 23d of January, of this year, an attempt
was made by enemies of the improvement to
disable it by blowing up the locks with gun-
powder. The blast did not take effect, probably
on account of a heavy rain then falling; but still
considerable injury was done, and it was thought
necessary to institute a nightly watch upon the
canal, and furnish its line with lamps. Prepara-
tions were also made by the perpetrators of the
former outrage to blow up the stone bridge, and
boats loaded with coal were actually sunk pur-
posely at the mouth of the canal ; but all to no
use, so far as any permanent obstruction was
concerned. The Legislature promptly passed
an act making such deeds felony.

In 1836 the great expenses of the canal, in
making repairs and removing obstructions, made
necessary the raising of tolls to sixty cents per
ton for steamers, and three cents per square toot
of area for keel- and flat-boats. The tolls before
that had been forty and two cents, respectively.
The next year the total reached the high figure of
$145,424.69, which was $57,081.46 more than
the year before. In 1838 the tolls were $180,-
364.01, the largest in the history of the canal; and
dividends amounting to seventeen per cent, were
declared.

The following description of the work is given
in the Louisville Directory for 1838-39:

The first public work worthy of regard for its architecture,
is the Louisville and Portland canal. A beautiful bridge of
stone is thrown over it, about midway with one principal
and two smaller arches ; the former semi-elliptical of sixty
feet space and sixty -eight feet to the top of the principal wall,
the side-arches and segments of forty feet space. There is
one guard and three lift-locks, the former one hundred and
ninety feet long, in the clear, with semi-circular heads of

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

twenty-six feet diameter, fifty feet wide, and forty-two feet
high, containing 21,775 perches of stone-work. The lift-
locks are of the sanrie width with the guard-locks, twenty feet
high and one hundred and eighty-three feet long in the clear,
and contain 12,300 perches of masonry. The entire length
of the'wall is nine hundred and twenty-one feet. There are
ako three culverts, making the whole masonry of the canal
41,689 perches.

In 1839-40 enough additional shares were sold
to raise the]capital stock to $1,000,000, to which
amount it was resolved to limit the stock. In
February, 1842, an act was passed by the Gener-
al Assembly authorizing the stockholders to ap-
propriate the net income of the company to the
purchase of shares held by individuals, to the in-
tent that, when the said shares should all be
bought up, the canal might be made free of
tolls, under the direction and supervision of the
United States, which would then be the sole re-
maining stockholder; or, if the trust were de-
clined by the General Government, that it might
be offered the city of Louisville or the State of
Kentucky. The maximum price to be paid per
share was fixed by this act at $150, which indi-
cates a large appreciation of the stock since the
original subscriptions were made.

The provisions of the act were formally ac-
cepted by the stockholders, nearly all of whom
agreed to sell at the maximum price. Four hun-
dred and seventy-one shares were bought next
year, and five hundred and fifiy-four shares in
1844. A brief enactment was passed by the As-
sembly this year, to settle a mooted question of
jurisdiction, in case the Federal Government
should become sole owner of the canal. It was
provided that then the jurisdiction of Kentucky
should be wholly relinquished to the United
States, and that the annual reports to the General
Assembly, required by the charter, need not be
made by the United States. A greater amount
of tonnage passed the canal this year than dur-
ing any previous year; but the tolls had been
reduced to fifty cents a ton, and the total re-
ceipts were not so greatly increased. During
1846, the Mexican war then prevailing, the
steamers exclusively employed by the General
Government were permitted to pass the canal
free of tolls, on account of the large interest
the Government had acquired in the canal.
Of ten thousand shares in its capital stock, all
but 3,982 were virtually the property of the Uni-
ted States. The State of Kentucky, however,
had begun to tax the property and franchises of

the canal, and $3,490 had to be paid this year on
tax account.

By January 31, 1847, the total number of
19.875 steamers had passed the canal, and 5,772
flat- and keel boats, the whole having a tonnage
of 3,698,266. The tolls collected amounted to
$1,795,608.90.

Judge James Hall, of Cincinnati, who published
in 1848 an interesting work on The West:
Its Commerce and Navigation, includes some
severe remarks concerning this great work. He
says in his chapter VI.:

This work, which was intended as a facility to our com-
merce and a benefit to the whole people of the West, has sig-
nally failed in accomplishing the purpose for which it was
constructed; and as the Government of the United States,
with the beneficent view of patronizing a work of public util-
ity, became a partner in the canal, it cannot be thought invid-
ious to call the attention of Congress to its deficiencies. The
objections to this work are;

" I. The contracted size of the locks, which do not admit
the passage of the largest class of boats.

"2. The iiicfficiency of the construction of the canal,
which being deficient in width and depth, causes great delay,
and often serious injury, to passing boats.

" 3. The enormous and unreasonable ta.x levied in tolls."

Each of these objections he proceeds to discuss
at some length, and not without reason and force,
though with evident prejudices against the canal.

The last purchases of stock (except a nominal
amount of one share for each of five stockhold-
ers, retained at the request of the Secretary of
the Treasury, that they might continue the man-
agement of the canal, pending the passage of an
act of Congress to accept the work) weie made
in January, 1854, and January, 1855. The price
of shares had now greatly increased, and the six
hundred and ten bought in 1854 cost $249 each;
for those bought the next year (one hundred and
ninety-five) $257 per share were paid.

During the year 1854 the Portland dry dock
and basin were purchased for the uses of the
canal, at the price of $50,000. It was estimated
that the use of the dock basin added at least
$8,000 a year to the tolls, while the dock was
greatly needed to repair the craft used in the
regular operations of the canal. February i,
1855, the tolls were reduced by fully one-half —
from fifty to twenty-five cents per ton. Extensive
improvements were made this year, costing $24,-
203.67, and the next, to the amount of $99,-
253.42. During the latter year, Congress having
so far declined to accept the work, under the
condition of the act, that it should be enlarged

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

"so as fully to answer the purpose of its estab-
lishment," the company, under the advice of the
Secretary of the Treasury, determined to have
surveys made for the location of a branch canal,
with locks capacious enough to pass the largest
vessels on the river, and to purchase the necessary
land for its site. Surveys and drawings were
accordingly made m 1857, which were approved
at the Treasury Department, and on the 19th of
December the Assembly authorized the com-
pany "to construct with the revenues and on the
credit of the corporation, a branch canal suffi-
cient to pass the largest class of steam vessels
navigating the Ohio river." The next year, a
change having occurred in the Secretaryship of
the Treasury, the Hon. Howell Cobb, now Sec-
retary, directed the total stopping of the work,
until the pleasure of Congress should be further
known. The company obeyed, although pro-
testing against the jurisdiction of the Depart-
ment to this extent, since, under the act of Feb-
ruary, 1842, the United States had as yet abso-
lute control over only its original block of 2,902
shares in the capital stock.

In 1859 large meetings of persons interested
in the enlargement of the canal were held in
Louisville, Cincinnati, Madison, and in other
cities, and the importance of the measure
was earnestly pressed upon Congress. That
body duly authorized the enlargement and
branch canal by resolution in May, i860, with
provisos that the United States should not be
in any way liable for its cost, and that, when the
enlargement was completed and paid for, no
more tolls should be collected thafl would pay
for its repair, superintendence, and management.
In effect, Congress thus ceded the stock owned
by the United States to the purposes of the trust
declared by the Kentucky statute of 1842. Con-
tracts were promptly let to Messrs. Benton Rob-
inson & DeWolf — at first for the construction
of the branch canal, and then for the enlarge-
ment of the branch canal, and the work rapidly
proceeded. In 1861 the sum of $357,763.30
was paid on account of canal improvement,
about equally in cash and mortgage bonds, and
$359,067.50 the next year, mostly in bonds.
Receipts of tolls fell off enormously, in conse-
quence of the civil war; the rate was raised in
1862 to thirty-seven and a half cents per ton, and
in March, 1863, to the old rate of fifty cents.

The canal improvement this year cost $274,551.-
02; the next year (1864), $290,297,63; the next,
$143,284.84; and the next, on final settlement
with the contractors, who had been compelled
to surrender their contracts (and the company's
over-work included), $256,353.54. The means
applicable to the work, after the expenditure of
these large sums, were now exhausted, and it was
estimated that, under the greatly increased cost
of labor and material induced by the war, $1,-
000,000 more would be necessary to finish it.
(The original estimate, before the war, for the
cost of the work was $1,800,000.) A mortgage
was made in i860 upon the canal and its reve-
nues, to Isaac Caldwell, of Louisville, and Dean
Richmond, of Buffalo, to secure the payment of
the sixteen thousand bonds issued, of the de-
nomination of $1,000 each.

During 1864 the tow-boat Thomas Walker was
built by the company, at a cost of $15,000, and
was found exceedingly useful in the operations
of the canal, as well as giving a handsome reve-
nue from towing for others. The next year a
dredge-boat was bought of the United States for
$1,750. The taxes paid this year were very large
— $7,676 to the United States, and $4,022 to the
State, or $11,698 in all. In 1866 $10,430 were
paid on this account

THE UNITED STATES IN CHARGE.

Finally, by resolutions of the Kentucky Legis-
lature passed in the Senate March 27, 1872, in
the House March 29th, approved by the Gov-
ernor the same day, the control of the canal was
definitely surrendered by this Commonwealth to
the General Government, upon the conditions
precedent set forth in the resolutions, which were
accepted by the United States. The text of this
important measure should be here recorded in
full:

Whereas, All the stock in the Louisville & Portland canal
belongs to the United States Government, except five shares
owned by the Directors of the Louisville & Portland Canal
Company, and said Directors, under the authority of the
Legislature of Kentucky and the United States, executed a
mortgage to Isaac Caldwell and Dean Richmond to secure
bonds named in said mortgage, some of which are out and
unpaid, and said Canal Company may owe other debts; and
whereas, it is right and, proper that the Government of the
United States should assume the control and management of
said canal; therefore, be it

Resolved by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of
Kentucky, That the President and Directors of the Louisville
& Portland Canal Company are hereby authorized and direct-
ed to surrender the said canal, and all the property connect-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

ed therewith to the Government of the United States, upon
the following terms and conditions:

1. That the Government of the United States shall not
levy tolls on said canal, except such as shall be necessaiy to
keep the same in repair, pay all necessary superintendence,
custody, and expenses, and make all necessary improve-
ments.

2. That the cijy of Louisville shall have the right to throw
bridges over the canal at such points as said city may deem
proper: Provided, always, that said bridges shall be so lo-
cated as not to interfere with the use of the canal, and so
constructed as not to interfere with its navigation.

3. That the title and possession of the United States of
the said canal shall not interfere with the right of the State
to serve criminal and civil processes, or with the State's
general power over the tenitory covered by the canal and its
appendages.

4. A lid further. That the city of Louisville shall at all times
have the right of drainage into said canal, provided that the
connections between the drains and the canal shall be made
upon the plan to keep out mud and garbage.

5. That the use of the water-power of the canal shall be
guaranteed forever to the actual owners of the property con-
tiguous to said canal, its branches and dams, subject to such
restrictions and regulations as may be made by the Secretary
of the Department of the United States Government which
may have charge of said canal.

6. That the Government of the United States, before such
surrender, discharge all the debts due by said canal company
and purchase the stock of said directors.

The total amount of tolls received on the
canal year by year, since 183 1, when tolls first
figured in the annual reports of the company, to
187 1, are as follows:

1831 $ 12,750.77

1832 25,756.12

1833 60,736.92

1834 61,848.17

1835 80,165.24

1836 88,343.23

1837 145.424-69

1838 121,107.16

1839 180,364.01

1840 134,904.55

1841 113.944-59

1842 95,005. 10

1843 107,274.65

1844 140,389.97

1845 138.291-17

1846 149,401.84

1847 139,900.72

1848 158,067.96

1849 129,953.46

1850 115,707.88

852 $153,758.12

853 178.869.39

854-S (13 mo.).. 149,640.43

855 (II months).. 94,356.19

856 75.791-85

857 110,015.38

858 75,479.21

859 90.905-63

860 131,917.15

861 42,650.02

862 69,936.90

863 152,937.02

864 164,476.26

865 175.515-49

866 180,925.40

867 114,961.35

868 155.495-88

869 167,171.60

870 139,175.00

871 159.838.90

1851 167,066.49

Since the enlargement of the canal and its
transfer to the F'ederal Government, the heavy
tolls before exacted have been abolished and the
work is now practically free to the commerce of
any and every State.

THE ENLARGEMENT

so long desired was made in 1870-71, and the

new locks were opened November 20, 1871, for
the passage of boats. Mr. Collins says: "In
widenmg it to 90 feet 40,000 cubic yards of earth
were taken out, and 90,00c of solid limestone —
the ledge 11 to 12 feet thick; 11,000 cubic yards
of dry wall masonry were built. Instead of a
fall of 16 feet in 1 1^ miles, will be a fall of 26
feet in nearly two miles — a lengthening the dis-
tance the water will have to flow between the
head and foot of the fall, in order to lessen the
force of the current."

Work upon the improvement contmued dur-
ing the succeeding years, and by the close of
1881 the total enlargement was $1,451,439.40,
and it was estimated that $50,000 more could be
profitably expended upon it during the next six
months. By means of the improvement boats
so large as three hundred and thirty-five feet
long and eighty-five feet wide can easily pass
the canal. The total passing of the year 1881
was 4,196 vessels, with a registered tonnage of
1,424,838 tons, while 1,723 boats with 517,361
tons passed down the Falls. The canal was
open 280 days this year, being closed by high
water 41 days and by ice 25. Below the canal
an important improvement was made this year,
in the extension of Portland dyke 2,300 feet,
with 700 to be constructed in 1882, which would
render the bar near it navigable in all stages of
water.

THE RAILWAY BRIDGE.

The project of a bridge across the Falls of the
Ohio naturally occupied the attention of intelli-
gent people at the Falls cities for many years.
To it the late Hon. James Guthrie and other
leading capitalists and public-spirited men gave
some of their best energies. Among other
efforts to awaken public attention to the import-
ance of the enterprise, an able article in thf
Daily Courier of March 4, 1854, is especially re-
membered. On the loth of March, 1856, the
Legislature of Kentucky granted a charter, to
Thomas W. Gibsort; L. A. Whiteley, Joshua F.
Bullitt, Joseph Davis Smith, and David T, Mon-
sarrat, as corporators of the Louisville Bridge
company. Nothing to speak of was done under
it, however, except to keep the project more con-
spicuously before the public. At length, on the
19th of February, 1862, another act was passed
by the General Assembly, "to incorporate the
Lonisville Bridge company," which revived and

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

confirmed the charter of 1856, to James Guth-
rie, D. Ricketts, G. H. Ellery, and their asso-
ciates, as successors to the persons named in the
former charter, and vested with all its powers
and rights. January 17, 1865, an act of Con-
gress was approved, supplemental to an act to
establish post-roads (under which the bridges at
Steubenviile, Bellaire, and Parkersburg were
built), and authorizing the Louisville & Nashville
and Jeffersonville railroad companies, which had
become stockholders in the company, to con-
struct a railway bridge across the Ohio at the
head of the Falls, at a height not less than fifty-
five feet above low-water mark, and with three
draws sufficient to pass the largest boats navigat-
ing the Ohio river — one over the Indiana chute,
one over the middle chute, and one over the canal;
with spans not less than two hundred and forty
feet, except over the said chutes and canal, and
with draws of one hundred and fifty feet wide on
each side'of the pivot pier over the Indiana and
middle chutes, and ninety feet wide over the
canal; the bridge and draws to be so constructed
as not to interrupt the navigation of the river.
Such bridge was declared, when built, to be a
lawful structure, and to be recognized and known
as a post-route.

In a hundred days from the passage of this
act the war was over, and the way for the great
work was clearer. Many months more were
necessarily passed in settling the legal questions
arising under the act of Congress, and in making
the indispensable arrangements for money and
labor; but in the fullness of time all was ready,
and the contracts were let. The materials for
the first span were to be delivered by June i,
1868, and for the others as fast as would be re-
quired by the completion of the masonry. The
erection of the superstructure was begun in May,
1868; and the work went forward with reasona-
ble rapidity. There were occasional unfortunate
accidents in its progress, some of them involving
loss of life; but none seriously delaying the work
except extraordinary freshets in September and
October, 1868, and an accident on the 7th of
December, 1869, when a steamboat with a tow
of barges, passing the Falls during a heavy
freshet, knocked out and destroyed the false
work erected for the last span — that next the In-
diana chute. But for this disaster the bridge
would have been completed the same month.

With tremendous energy and very large expense,
however, the material was replaced and the span
put in; the first connection of superstructure be-
tween the two shores was made February i, 1870;
the railway track was promptly laid, and the first
train passed over on the 12th of that month; and
the bridge was thrown open to the public on the
24th. The foot walks on the east side of the
bridge were not ready for use until the 13th of
the next November. The bridge had cost, to
the close of 1870, $2,003,696.27, including
$114,562 interest on the capital stock, and all
other expenses. The construction account
alone was $1,641,618.70, reaching not greatly
beyond the estimate of the chief engineer Janu-
ary I, 1868, which was $1,500,000. The partial
year of operation in 1870 yielded the company
a gross income of $121,267.55 — $84,605.98 tolls
from railway freights, $35,515-97 from railway
passengers, and $1,145.60 tolls on the foot walks.
The operating expenses were $91,023.77.

Mr. Albert Fink was the chief engineer for the
construction of this mighty work, his connection
with it ceasing March i, 1870. His principal
assistant was Mr. F. W. Vaughn, and Edwin
Thacher was assistant in charge of the instru-
mental work. Patrick Flannery and M. J.
O'Connor had the masonry in charge, and Henry
BoUa the iron superstructure. The contractors
for this were the Louisville Bridge and Iron com-
pany, Mr. E. Benjamin superintendent.

The bridge is used by the Ohio & Mississippi,
the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago, and the
Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis railroads.
The Pennsylvania company, controlling the last-
named, which built the embankment at the east
end of the bridge, thus aontiols the Indiana ap-
proach.

The following description of the bridge is ex-
tracted from a report made to the chief of en-
gineers of the United States army in 187 1 by
Generals G. K. Warren and G. Weitzel and
Colonel Merrill, a Board detailed to examine
and report upon the work:

This bridge, sometimes known as the Ohio Falls bridge, is
a railroad and foot bridge, and it crosses the Ohio river at
the head of the Falls, extending from a point just below the
city of Jeffersonville, in Indiana, to the foot of Fourteenth
street in the city of Louisville. It belongs to a special
bridge corporation, and serves to connect the Indiana rail-
way system with the roads on the south of the Ohio that
centre at Louisville.

The bridge, as built, belongs to the class of ' ' high " bridges.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

IS distinguished from bridges with draws and an elevation of
but seventy feet.

It has a single railroad track, and two sidewalks, each 6.2
feet wide, and its total length between abutments is 5,218?^
feet. The spans commencing at the abutment on the In-
diana or north shore are as follows: 99, 149.6, 180, 180, iRo,
398 K (Indiana Chute). 245^, 245^, 245^, 245}^, 245^,
2455^. 370 (Middle Chute), 227, 227, 210, 210, 180, 180,
149.58, 149.58, 149.58, 149.58, 132, 132 (draw over canal),
50, 50. These dimensions are from center to center of piers,
and they are greater by the half-widths of two piers than the
clear waterway. The trusses themselves are of the two styles
patented by Mr. Albert Fink, the chief engineer of the
bridge. The two channel-spaces are spanned by Fink trian-
gular trusses, and all the others except the draw by Fink
trussed girders. The draw-bridge is what is generally known
as a Warren girder, differing only from the triangular in that
the latter has certain additional members that are necessary
to adapt it to long spans. The former are "through," or
"over-grade" bridges, and the Litter "deck," or "under-
grade." The clear waterway at the Indiana chute, meas-
ured on the low water line, is 380 feet, and at the Middle
chute 352 Ji feet. The roadway bearers of the channel-spans
are suspended below the bottom chords, and consequently
the height under the bridge available for steamboats must
be measured to these members. The line of the roadway
bearers of the Indiana channel-span is 96}^ feet above low
water, and 45}^ feet above highest water, the ma.ximum
oscillation being 51 feet. At the middle channel-space the
river is dry at low water, and the available space above the
river bed is 90 feet. These two channel-spans are on the
same level, but at the Indiana channel the break in the rocky

ledge is 1,000 feet above, while in the middle channel it is
6,000 feet below. The line of the crest of the Falls is e.xceed-
ingly irregular, crossing the line of the bridge between the
two channel-spans nearly at right angles.

The tops of the channel piers and of all piers between
them are 97 Ji' feet above low water of the Indiana chute.
The others are lower, conforming to the grades of the
bridge.

The foundations of all the piers of this bridge were laid
on the solid rock, and therefore there is no need of any rip-
rap protection around them.

The right pier of the Indiana channel-space is 64 feet 6
inches by 17 feet io}i inches at bottom; thence it is carried
up vertically, with 10^4 inches of offsets, to 10 feet above
low water. Above this the sides have the uniform batter up
to the coping of 7-16 of an inch per foot. The left pier is
65 feet 6 inches by 18 feet 8 inches at bottom, and is carried
up vertically with i foot 6% inches of offsets to 18 feet above
low water. Above this the sides have the usual batter. The
up and down-stream ends of the pier? are built alike, with
starlings formed by the mtersections of arcs of circles with
radii of 12 J^ feet. They are capped by hoods at high-water
mark, and above this are finished with semicircular sections.
These piers on top (without coping), measure 33 by 10.
The piers of the middle channel are 64 by 17 X feet at bot-
tom, and 33 by 10 feet on top, with starlings and hoods like
the other channel piers. The other piers are similarly con-
structed, excepting that above the lower starlings and hoods
they have another starling and hood, which makes a shorter
length of pier on top. The top dimensio.is of pier No. 7
(without coping) are 21 by 7, the dimensions at bottom being
45 5-6 feet by 14'^.

The grades and curvatures on this bridge and its ap-

proaches are as follows, commencing at the face of the abut-
ment on the Indiana or northern shore :

Distance.

Grade.

Curvature.

Remarks.

785.1
2,241.75
2,192.82

78.6

0
79.14

Tangent..
Tangent. .
I'angent..

Indiana side.

Channel. spans and spans be-

Kentucky side. [tween.

5,219.67

The approach to this bridge on the Indiana shore consists
of a long and high embankment. This, however, does not
properly belong to the biidge, and, in accordance with the
rule adopted for other bridges, we consider that we have
reached the end of a bridge when we come to earth-work.
Under this rule this bridge has no approaches, the entire
space from abutment to abutment being waterway.

This bridge crosses the Louisville and Portland canal 1,700
feet below the guard-lock at the head. An unobstructed
passageway for steamboats is secured by means of a draw,
giving a clear opening of 114 feet over the canal. The other
end of the draw projects over a portion of the river, and by
modifying the canal-bank on this side so that it shall just
have the width of the pivot of the draw, it will be practicable
for steamboats in high water to ascend the river without
lowering the chimneys. This is a very valuable provision for
boats that habitually run where there are no bridges, which
yet may occasionally wish to go above Louisville. In low
water such boats can pass through the canal, and in high
water, by using the other end of the same draw, they can
pass up the river even should they be too wide to get through
the new locks. ...

The total high-water section of the river on the line of the
bridge is 216,249 square feet, of which 13,573 square feet, or
six per cent., is occupied by the piers. This contraction
would probably cause no perceptible increase of velocity.
The low-water section is 1,377 square feet, of which 60 square
feet, or four and one-half per cent. , is obstructed. All the
water at this stage is running through the Indiana chute; but
there being no navigation possible, the effect of the piers
need not be considered.

The board have no changes to recommend in this bridge,
which they consider a first-class structure throughout, and
very much less an obstruction than it might have been had
its builders limited themselves to giving only what they were
compelled by law to give. On the contrary, they have
chosen to build according to the highest of the three author-
ized plans, and have exceeded the heights and widths that
even this plan required, spending $150,000 more than was
necessary to comply with the letter of the law. Instead of a
300-foot opening at low water, one of their channel-spans
gives 380 feet, and the other 352 X feet. The total cost of
the bridge, from abutment to abutment, was $1,615,120.

THE NEW BRIDGE.

This is in course of construction across the
Ohio, from the foot of Twenty-third street, Louis-
ville, over Sand Island to the foot of Vincennes
street. New Albany, a distance of 2,551 feet. It
is the outgrowth of the project of the Louis-
ville, Evansville & St. Louis railroad, presently
to be consummated, and which saw no way
into Louisville except by a lengthy steam-ferry

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

reached by precipitous banks or by the track
from New Albany to Jeffersonvilie, controlled by
the Pennsylvania company, and thence by the
present bridge. This compels the traverse of a
distance of six miles, which the new bridge re-
duces one-half

April I, 1880, the Kentucky Legislature grant-
ed a very liberal charter to the Kentucky & In-
diana Bridge company for the erection of this
bridge. A similar act of incorporation was se-
cured in Indiana. October 19, 1881, an ordin-
ance of the Louisville General Council was ap-
proved, granting the company the right of way in
the city, for the location and building of piers,
approaches to and abutments of its bridge. The
company had meanwhile (in February, 1881)
been organized, with Colonel Bennett H. Young,
of Louisville, as president. The stock-books of
the company were opened in Louisville, and
within two days twice as many subscriptions were
offered as could be received. Ample surveys
and soundings were made, and plans and specifi-
cations prepared. Mr. John MacLeod was em-
ployed as chief engineer, and Mr. C. Shaler
Smith, consulting engineer. Their estimate for
the entire cost of the work was $1,385,000, but
contracts were let the same year to the amount
of $1,400,000. The foundation work was con-
tracted at $59,000, the iron and steel for the
main bridge at $577,000. The corner-stone of
the new bridge was laid in New Albany, October
29, 1 88 1, with imposing ceremonies, of which a
sufficient account is comprised in the history of
that place. The city had endorsed $250,000 of
the $1,000,000 thirty-year five per cent, bonds
issued by the company, the city stipulating that
work should begin before October 11, 1881. It
was commenced in the first week of that month;
two of the seven river foundations were soon
secured, and work upon the third was to begin by
November loth. It is understood at this writing
(March, 1882,) that the bridge will go on rai)idly
to completion.

The report of the ceremonies at the laying of
the corner-stone embodies a description of the
bridge to-be, from which we quote the follow-
ing:

The Kentucky and Indiana bridge will be 2,400 feel in
Iciigih, but 4,800 feet fram grade to grade, 43 feet wide on
roadway deck, the only bridge on the Ohio entirely of
wrought iron and steel of the finest qu.ility, and the only
structure which impedes navigation so little; also have its

piers located so as to please the coal men (who, if rumors
be true, are not the most easily satisfied persons in the
world).

The two channel spans are 483 and 480 feet in length and
require 5,400,000 pounds of metal, each demanding propor-
tionally two and a half times as much steel and iron as the
400-foot span of the upper bridge ; that while adding 83 feet
to the length of the span the width is also doubled ; that in
addition to the weight of the material required in the con-
struction of the highway and footway the present increased
weight of railway rolling stock has been provided for.

The great development both in trade and population of the
cities to be connected forbids the construction now of a bridge
that will not accommodate all classes of travel. This struc-
ture now to rise will carry s:ife!y the single footman who may
wish to pass from shore to shore, while by his side at the same
level will move, if required, two 40-ton engines, drawing
thirty cars laden with stone ; and still alongside a double
procession of wagons, loaded to their fullest capacity, can
pass ; and yet with this enormous burden, the stram on any
part will have reached only one-fifth its ultimate strength.

The piers on either side will consist of two iron cylinders
sunk to a solid foundation and filled with concrete and
capped with stone, while the seven river piers will be built of
Bedford oolitic limestone, rising one hundred and eleven feet
in height. The Indiana approach will be fifteen hundred feet
long, with a nine hundred and ten foot highway approach.
The piers will contain 19,492 cubic yards of masonry and the
two approaches 3,330 more; the main bridge will require 4,-
092,000 pounds of iron and 3,180,000 pounds of steel, with
1,051,000 feet of lumber, board measurement; while the ap-
proaches will consume 2,551,000 pounds of iron, and 819,000
feet of lumber. The railway and wagon-way are entirely sep-
arate, never crossing each other, and the horses will never
see the trains. The piers will be carried down to bed rock,
and for the first time on the Ohio river the channel spans will
be built without the use of false work to impede navigation.
The masonry for eighteen feet above low water mark is laid
in Portland cement, and will to that height have a granite
facing. The entire wood in the bridge will be of treated
lumber, having had the preservative forced in under a pres-
sure of one hundred jjounds to the square inch, while the
roadways will be made of creosoted gum blocks laid in asphalt
and gravel. All other highways on Ohio river bridges are
simply plank. The structure will also have a double draw,
giving one hundred and eighty-five feet channel room on
either side of the pier and be operated by steam, improve-
ments found in no other bridge on the river.

There has for many years existed the belief that over Sand
Island is the best place on the river for a bridge, and the one
which nature had specially designed for that purpose. Here
there are only nine piers; above there are twenty-si.K.

There is however one peculiarity at this site. The rise and
f.iU of the water here exhibit the greatest difference at any
point on the river. The vast volume of water that pours
over the Falls with such terrific force can not escape through
the narrow banks from here to the bend below New Albany
— it bacKS up and crowds over the banks; and according to
the test —the great rise of 1832- shows here a difference of
si.xty-seven and a half feet between high and low water mark,
thus rec|uiring this bridge to be laid on one hundred and
eleven foot piers, ten feet higher than the upper bridge piers,
and making the bottom chord one hundred and ten feet above
low and forty-five feet above high water, which is now re-
quired by the act of Congi-ess providing for the construction
of bridges over this portion of the stream.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

CHAPTER VI.

ROADS, RAILROADS, AND STEAMERS.

Early Locomotive in Louisville — The Lexington & Ohio
Railroad — The Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington (Short
Line) — A Reniiniscence of 1838-39— The yeffersonville,
Madison & Indianapolis — The Louisville & Nashville — The
Louisville, New Albany & Chicago — The Elizabethtown
& Paducah — The Ohio & Mississippi — The Louisville,
Evansville & St. Louis — The Chesapeake & Ohio — The
Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville— The Louisville,
Harrod's Creek & Westport Narrow Guage — Railway
Notes — Turnpike Roads — The Louisville & Cincinnati
United States Mail Line of Steamers.

AN EARLY LOCOMOTIVE.

It is a fact not generally known, we suspect,
even to residents of the Falls cities, that some
of the very first attempts at the building of loco-
motive engines and of railways were made in
this region, on the Kentucky side. Not a mile
had yet been traversed on an iron way in Amer-
ica, with steam as a motor, before Thomas H.
Barlow, a Lexington man, in the late '20's built
a small locomotive in that place, of which he
made a public show upon a circular track in a hall
there, and in 1827 brought it to Louisville and
exhibited its working upon a similar track in the
old Woodland Garden. A little passenger car,
with two seats, was drawn by it, and many old
citizens of the town had a ride in what was prob-
ably the first vehicle drawn by steam in the New
World. The model of Barlow's locomotive may
be seen to this day in the museum of the Asylum
at Lexington; and one of his remarkable "plane-
tariums " is in the collection of the Polytechnic
society, in Louisville.

It was about tyvo years after the exhibition by
Barlow in Louisville before the first locomotive
in this country, an English one, drew a train up-
on the first steam railroad, that of the Delaware
& Hudson Canal company, on the track from
their mines to Honesda^e. Pennsylvania.

THE LEXINGTON AND OHIO RAILROAD.

This was the pioneer railway in Kentucky, and
the first to enter Louisville. Its company was
chartered in 1830, at the instance of a number
of the leading men of Lexington, with a capital
of $1,000,000, and authority to build a road from
Lexington to some place on the -Ohio river,
Louisville was the terminal point, however, in
view from the beginning, and prominent citizens
of this place were early and eagerly interested in
the project.

It has been asserted that this was the second
steam railway started in the United States, which
is not quite true; but another assertion, made
by Colonel Durrett in one of his historical articles
of 1880, is undoubtedly correct, that when the
charter for it was granted, but twenty-three miles
of such railroad were operated in all the land,
and when work was begun the next year, only
ninety-five miles had been completed on this
continent. The first spike of the Lexington &
Ohio road was driven October 21, 183 1, at the
intersection of Water and Mill streets, in Lexing-
ton, by Governor Thomas Metcalf, then Chief
Executive of the State. Dr. Charles Caldwell,
of the Medical Department of Transylvania Uni-
versity, delivered the address of the occasion.
The city of Louisville, four years after, con-
tributed $200,000 to the road. Colonel Durrett's
lucid words, in the newspaper article above re-
ferred to, will tell the rest of the story:

The work of construction progressed slowly, and trains did
not get through to Frankfort, a distance of twenty-nine
miles, until about the close of the year 1835. The first ma-
terials for construction, and the first freight and passengers
were drawn over the road by horse; but when part of the
road had been formally opened to the public, in 1834, and
the locomotive went thundering over it, a grand ball cele-
brated the event, at Brennan's tavern, in Lexington. The
track was originally laid with fiat rails spiked down to stone
sills, and much trouble and danger was caused by one end of
the thin iron bars rising up when the locomotive wheels
pressed upon the other. . All these difficulties have since
been overcome by sleepers, cross-ties, and T rails of the mpst
approved style, rendering the road one of the best.

Things neither started nor progressed so well at the Louis-
ville end of the road. Disputes rose early and continued late,
between the directors and city authorities and citizens, as to
the location of the road at this end. The railroad directory
wanted the Louisville end to terminate at Portland, and then
sprang up the dispute as to the location of the road through
the city so as to get to Portland. Elisha C. Winter, of Lex-
ington, was president of the road, and John C. Bucklin,
mayor of Louisville, and they could come to no agreement
as to the location through the city. Neither could the Lex-
ington directory, who were Richard Higgins, John Brand,
Elisha Warfield, Luther Stephens, Joseph Bnien, Benjamin
Gratz, and George Boswell, come to any unde-standing with
George Keats and Benjamin Cawthon, who were the Louis-
ville directors. The city council, consisting of G. W. Meri-
weather, B. G. Weir, James Guthrie, James Rudd, J. P.
Declary, Jacob Miller, Robert Buckner, F. A. Kaye, J. M.
Talbott, and W. Alsop, could not agree concerning any pro-
posed route, and as for the citizens who lived along any of
the suggested lines, they would agree to nothing. Finally an
appeal was made to the Legislature for settling the difficulty,
and an extraordinary law passed in 1833, empowering Wil-
liam O. Butler,, of Gallatin county; John L. Hickman, of
Bourbon; George C. Thompson, of Mercer, and James
Crutcher, of Hardin, to determine the streets through which
the road was to pass through the city.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

While, therefore, our neighbors of Ixxington at once be-
gan war upon their end of the road, with the Chief Execu-
tive of the State dri Ing the first spike, and an eminent pro-
fessor deHvering an inaugural oration, we at the Louisville
end set out with quarreling, and continued for two years,
about where the work was to begin. It was finally deter-
mined, however, that the road should enter the city at tlie in-
tersection of Jefferson and Wenzcl streets; thence proceed
along Jefferson to Sixth, down Sixth to Main, along Main to
Twelfth, down Twelfth to Portland avenue, and then along
the avenue to Portland. In 1838, three years after the Lex-
ington end was working from that city to Frankfort, this end
was completed from Portland to Sixth street, and Louisville
couldthen boast of a league of railroad, with a locomotive dash-
ng over it, very much to the annoyance instead of the joy of
ner citizens, especially those who resided or carried on busi-
ness along its line. The first through train on this our first
railroad went all the way from Portland to the northwest cor-
ner of Main and Sixth streets (where the store of J. M. Rob-
inson & Co. now stands) on the 29th of February, 1838. The
citizens, however, did not rejoice and celebrate the event with
a grand ball, as was done by our neighbors of Lexington at
the other end when the first train went through from that city
to Frankfort. On the contrary, they were silent and talked
of pulling up the rails and throwing the locomotive and the
cars into the river. They concluded, however, to go to law
about it, after enduring it for about six months. A number
of citizens owning property and, doing business on Main
between Sixth and Thirteenth streets, with Ehsha Applegate
at their head, filed a bill in Chancery on the 9th of October,
1838, for an injunction against the further use of the locomo-
tive in that region. It was declared to be a nuisance, endan-
gering life, depreciating property, and injuring business.
Levi Tyler, then president of the road, answered on the 19th,
and set forth the merits of the road with commendable skill.
The company had then spent about $800,000 in making the
road from Frankfort to Lexington and from Portland to Sixth
street, Louisville, and had some of the $r50,ooo furnished it
by the State, but not enough to make the road from Frank-
fort to Louisville.

They were, however, doing a pretty fair business at the
Louisville end. Fiom the opening of this end of the road
for through trains from Portland to Sixth street, on the 29th
of April, to the 6th of November, when the injunction was
granted, they had carried 93,240 passengers, at twelve and
one-half cents each, from Portland to Sixth street, and re-
ceived for it, in cash, $11,656.17. This was at the rate
of about $425.25 per week, and their expenses were $202.30
wer week, leaving a neat profit of $229.42 per week. Of
course, it was hard that such a business sliould be stojjped
by an injnnction, even if it did endanger life and de]jrcciate
property and injure business, as clainied by tlie citizens who
brought the suit. Judge Bibb, then chancellor, granted and
sustained the injunction, but the comi)any took the case to
the court of appeals and it was reversed, with instructions to
so shape proceedings in the court below as to let that loco-
motive continue to convey passengers from Sixth street to
Portland, and from Portland to Sixth street.

The road, however, ni tlie midst of a ho.stilc pooiilo could
never succeed. The citizens who had attempted to enjoin it,
were prominent, and had influence enough to make it too un-
popular for success. It never extended its line to tlie Louis-
ville wharf as authorized by the City Council and intended, the
gap between Sixth street and the present depot on yeffcrson
never was filled up, and our first railroad from Portland to
Sixth street, instead of being extended through the city and

protracted in length one way or the other, was transferred to
a corporation entitled the Louisville & Portland Railroad
company, in 1844, for the benefit of the Kentucky Institution
for the Education of the Blind. This transfer was made by
the State of Kentucky, which had become the owner of the
whole hne by foreclosing a lien for $150,000 furnished to the
company in 1833. The Louisville and Portland Company
afterward transferred the road to Isham Henderson, who
converted it into a street railroad operated by horse power,
in which capacity it still exists.

It may added that, of the thousand miles or
more of street railway now in the United States,
the first three miles were operated in Louisville
by this Mr. Henderson.

the louisville, cincinn.\ti and lexington
(short line).

The Louisville & Frankfort Railroad Company
was incorporated in 1847, and to it was trans-
ferred by the State so much of the old Lexing-
ton & Ohio road as lay between the two former
places. The consideration for this was six per
cent, of the valuation, to be paid before any
dividends were paid to the stockholders of the
new company. The division between the State
capital and Lexington was also transferred by
the State to a new company, the Lexington &
Frankfort, chartered in 1848, for one thousand
five hundred shares in this company's stock.
This part of the old road, although in a weak
sort of operation since 1835, could not yet be
called completed, nor was it until the next year.
The Louisville division was also finished by the
new organization in 1851 ; and then, for the first
time, traffic by rail passed through from Louis-
ville to Lexington. The large sum of $275,000
was voted to this road by the city of Louisville.
Colonel Durrett continues:

The working of the two separate ends of the road under
independent companies not proving satisfactory to either, in
1856 the Legislature authorized them to consolidate. The
Sliort-line was built under acts of the Legislature passed in
1866 and 1867, and the whole consolidated under the name
of the Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railroad Com-
|)any. .And thus the whole line from Louisville to Lexing-
ton got back again under a single company, as it oiiginally
was. The company now owns and controls two hundred
and thirty-three miles of road, as follows: From Louisville
to Lexington, ninety-four miles; from the Lagrange Junction
to Newport, known as the Short-line, eighty-one miles; New-
])ort and Cincinnati bridge, one mile; Louisville Railroad
Transfer, four'miles; Elizabethtown, Lexmgton, and Big
Sandy, thirty-four miles; and the Shelby county road, nine-
teen miles. The whole has cost nearly $6,ooo,coo, and the
company's liabilities about reach that sum in the shape of
common and preferred stocks, and bonded and floating debt.

The Short-Line now operates under^ lease the

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Northern Division of the Cumberland & Ohio
Railroad, from Shelbyville to Taylorsville, mak-
ing 73.09 miles operated in this way by the road,
besides 174.9 owned by it, or 247.99 i" ^1'-
May I, 1881, the new roadway on the Beargrass
fill, prepared for it at the expense of the city, in
order to secure the vacation of the right of way
so long occupied on Jefferson street, was occu-
pied, together with the spacious new brick freight
depot on Water street, between First and Brook.
Later in the season, a new passenger depot, built
dunng the year on Water, between First and
Second streets, was also occupied. Very nearly
the whole of the main line, and much of the
Lexington Branch, has recently been relaid with
steel rails. The engines and cars of the road
are built in part at its own shops in Louisville.
The road is now in the great Louisville and
Nashville combination, with General E. R Alex-
ander as president and S. S. Eastwood secretary-

A REMINISCENCE.

The following notes of the first of Louisville
railroads is made in the City Directory for
1838-39:

The principal roads now completed and being completed,
pointing to Louisville as a center, are the Lexington & Ohio
railroad, which is destined to open a speedy communication
with the Atlantic at Charleston [!].

The railroad intersects Jefferson street at its eastern limit
near Wenzel ; it then passes down Jefferson and continues
from Sixth down Main street to Portland. The road is now in
full operation from Lexington to Ftankfort, and from Sixth
street to Portland. The balance of the road, or a great por-
tion of it, I understand, is under contract. Office corner
Main and Sixth streets.

There were at this time in the public thought

and expectancy railroad enterprises to Nashville,

from Jeffersonville through Indiana, and to

Alton, Illinois, through which St. Louis would

be reached.

THE JEFFERSONVILLE, MADISON, AND INDIAN-
APOLIS.

This is a consolidation of two roads, the Jeffer-
sonville and the older Madison & Indianapolis,
taking the combined name. The former was
originally the Ohio and Indianapolis railroad,
chartered by the Legislature of Indiana, January
20, 1846, and changed to the Jeffersonville rail-
road three years after — January 15, 1849. It was
first in full operation February i, 1853. The
other was chartered in June,' 1842, and set in
operation in October, 1847. ^^ was afterwards

sold under foreclosure, and reorganized March
28, 1862, as the Indianapolis & Madison railroad
company. May i, i866, the companies became
one, and merged their lines into a single one,
from Jefferson to Indianapolis. January i, 1873,
the whole was leased to the powerful Pennsyl-
vania company, which now operates it.

The contribution of the city of Louisville to
this enterprise, in 1851, was $200,000. It in-
cludes the following lines: Main trunk, Louis-
ville to Indianapolis, 110.28 miles; Madison di-
vision, 45.9; Shelbyville branch, Shelbyville to
Columbus, 23.28; New Albany branch, 6.44;
total, 185.9. The Pennsylvania company also
operate, in connection with it, 18.42 miles on
the Shelby & Rush railroad, and 20.8 on the
Cambridge Extension, making a grand total of
225.72 miles. Its capital stock is $2,000,000,
principally owned by the Pennsylvania company.
The total cost of its own lines (185.9 miles) was
$6,508,712.77. The Jollowing is a statement of
its gross earnings for nine recent years: 1872,
$1,246,381.23; 1873, $1,363,120,85: 1874, $1,-
345,243.67; 1875, $1,224,147.25; 1876, $1,171,-
874.69; 1877, $1,176,174.69; 1878, $1,150,014.-
92; 1879, $1,246,333.78; 1880, $1,388,564.91.

THE LOUISVILLE AND NASHVILLE.

The beginnings of this important highway to
the southward were made by the charter of its
company March 2, 1850. First and last, in
various sums and at various times, the city of
Louisville contributed a very large amount to
this corporation, burdening itself severely with
public debt for its and the city's benefit. In
1851 $1,000,000 of the people's money was sub-
scribed to it, and a like sum four years later.
The Lebanon branch received $275,000 the
same year, $300,000 in ^863, and a round mil-
lion in 1867; the Memphis branch $300,000 in
1858; the Richmond branch $100,000 in 1867;
and the $2,000,000 voted to the Elizabethtown
& Paducah railroad became also a practical ben-
efit to the Nashville road, by its absorption of
the Cecilian branch in 1877; '^hus completing a
total of $6,275,000 public indebtedness carried
for this one line and its belongings.

The main line, however, was not opened to.
Nashville until November, 1859. The following
summary of additional historic facts is from the
valuable pamphlet on the Industries of Louis-
ville, published in 1 881:

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

The Knoxville branch was opened to Livingston in Sep-
tember, 1870. The Bardstown branch was constructed by
the Bardstown & Louisville Railroad company, and came
into possession of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad com-
pany by lease, February 24, i86o, and by purchase in June,
1865. The Richmond branch was opened in November,
1868. The Cecilian branch was purchased January 19, 1877.
The Glasgow branch (the Barren County railroad) is oper-
ated under temporary lease. The Memphis branch was
completed in September, i860, and was operated in connec-
tion with the Memphis, Clarksville & Louisville, and the
Memphis & Ohio railroads; the first leased February 7, 1868,
and purchased October 2, 1871, and the latter leased Septem-
ber I, 1867, and purchased June 30, 1872. The lease of the
Nashville & Decatur railroad is dated May 4, 1871, and"be-
came operative July i, 1872. The South & North Alabama
railroad was built in the interest, and is under control, of the
Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, and was opened
October i, 1872. This company also acquired the middle
division of the Cumberland & Ohio railroad, from Lebanon
to Greensburg, 31.4 miles, and completed it in 1879. The
company also bought the Tennessee Division of the St.
Louis & Southeastern railroad, 47 miles, April 6, and the
Kentucky Division of the same, 98.25 miles. May, 1879.

At the end of the fiscal year of the company,
June 30, 1879, the Louisville & Nashville corpo-
ration owned its original main stem and branches,
651.73 miles m all; operated under lease the
Nashville & Decatur, 119.09 miles, and the Glas-
gow Branch, 10.5 miles; and under stock ma-
jority, the South & North Alabama, 188.88 miles;
making a total of owned and leased lines of
970.2 miles. Very large accessions were made
to the lines in 1879-80-81; and the operations
of the company June 30, of the last year named,
were represented by the following statement in its
annual report :

Owned in fee or through entire capital stock:
Main Stem, 185.23 miles; Bardstown Branch,
17.3 miles; Lebanon-Knoxville Branch, 110.3
miles; Richmond Branch, 33.8 miles; Cecilian
Branch, 46 miles; Memphis Division, 259.1
miles; Henderson Division, 135.22 miles; Pen-
sacola Division, 45 miles; Pensacola & Selma
Division, 40 miles; Pensacola Extension, 32
miles; Southeast and St. Louis, 208 miles; Mo-
bile & Montgomery, 180 miles; New Orleans
& Mobile, 141 miles; Pontchartrain, 5 miles;
total, 1,437.95 miles. Operated under lease;
Nashville & Decatur, 119.09 miles; Southern
Division Cumberland & Ohio, 30.58 miles; Glas-
gow Branch, 10.5 miles; Selma Division (West-
ern of Alabama), 50 miles; total 210.17 miles.
Operated under stock majority: South & North
Alabama, 188.88 miles; Owensboro & Nashville,
35 miles; total, 223.88 — making a total directly

operated of 1,872 miles. In addition the com-
pany is interested in the control and manage-
ment of the following lines, operated under sep-
arate organizations: Nashville, Chattanooga &
St. Louis railway system (in which the Louisville
& Nashville company owns a majority of the
capital stock), 521 miles; Georgia railroad and
dependencies (controlled through joint lease
with the Central railroad company of Georgia) as
follows: Georgia railroad and branches, 305
miles; Atlanta & West Point railroad, 87 miles;
-Rome railroad of Georgia, 20 miles; Port Royal
railroad, 112 miles; Western railroad of Alabama,
117 miles; total 1,162. Add to this the" Louis-
ville & Nashville system proper, as above, 1,872
miles. Total of roads owned, operated, and
controlled in the interest of the Louisville &
Nashville company, 3,034 miles.

Later in 1881 the company acquired control
of the Short Line road (Louisville, Cincinnati &
Lexington), by the purchase of its entire stock,
and thus added 174.9 miles of standard guage
(also 51.6 miles leased) and 11 miles of narrow
guage line, to its already gigantic total, making
an aggregate of 3,271 j^ miles of its lines. The
Louisville, Westport & Harrod's Creek Narrow
Guage railroad is now operated by this company.
The Short Line was made an integral part of the
Louisville & Nashville system, and is operated
simply as a division thereof.

The earnings of the company from trafific dur-
ing the year 1880-81, were $4,198,518.32 ; real-
ized from investments, $225,209.17; undivided
earnings from previous year, $228,382.62; —
total credits to income account, $4,652,110. 11.
Charges of all kinds against income account,
$3,079,088.41. Balance to credit of income
account, $1,573,021.70, from which $1,087,800
had been paid in semi-annual dividends to stock-
holders of 3 per cent, and a surplus carried to the
income account of 1881-82 of $485,221.70.

The general offices of this great company are
in Louisville. Mr. C. C. Baldwin is president ;
General E. P. Alexander, first vice-president ;
George A. Washington, second vice-president ;
Willis Ranney, secretary ; A. M. Quarrier, as-
sistant president and secretary ; Fred De Funiak,
general manager.

LOUISVILLE, NEW ALBANY AND CHICAGO.

This is the old New Albany & Salem railroad.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

with its later extension and branches. The orig-
inal company was formed January 25, 1847.
The Louisville Courier-Journal for November
26, 1880, contains an excellent sketch of the
history of this road, from which we extract the
following:

Its early history is connected with the effort on the part
of the State of Indiana to foster internal improvements.
Long before 1850 it was laid out as a macadamized road
from New Albany to Crawfordsville. It was one part of
that system of internal improvements which Indiana began
and which her statesmen deemed the turning-point in her
destiny, and which they considered would make her the
greatest of the Western States. When, however, she was
compelled to give up her scheme of internal improvements,
compound her debts, and surrender the portion of the work
she had accomplished to private corporations, this road, un-
der a special law, became the New Albany & Salem railroad,
and was completed between these two pomts.

Then a more ambitiouk turn seized its owners and holders,
and they resolved to cross -the State of Indiana from end to
end — to run from the Ohio river to Lake Michigan — and
make this hne the great connecting link between the North-
west lakes and the Ohio river and its outlets. It was opened
from New Albany to Michigan City on the 4th day of July,
1852, amid great rejoicings and with anticipations of un-
bounded success.

It had been opened from New Albany to Salem in 1849,
and had been pushed with great vigor until it reached, as be-
fore said, from the Ohio river to the lakes. It started with
the bane of all railway enterprises in the West — too much
debt. It had a bonded debt at first of $2,325,000 in eight
per cents.; $500,000 ten per cents.; $2,070,000 seven per
cents.; $405,456 income bonds, and $12,840 six per cent.
bonds, and $2,525,223 of capital stock, making a grand total
of $7,838,519.

In 1858 trouble began. With the then state of develop-
ment of the railroad system, the bonded debt of the road was
too large. The road defaulted for one year upon its inter-
est. It was then placed, by the agreement of all parties,
into the hands of D. D. Williamson, trustee, who had been
one of the most prominent and trusted men of New York,
and who was comptroller of New York and president of the
Farmers' Loan and Trust company. The road was held by
Mr. Williamson as such trustee until 1869, when proceedings
were had for a foreclosure of the mortgage liens, and after
various changes in courts it was finally sold under a decree of
the United States circuit court for the district of Indiana in
September, 1872, and purchased by the bondholders, and re-
organized in December, 1872, with a capital stock of $3,000,-
000.

George L. Schuyler, of New York, was the first President.
In one year William F. Reynolds, of Lafayette, Indiana, suc-
ceeded him, and remained in office until March, 1877, when
he in turn was succeeded by George P. Tolman, of New
York. Mr. Tolman held his position until January, 1880,
when R, S. Veech, of Louisville, Kentucky (its present chief
officer), assumed control of the destinies of this corporation.

From 1872 down to 1880 absolutely nothing was done with
this great property. Its tracks became worn and out of con-
dition ; its iron, of old English chain-rail, became loose and
disjointed ; its ties rotten, and only until 1879 was any great
sum expended upon the repair and equipment of the road.

Mr. Veech, assisted by Dr. Standiford, then
president of the Louisville & Nashville railroad,
Colonel Bennett H. Young, and Mr. St. John
Boyle, had already and very quietly secured a
controlling interest in the road by arrangement
with large stockholders and by purchase of its
stock in New York city — which, when they be-
gan to buy. could be had at twenty-five cents on
the dollar. Under the new administration, says
the Courier-Journal writer, "the equipment was
immediately and largely increased; new engines,
new cars, new track, new everything, were want-
ing, which were supplied. Through* trams were
put upon the road, and its earnings increased
with almost startling rapidity, the first few
months running up to an increase of from sixty
to seventy per cent, over the business of the
previous year. These earnings developed the
capacity of the road not only to pay the interest
upon a large debt, but also to provide for a divi-
dend upon the stock," In addition 98 miles of
track w(.'re relaid during 1880 with the fish-bar
joint, 15 miles of it with steel; 16 bridges were
entirely rebuilt, and others repaired or remodeled,
at a cost of $90,000. Many other improvements
have been made, and the road is now on a solid
and apparently permanent foundation.

THE ELIZABETHTOV^'N AND PADUCAH.

The road was chartered under this name in
1867. The next year the city of Louisville
voted it a million, and another million in 1873.
Its name subsequently became the Paducah,
Elizabethtown & Southern railroad. It was fin-
ished from Paducah to Elizabethtown in 1872,
and two years later the Cecilian Branch, or
Louisville end, was opened. April 18, 1876, a
decree of foreclosure and sale was made against
it by Judge Ballard, of the United States court,
and it was sold thereunder August 24th of the
same year. It was purchased by a new com-
pany, which presently sold the Cecilian Branch
(forty-five miles) to the Louisville & Nashville
corporation, they retaining the rest, or mam hne
of 185 miles. The cost of the whole 230 miles
was about $4,500,000.

THE OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI.

This road was chartered by Indiana February
12, 1S48; Ohio, March 15, 1849; and Illinois,
February 12, 1851. It was built by two separate
corporations, and completed in 1867, with a six-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

foot guage, which has since been changed to
standard. Since November 21, 1S67, it has
been operated under one management, but in
two divisions — the Eastern, froni Cincinnati to
the Illinois State hne; and the Western, com-
prising the line thence to St. Louis. An act of
the Indiana Legislature March 3, 1865, i)rovided
for the branch from North Vernon, through
Clark and other counties in that State, to Louis-
ville, which was opened in 1868, and has since
been successfully operated. Its Louisville
branch is 52.52 miles long.

THE LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE AND ST. LOUIS.

The germ of this road lay in a project of
forty-five years ago. In 1837 a line was pro-
jected from New Albany to Alton, Illinois; but it
never got further than the grading of the section
between Mt. Carmel and Albion. In 1869 a
charter was granted by the Legislature of Indiana
to a New Albany & St. Louis Railroad company,
and soon after another to the St. Louis, Mt.
Carmel & New Albany Railroad company.
These corporations were united in July, 1870,
under the name of the Louisville, New Albany &
St. Louis Railroad company. Its first officers
were the Hon. Augustus Bradley, of New Al-
bany, president; Jesse J. Brown, of New Albany,
vice-president; George Lyman, secretary and
treasurer; and Roland J. Dukes, chief engineer.
A number of routes were surveyed, and location
final'y made as follows: From Louisville to
New Albany, by the bridge and the track of the
Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis railroad;
thence in an " air line " to the Wabash river at
Mt. Carmel; thence to Mt. Vernon, Illinois,
where it would connect with the St. Louis &
Southeastern railroad. Its own line would thus
be but one hundred and eighty miles long; and
its cost was estimated, in that era of high prices,
at $6,205,000. The city of Louisville subscribed
$500,000, New Albany $300,000, the Jefferson-
ville, Madison & Indianapolis railroad, $100,000,
the Louisville Bridge company $25,000, Floyd
county $95,000; other counties or municipalities,
$330,000; and individuals, $1,411,350. Work
was presently begun on the line, and went on
briskly till these subscriptions were used up.
The directors resolved to issue first mortgage
bonds to the amount of $4,525,000; but the
time was unfavorable for selling them, and the

work stopped. Most of the grading, tunneling,
and trestle-work, however, for eighty miles west
of New Albany, was done; while three miles of
track had been laid out of New Albany, and
trains were running on a twenty-eight mile sec-
tion between Princeton, Indiana, and Albion,
Illinois. In 1875 the company was unable to
meet the interest upon even the small amount of
bonds which had been paid out or negotiated,
the mortgage was foreclosed, and the road sold
out for $23,000 ! A new board was formed,
with Dr. Newland, of New Albany, president,
and Jesse J. Brown, vice-president. The project
still lay dormant, however, till February, 1879,
when a reorganization of the board was effected,
with St. John Boyle, of Louisville, as president;
G. C. Cannon, of New Albany, as vice-president;
and George Lyman, of the same, secretary and
treasurer. The " Air-line " was dropped from
the name, and it became the Louisville, New
Albany & St. Louis Railroad company. The
purpose of the company was changed to a build-
ing of the road from New Albany to Princeton,
Indiana, whence cars are running to Albion,
Illinois, where a St. Louis junction is made with
the road from Cairo to Vincennes. It was
thought this could not be done for $1,500,000.
Later, the company has bought the roads from
Jasper, Indiana, to Evansville and Rockport,
and the name of the lirte has been changed to
the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis. At the "
meeting of the Directors in Boston in March,
1882, Mr. John Goldthwaite, of that city, was
re elected president ; St. John Boyle, of Louis-
ville, vice-president and general manager; and
Edward Cummings, of Boston, second vice-
president. All necessary money to complete the
road had been raised. Until the new Kentucky
& Indiana bridge is built, a ferry transfer will be
used between New Albany and Louisville, and a
track laid down the Kentucky shore from Port-
land to the Louisville & Nashville depot.

THE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO.

The Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis road,
it is announced, will form the western connection
of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, the com-
pletion of which from Huntington, West Vir-
ginia, to Lexington, Kentucky, in the summer
of 1 88 1, opened to Louisville very important
new connections with Richmond, Norfolk, and

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

other cities of the Atlantic seaboard. By favora-
ble arrangements with the Short Line, the
Chesapeake & Ohio is bringing its traffic directly
to Louisville; and as we close these pages it is
announced that the square fronting on Water
street, and running back to the Bremaker-Moore
paper-mill, in Louisville, has been purchased by
this corporation for depot purposes. It is possi-
ble also that shops of the road may be located in
the city.

THE FORT Vi^AYNE, CINCINNATI, AND LOUISVILLE.

This road does not enter Louisville. It is the
new name of the Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cin-
cinnati Railroad, running fiom Newcastle, In-
diana, to Rushville, Indiana, where it connects
with a road owned by the Cincinnati, Indianap-
olis, St. Louis, & Chicago Railroad, which runs to
North Vernon, whence the Ohio & Mississippi
Branch brings, the connection into Louisville.
The Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati was sold
under foreclosure the latter part of 1881, and on
New Year's day following the Fort Wayne, Cin-
cinnati & Louisville Company took possession.
A link of the line from Louisville to Fort Wayne
(two hundred and nine miles) had been completed
shortly before from Greensburg to Rushville,
Indiana, so that there is now direct railway con-
nection between the former two cities.

THE LOUISVILLE, HARROD'S CREEK AND WEST-
PORT.

This, a mere local narrow-guage road, of only
eleven miles' length, was opened in 1875. It was
an unfortunate venture, pecuniarily regarded; and
it was sold June 23, 1879, ^^^ o'^ly $30'5oo. to
the Short Line, by which, or rather by the late
owner, the Louisville & Nashville corporation, it
is now operated. It is the only railway lying
altogether in Jefferson county.

RAILWAY NOTES.

The Louisville Transfer railway, however, of
4.13 miles' length, and a double guage of 5 feet
and 4 feet S}4 inches, connects the Louisville and
Nashville tracks, a little south of the city,
with the Short Line tracks and depots, thus
obviating the necessity of tracks through more
crowded parts of the city. It was constructed
in 1872.

The Louisville Railway bridge has also a mile
of track.

A recently formed company is about to build

a belt railway from New Albany to Jefferson and
Watson, five miles out on the Ohio and Missis-
sippi branch, thus bringing that road into more
intimate connections with the first-named city
and the new Kentucky and Indiana bridge.

In 1877 Louisville subscribed $150,000 to a
road in the interior called the Richmond, Irwin
& Three Forks railroad, conditioned that this
subscription should complete the* track from
Richmond to Beattyville, Lee county, and thus
open up connections between Louisville and the
rich timber and mineral region about the head-
waters of the Kentucky river.

New Albany had an interest in the first rail-
road company formed in Southern Indiana. It
was chartered at the legislative session of 1835-
36, to build a railway between the two points
named ; but the project was killed by the great
financial crisis of 1837.

The New Albany & Sandusky railroad was
chartered at the session of 1852-53. The city
council of New Albany subscribed $400,000 to
the project, and work was begun on the road-
bed; but a public meeting of citizens indignantly
repudiated the issue of bonds, and the scheme
did not survive the blow.

TURNPIKE ROADS.

Many historic notes concerning these are em-
braced in our township histories. We give here
such of more general interest as have been picked
up in the course of other investigations.

In 1832 the Louisville & Portland Turnpike
company had been formed, with a capital of
$jo,ooo, to construct three miles of wagon-road
between the two places — then, of course, separ-
ate. J. T. Gray was president of the company;
George C. Gwathmey, treasurer; Richard Tun-
stall, toll-keeper.

The Louisville & Shippingport company had
two miles of road and $8,000 capital. W. W.
Worsley was president, and S. S. Goodwin treas-
urer.

The same year the Louisville & Shelbyville
Turnpike company was in existence, with $100,-
000 capital and twenty miles of road. B. N.
Hobbs, president; G. C. Gwathmey, treasurer.

Also the Louisville & Bardstown company,
with ten miles of turnpike; John Speed, presi-
dent, and J. R Oldham, treasurer.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

When the second Directory was published in
Louisville, that for 1838-39, the following turn-
pike companies had their headquarters in the
city, and are thus noticed :

Louisville & Lexington Turnpike Road company. Levi
Tyler, president. This road intersects Main street at the
eastern limits of the city, near Wenzel street.

Louis\'ille & Bardstown Turnpike Road company. Levi
Tyler, president. Intersecting Jefferson street at its eastern
limit, near Wenzel street,

Louisville & Elizabethtown Turnpike Road company.
Robert N. Miller, president ; Daniel E. Jones, treasurer.

Louisville Southern Turnpike Road company. John W.
Tyler, president. This road intersects the Louisville &
Elizabethtown Turnpike road at or near Eighteenth street,
until it intersects the Ohio river a short distance above
Paddy's run, intending to meet a road laid off by the States
of Indiana and Illinois, commencing immediately opposite on
the Indiana shore, and running through Indiana and Illinois
to Alton.

In the Historical Sketch of Louisville, ap-
pended to the same work, is another notice of
townships and railroads, in which occurs the fol-
lowing:

The principal roads now completed and being completed,
pointing to Louisville as a center, are . turnpikes

to Frankfort by Shelbyville, to Bardstown by Elizabethtovv'n,
which will be extended as mterest may determine hereafter;
turnpike from New Albany to the interior of Indiana. Be-
sides these, many other avenues for trade are contemplated
and will be opened in a few years, such as a railroad or
turnpike to Nashville, a railroad from Jeffersonville through
Indiana, a railroad to Alton, Illinois, and many others which
the great resources of the growing country will point out as
necessary.

One of the most notable enterprises of the
kind on the Indiana side was the New Albany
& Vincennes turnpike, provided for by the Leg-
islature during the internal improvement mania
of 1835-36. The State spent from its own treas-
ury $616,516 upon it, and then, having no more
money or credit to expend, transferred it to a
private company, getting back in all but $27,311
in tolls. The company completed the road from
New Albany to Paoli, which is still in excellent
condition and doing good service to the trade
and travel of the former place.

STEAMER LINES.

Some half-dozen steamer lines accommodate
the cities at the Falls; but we have space to
notice but one, the most famous and venerable
of all, the staid and staunch

LOUISVILLE AND CINCINNATI UNITED STATES
MAIL LINE.

This is by far the oldest transportation line on
the Western waters. The company to run steam-
ers between Cincinnati and Louisville was formed
in 18 1 8, and is maintained to this day — sixty-
four years. In that year it built the "General
Pike," the first steamer built exclusively for pas-
sengers. Her trip was between Louisville and
Cincinnati, making the distance in thirty-one
hours, which was regarded as good time for that
day. Captain Bliss was her first commander;
then, in order, came Captains Penewitt and
John M. Rowan. Jacob Strader, afterwards a
very wealthy and prominent steamboatman at
Cincinnati, was then clerk in the company's office.
This boat was very successful, and it soon be-
came necessary to build larger and better vessels.
In 1847 ten fine steamers were built for an addi-
tional line from Cincinnati to St. Louis. By these
the time from the Falls to the latter city was re-
duced trom four or five days to thirty-nine to
forty-four hours. About 1855 the company built
the two floating palaces, the Jacob Strader and
the Telegraph No. 2, at a cost together of nearly
$400,000. These boats could run eighteen
miles per hour. The company has since owned
the fine steamers Benjamin Franklin, United
States, General Lyttle, General Anderson, General
Buell, General Pike, Lewis E. Sherley, and City
of Frankfort, most of which are well known to
the traveling public. The general offices of the
company are in Cincinnati.

GENERAL HISTORY

Jefferson County, Kentucky,

CHAPTER I.

TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.

Geographical Description — Area — Acres Improved — Pre-
cincts— Towns — Post-offices — Surface of the County — Re-
sources— The Knobs— Waters of the County — Beargrass
Creek — Harrod's Creek — Dr. Drake on the Topography of
the Louisville Region — Old Buffalo Roads — Wild Animals
in the Early Day — The Climate — The Soil and its Culture
— Geology of the County in Detail — Analysis of Soils and
Rocks.

GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION.

Jefferson county, Kentucky, is situated upon
the river Ohio, about midway of its tortuous
course along the northern and western fronts of
the State, and not far from equidistant from Cat-
lettsburg, in the northeastern corner, and Hick-
man in the southwest, but somewhat nearer to
Catlettsburg. It is bounded on the north by
Oldham county and the river Ohio, beyond which
it looks across to the counties of Clark, Floyd,
and Harrison, in Indiana; on the west by the
same stream; on the south by Bullitt county; and
on the east by Shelby and Spencer counties. It
contains about six hundred square miles, and the
number of acres improved is not far from one hun-
dred and sixty thousand, or nearly one-half the
entire area of the county. (In 1876 the number
of improved acres was 152,494. This is, we sup-
pose, exclusive of the space occupied by the city
and by town-sites.)

The county is divided into twenty-one pre-
cincts, corresponding to the "townships" of most
of the Northern States. They are Anchorage,
Blankenbaker, Boston, Cane Run, Cross Roads,
Fairmount, Fisherville, Oilman's, Harrod's Creek,
Jeffersontown, Johnstown, Meadow Lawn, Mid-
9

dletown, O'Bannon, Seatonville, Shardine, Shive-
ly's Springdale, Spring Garden, Two-mile House,
and Wood's. The villages or towns of the county
are Anchorage, Fisherville, Harrod's Creek, Jef-
fersontown, Newburg, Middletown, and St. Mat-
thew's. Besides these there are post-offices as
follow: Crescent Hill, Cross Roads, Eden, Fair-
mount, Floyd's Fork, Lockland, Long Run,
Lyndon, O'Bannon, Orell, Pleasure Ridge Park,
River View, Taylor's Station, Valley Station, and
Worthington. The county is thus well provided
with postal facilities, and has a goodly number of
post offices at convenient distances within it.

THE SURFACE

of the county is undulating and broken in the
southwest part, which has a stiff clay soil, and
on the lower levels produces well in crops of
corn, oats, and grapes; on the higher grounds
fiuit is grown to advantage. The northern and
northwestern part, including most of the Louis-
ville region, is generally a level plateau, well ele-
vated above the highest reach of inundations by
the river, and forming a beautiful and produc-
tive plain. It has a rich, alluvial soil, yielding
in abundance and great perfection all kinds of
vegetables, grains, and fruits grown in the temper-
ate zone. The frontage of the county on the
Ohio river is about forty miles, and the alluvial
bottoms all along are exceedingly productive.
The northeast part of the county, all the way
above Louisville, is beautifully undulating, with
a fine, fertile soil, producing luxuriantly the
cereal grains and fruits. The whole country,
indeed, has peculiar fitness for the market-gar-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

dening and fruit-raising so desirable in the vicinity
of a large city. The southeast part of the county
becomes more broken as it nears the knobs ^long
the Salt river, but it is also productive and like-
wise healthful, with varied and beautiful scenery,
making it a favorite region for the better sort of
private residences.

RESOURCES.

There is no coal in the county, but the cement
and limestone turned out at Louisville are among
the finest in the world. The water-power at the
Falls is the best in the country. The tobacco
market at Louisville is the largest in the land,
the actual sales aggregating $10,000,000 a year,
with twenty-five firms engaged in the business.
Other elements of wealth in the city and county
will appear as we proceed with this narrative.

We now give some special description of the
most remarkable region in the county, topo-
graphically regarded.

"the knobs."

In the northwest of this county, a belt of
knobby country, of several miles' width, stretches
from the foot of the Falls of the Ohio to the
mouth of Salt river, and thence up that river val-
ley in a nearly southern direction, with a slight
curve towards the east as far as Muldrough's
Hill, and so on southeastwardly. These knobs
are in ranges of conical hills two to three hun-
dred feet in height, and are so conspicuous a
feature in the geology of the State that they have
given the name of Knob Formation to a division
of the sub-carbonifei-ous rocks in Jefferson, Bul-
litt, and Larue counties. These consist mainly
of a fine-grained sandstone, which runs out into
the limestone shales of Russell, Cumberland,
and other counties. When sufficiently weathered,
it produces a silico-argillaceous soil, which
washes easily, and is therefore thin and shallow.
It is not, generally, a characteristic soil, or soil by
itself, but is commonly mixed largely with a white
soil derived more closely from the underlying
shales, which are of ashy color, and crop out on
the slopes and in the narrow valleys between the
knobs, and is sometimes intermingled with the
debris from a thin cap of the sub-carboniferous
limestone. The summits of the knobs, however,
have a much richer soil, fertilized as it has been,
probably, by the roosting and alighting of birds
upon the hill-tops through many long ages. Not

much agriculture is yet practicable on the sum-
mits or slopes of the knobs ; but a great deal of
timber has been taken from them and their vi-
cinity, particularly in the shape of railway ties,
mainly cut from the black locust. The other
forest products of the knobs are the white, red,
black, and chestnut oaks, a small kind of hickory
iy^^g^^"^ tomentosd), the black gum-tree, in flat
and wet positions the sweet gum and the elm,
and in some specially favorable situations the
poplar. The argillaceous shales at the base of
the formation contain a limited percentage of
ironstones.

THE waters of JEFFERSON.

It is a very well-watered county, though it
shares the general characteristic of the State in
the comparative absence of lakes. Ponds, how-
ever, abounded upon the Louisville plateau in
the early day, and induced much malarial sick-
ness ; but they have now mostly disappeared.
The historic Salt river no longer intersects the
county, as in the early day of its greatness of
territory; but enters the Ohio a little below the
southwestern corner, receiving one or two small
affluents from the soil of Jeflferson. The Ohio
river and the Falls, so prominent in making the
county and its city what they are, receive par-
ticular notice in another chapter. Harrod's
creek and the Beargrass are the best known of
the other streams" here and hereabout, and are
very serviceable waters in the county. We copy
the following descriptions from Dr. McMurtrie's
Sketches of Louisville, which, although wtitten
more than sixty years ago, answers well enough
for the present day, due allowance being made
for the removal of the mouth of the Beargrass
about two miles north of its old site :

BEARGRASS CREEK.

Beargrass, which gives its name to the fertile and wealthy
settlement through- which it passes, is a considerable mill-
stream, affording a plentiful supply of water eight or ten
months in the year. It rises by eight different springs ten
miles east of Louisville, that unite and form the main body
of the creek within two miles of that place. This, like the
preceding one, sometimes disappears, pursuing a secret
course for a quarter of a mile together, subsequently emerg-
ing with a considerable force. On its banks are several grist-
mills, and one for paper. It enters the Ohio (to which for
the last half-mile it runs nearly parallel) opposite Louisville,
leaving between it and the river an elevated strip of land,
covered with large trees, that afford a delightful and shady
promenade to the citizens during the heats of summer.

At the mouth of -this creek is one of the best harbors on
the Ohio, perfectly safe and commodious for all vessels un-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

der five hundred tons' burthen, there being twelve feet water
I constantly found here during the greatest depresion of the
I river. It is from this harbor or basin that the contemplated
j canal will be supplied with its destined element, which may
I perhaps produce a beneficial effect, by quickening its motion
and that of Beargrass, whose sluggishness during the sum-
mer is, I have no doubt, productive of consequences injur-
I ious to the health of the inhabitants of the town.

harrod's creek.

I Harrod's creek is a valuable stream emptying into the Ohio
I nine or ten miles above Louisville, where it is forty yards
I wide. About a fourth of a mile from its mouth is a natural
I fall of six or seven feet, occasioned by the oblique direction of
the rock forming its bed, which dips at an angle of seven de-
' grees. It has been refjorted that, like many others in the
j State, it has found a subterraneous passage, through which a
' great part of the water flows, without crossing the Falls.

DR. DRAKE ON THE TOPOGRAPHY.

Dr. Daniel Drake, in the last and greatest work
of his life, the treatise on the Principal Diseases
of the Interior Valley of North America, pub-
lished in 1850, makes the following note of the
topography of the country below the Falls, on
the'Kentucky side:

In ascending the Ohio river from the mouth of Salt river to
the Falls, the course is but a few degrees east of north, the
distance about twenty miles. In traveling from one point to
the other by land, the journey is over a plain, the elevation of
which is above high-water mark, and its breadth from three
to five or six miles. From every part of this plain, which e.\-
tends to the river on the west, the blue range of Silver Creek
hills may be seen, running parallel with the river on its west-
em or right side, while a lower range, called the "knobs," is
seen to terminate the plain on the opposite or eastern side.

Thus, between Salt river and the Falls, there is an ample
terrace, elevated nearly as high as rhe second bottoms of the
river, already described in section two of this chapter. It
cannot, however, in strictness be classed with those deposits
which, generally sloping back toward the hills, and composed
largely of gravel, pebbles, and bowlders, retain but little
water on their surface; while this, although it presents many
beds and ridges of sand or sandy loam, so abounds in clay
that the rains are but slowly absorbed, and at the same time
it is so level as to prevent their readily flowing off. Thus, in
times long gone by, they accumulated in the depressions on
its surface and overspread it with ponds and limited elm and
maple swamps, which dry up in summer and autumn, but at
other seasons send out small streams that make their way
into Salt river and into the Ohio, both above and below the
Falls. The middle and southern portions of this plain,
where the natural cisterns were, and still are, of greatest ex-
tent, is called by the ominous name of the " Pond Settle-
ment." The area of the entire plateau cannot be less than
sixty square miles, the whole of which lies to the summer-
windward of the city of Louisville, which is built on its north-
em extremity, opposite to and above the Falls.

THE BUFFALO ROADS.

One of the most remarkable physical features
of Kentucky, as found by the pioneers in the
early day, were the great roads through the

forest, traversed by the buffaloes in their journeys
to and from the salt licks, and the extensive
"clearings" — for such they were— made by these
remarkable animals. Their pathways, in many
cases, were sufficient, in width and comparative
smoothness, for wagon-ways, and of course fol-
lowed the most eligible routes, for man as well
as beast. These roads were much used by the
early explorers, surveyors, and settlers, and great-
ly facilitated their movements through the dense
woods. John Filson, the schoolmaster, one of
the intending founders of Cincinnati, in his Httle
work on the Discovery, Settlement, and Present
State of Kentucky, first published in 1784, after
some description of the licks — in which he men-
tions "Bullet's Lick " as "improved, and this af-
fords salt sufficient for all Kentucky, and exports
some to the Illinois " — writes the following of
the roads and other traces of the buffalo herds.
He vrote, it should be observed, before the bison
had been driven beyond the Mississippi:

To these [the licks] the cattle repair, and reduce high hills
rather to valleys than plains. The amazing herds of buffalo
which resort thither, by their size and number, fill the traveler
with amazement and terror, especially when he beholds the
prodigious roads they have made from all quarters, as if lead-
ing to some populous city ; the vast space of land around
these springs desolated as if by a ravaging enemy, and hills
reduced to plains— for the land near those springs are chiefly
hilly. Tiese are truly curiosities, and the eye can scarcely
be satisfied with admiring them.

LARGE GAME GENERALLY.

The early settlers found all varieties of large
game known to this country and latitude here in
great abundance, as the buffalo, bear, elk, deer,
beaver, and otter, as well as the smaller animals
that remain in diminishing numbers to this day.
The first-named, it is said, was sometimes seen
in droves at the salt licks, of seven to eight thou-
sand. Dr. McMurtrie also notices the great
buffalo trails. He says :

The roads opened by these animals, in their progress
through the woods, may be reckoned among the natural curi-
osities of the State, being generally wide enough for a car-
riage or wagon way, in which the trees, shrubs, etc., are all
trampled down, and destroyed by the irresistible impetus of
the mighty phalanx.

Not one of these animals was left in Kentucky
when the Doctor wrote in 1819. He says that
the beaver had abounded within a few miles of
Louisville, "and were we permitted to judge
from the remains of their fortifications, we should
pronounce them to have been the innumerable

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

possessors of the soil from time mimemorial." He
writes further

Every pond, creek, and river exhibits some traces of them,
but their metropoHs appears to have been situated about four
miles east of Louisville, where, among a variety of extensive
dams, I measured one whose length is 1,500 feet, height 8,
thickness at the base 14, with a talus equal to 45° extending
to the top. At the end of this bank, which runs perfectly
straight and which is thrown up and sloped in a most work-
manlike style, is a second one stretching out nearly at right
angles from it, in form of a crescent. Back of the latter
may be seen their dens, which are disposed with great regu-
larity, about twenty feet from the bank. Their covered ways,
by which in times of low water they manage to secure a
sufficiency of it, so as to conceal themselves in their passage
to and from them, are also very visible. I have been in-
formed by a respectable old gentleman who was among the
earlier settlers, that when he first arrived here the beaver
was somtimes seen in the neighborhood, and that at that
time the great dam spoken of was at least fourteen feet high,
a prodigious monument of the industry and skill of this
social little animal.

The otter,- formerly abundant in the Ohio and
its tributary waters, had wholly disappeared from
this region in 18 19, though still caught in the
Mississippi. Serpents were not numerous or
dangerous, though sometimes huge rattlesnakes
were encountered. The snapping-turtle was
found in the river, sometimes of fifty to seventy
pounds weight, also the lesser soft-shelled turtle,
which was much esteemed by epicures. Deer
still frequented the barrens, and werg seen at
times but a few miles from the town; while bears
kept at a greater distance in the woods. "Foxes
occasionally disturb the farmer's hen-roosts, and
wolves now and then pick up a stray sheep; they
are, however, neither very numerous nor fierce."

THE CLIMATE.

Dr. McMurtrie's observations upon the meteor-
ology of this region are also valuable. He re-
marks :

It appears from a variety of thermometrical observations
and comparisons, that the climate of this country is uniform-
ly milder than that of the Atlantic States In the same parallel
of latitude. This has been contested, but, until facts and
the evidence of our senses are considered as inferior to the-
ory, the position must be considered as correct. Among the
most remarkable of the former, noticed by preceding and
able writers, are the presence of the parakeet, thousands of
which enlighten our woods winter and summer, the existence
of many plants that cannot support the cold of the Atlantic
States in the same latitude, the short duration of ice and
snow, and finally by the prevalence of the southwesterly
winds. The remark applied by Dr. Rush to the climate of
rennsyhania is equally true with respect to that of Ken-
tucky (which is, in fact, the more disag'reeable of the two),
its most steady trait being its irregularity. Heat and cold
succetd each other so rapidly and so often in the twenty-four

hours, that it is impossible to vary your dress so as to be
comfortable under their changes.

A sketch of the weather during the last winter will convey
as much information upon the subject as a volume. Elarly
in the fall the Indian summer, as it is called, succeeded the
autumn, and lasted four weeks, with occasional days of ex-
tremely cold weather; this was succeeded by a week of
changes the most sudden and extraordinary I ever Witnessed,
the ponds in the town being frozen and thawed alternately
during the same day, which was closed by a night equally as
variable. The cold now appeared as though it had com-
menced in good earnest; during the space of three weeks it
was very intense, quantities of drifting ice were seen on the
Ohio, the ponds were incrusted by it three inches deep, when
the wind, which had hitherto blown from the northwest, sud-
denly veering to the south and south-southwest, a warm rain
fell, which dissolved the icy fetters of winter and again re-
stored the Indian summer. Such was the mildness of the
weather till the latter end of January, that the buds of the
peach-tree were swelled, and had not a few frosty nights
supervened they would have blossomed. On the 7th day of
February the weeping willows were in leaf. From which time
to the ist of March the weather continued variable, but
generally warm, at which period the cold of winter again as-
sailed our ears and rendered welcome a blazing hearth.

Spring is unknown, the transition from winter to summer
being almost instantaneous, the former concluding with
heavy rains that I have known to last for three weeks nearly
without intermission, at the expiration of which time summer
is at hand.

The quantity of rain that falls here is quite considerable,
which, together with the number of stagnant waters that are
in the vicinity, occasion a humidity universally complained
of; books, polished steel instruments, paper, and in fact
everything that is not in daily use, proclaim its prevalence.

Thunder storms during the months of July and August are
very severe, attended with great discharges of the electric
fluid, sometimes as violent as any ever witnessed under the
tropics, the thunder being of that pealing, rattling kind
which would startle even a Franklin. The winds at such
periods are all in wild confu.sion, blowing in various directions
at various elevations from the earth's surface, as indicated by
the courses of the 'scuds," which I have remarked traveling
to three different points of the compass at one and the same
moment, with a degree of velocity far superior to any I have
ever noticed, with the exception of those of the hurricanes of
the East and West Indies. Awful i^ the scene presented in
the forests at such periods. Naught is to be heard but the
crackling of fallen timber, mixed with the roar of Heavens
artillery, and nothing to be seen but great branches wrenched
and torn from the parent stem, which is the ne.xt moment
leveled with the ground. Sometimes a single tree here or
there in exposed situations is destroyed, then again whole
acres are laid waste by its resistless fury. Happily for this
country those of the first degree of vio'ence are rare, while
those of the second and third rates are not at all dangerous.

The quantity of snow and ice is very inconsiderable, the
cold seldom being sufficiently intense to close the river, and
the latter has not at any time since I have been a resident of
the place exceeded two inches in depth at any one time.
Sleighs are consequently strangers.

I am w ell assured from very unexceptionable authority that
the climate of Kentucky has undergone a considerable
change for the worse during the last'twenty years. The sea-
sons were formerly more distinct, the weather milder and
more uniform, and thunder-storms very uncommon. The

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

only traces left of this happy state of things are now to be
seen in the fall of the year, which is generally, though not
always, remarkable for pleasantness. Combustion is much
more rapid here than in the .Atlantic States, a remark made
by seveial others beside myself. Whether this be owing to
spongy and porous nature of the wood, arising from its rapid
growth, or a greater quantity of oxygen existing in the atmos-
phere, I am at a loss to determine. The fact, however, may
be relied on.

THE SOIL AND ITS CULTURE.

The Doctor's remarks upon the agricultural
capabilities of this region, as they existed in his
day, also have interest. He says:

Perhaps no city in the Union is supported by a more fertile
and productive soil than Louisville. The lands throughout
the county generally are well timbered, the first-rate being
covered with walnut, mulberry, locust, beech, sugar-tree,
cherry, pawpaw, buckeye, elm, poplar, and graperies, the
two latter of which attain a most enormous size. I have fre-
quently met with graperies in the Beargrass settlement meas-
uring thirty-six inches in circumference, and as to the poplar
it is proverbially gigantic. From six to ten feet is the usual
diameter of these trees, and of the sycamore, one individual
of which is said to be still standing in the interior, into whose
hollow a gentlemen assured me he had stepped with a ■
measured rod twenty feet long, which grasping by its middle,
he could turn in every direction. If in addition to this we
consider the thickness of sound wood on each side of the
tree necessary to sustain its tremendous and superincumbent
weight, we may have some idea of this great monarch of the
Western forest.

The second-rate lands produce dogwood, oak, hickory, and
some sugar-trees; the third-rate nothing but blackjack oak
and fir. Red cedar is found on the banks of the rivers and
creeks, and white pine only in the mountains.

The first-rate lands were too strong for wheat,
but were excellently adapted to corn, and in
favorable seasons would yield one hundred bush-
els to the acre. When weakened by a few crops
of corn, such ground would yield thirty bushels
of wheat to the acre, or three hundred of pota-
toes, thirty-five to forty of oats, six to eight hun-
dred pounds of hemp, or fifteen hundred to
two thousand pounds of tobacco. The second
and third rates of land will give yields in propor-
tion. The Doctor adds :

An attempt to cultivate cotton has been made, but although
on a small scale under the superintendence of a few good
housewives it ripens extremely well, yet on a large one it has
always failed.

The prices of lands at this time were $10 to
$200 an acre, and in most cases the titles were
doubtful. But, says the Doctor:

There are, however, seventy thousand acres of military
surveys in the Beargrass settlement, which hold out the pros-
pect of a golden fleece to the agricultural emigrant, not only
from the great fertility of the soil and the undisputed validity
of the title, but from the great price he can immediately ob-
tain for every article he can raise, without any trouble or
difficulty.

GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY.

The following extracts are made . from the
report of the Geological Survey made in 1854
and subsequent years by David Dale Owen, first
State Geologist, to whom Professor Robert
Peter, of Lexington, was Chemical Assistant, and
Mr. Sidney S. Lyon, of Louisville, Topographical
Assistant.

JEFFERSON COUNTY.

The knob formation, very similar in its compo-
nent members to that described at Button
Mould Knob, extends into the southern part of
Jefferson county, forming the range of knobs on
the waters of Pond and Mill creek, their sum-
mits being capped with soft freestone, while the
ash-colored shales, with the intercalations of
encrinital limestones, form their principal mass,
resting on black Devonian shale.

[The "Button Mould Knob," in Bullitt
county, had been previously described as a cele-
brated locality for encrinites, having three or
more encrinital beds, interstratified with the ash-
colored shale, which form a remarkable steep
glade on the southern side of the knob, the
glade commencing one hundred and twenty-five
feel below the summit of the knob. The follow-
ing table is given of the composition of this emi-
nence, which helps the reader to an understand-
ing of the knobs in Jefferson county:

Feet.
250. Summit of knob.

235. Top of second bench of sandstone, in quarry.
225. Top of ledge of first bench sandstone.
200. Slope with sandstone.
162. Lowest exposure of sandstone,
no. Top of bare glade,
lot^. Orthis michellina bed.
100. Orthus Miscellina bed not abundant.

Ash-colored shale.
97. Weathered-out carbonate of iron.
95. Weathered-out carbonate of iron.

Ash-colored shales.
80. Branching corallines.
75. Weathered carbonate of iron.
65. Encrinital limestone.
60. Weathered carbonate of iron.

Ash-colored shale.
49. Encrinital limestone.

Ash-colored shale.
35. Encrinital limestone.

Ash-colored shale at base of bare glade.
25. Black sheety Devonian shale extending to bed of
creek.

Here, says the Report, we have nearly 100
feet of ash-colored shales exposed, in a bare
glade, with repeated alternations of thin bands

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

of carbonate of iron, encrinital, argillaceous, and
shell limestones, forming a remarkable feature
of the landscape in the northern part of Bullitt
county, adjoining Jefferson county.

The iron ore from this knob is described in
the Chemical Report of the Survey as a fine-
grained, compact carbonate of iron, interior gray,
shading into rust-brown on the exterior, powder
dull cinnamon color. An analysis exhibited 31.3
per cent, of iron — "an ore sufficiently rich for
profitable smelting, which could be worked with-
out much additional fluxing materials."]

Jefferson county affords the best exposures of
the calcareous rocks, under the black slate be-
longing to the Devonian period, yet seen. The
projecting ledges on the bank of the Ohio river,
that appear in connected succession between the
head and foot of the Falls, afford, probably, the
best sections of these rocks in the Western
States. We observe there the following succes-
sion and superposition :

1. Black bituminous slate or shale.

2. Upper crinoidal, shell, and coraline limestones above.

3. Hydraulic limestone.

4. Lower crinoidal, shell, and coraline limestones.

5. Olivanites bed.

6. Spirifer Gregaria and shell coraline beds.

7. Main beds of coral limestones.

These beds rest upon a limestone containiug
chain coral, which is seen just above the lowest
stage of water, at the principal axis of the Falls,
where the waters are most turbulent. Only a
portion of the lower part of the black slate is
seen immediately adjacent to the Falls. Its junc-
tion with the upper crinoidal bed. No. 2, of the
above section, can be well seen below the mouth
of Silver creek, on the Indiana side, where there
is a thin, hard, pyritiferous band between the
black slate and limestone, containing a few en-
trochites.

Three subdivisions may be observed in the
upper coralline bed, No. 2, of this Falls section :

(A). White or yellowish white earthy frac-
tured layers, containing, beside Crinoidea, a
Favosite, a large Leptana and Atrypa prisca, with
a fringe.

(B). Middle layers, contaming also a few
Cystiphyllae.

(C). Lower layers containing most Cystiphyl-
lidae, and on Corn Island remains of fishes.
This is what has been designated as the Upper
Fish Bed.

These crinoidal beds contain a vast multitude
of the remains of different species of encrinites,
mostly silicious, andmore so than the imbedding
rock, so that they offen project and appear like
black concretions. Remains of the Actinocrinus
abnormis, of S. S. Lyon's report, are the most
abundant. There is also a Syringapora and
short, truncated Cyathophyllium. The Cysliphyl-
lum is long, slender, and vermiculiform, some-
times extending to the length of fifteen inches
or more; also a coralline, referrible either to the
germs Forties or Astrea.

The hydraulic bed is an earthy magnesian
limestone, in which the lime and silica are in the
proportions of their chemical equivalents. It is
variable both in its composition, thickness, and
dip. In the upper part of the bed, where it con-
tains many Spirifer euratines and Atrypa prisca,
it is more silicious than that quarried for cement.
At the head of the Falls it is eight feet above
low water. At the foot of the Falls it is only four
feet above low water; aud at the quarry on the
Indiana shore eleven to thirteen feet. Here
there are twelve feet exposed, but only a foot to
eighteen inches of it quarried for cement. At
the Big Eddy it is twelve to thirteen feet above
low water, and at the middle of the Falls as
much as thirty-five feet above low water.

From the head to the foot of the Falls, the
Ohio river falls nineteen to twenty-one feet; de-
pending on the stage of the water, and the dis-
tance on the general line of dip, west by south,
one and one-half miles. Hence there is an an-
ticlinal axis about the middle of the Falls, not
uniform, but undulating, amounting on the whole
to upwards of thirty feet in three-fourths of a
mile west by south. In the distance of four
hundred and fifty yards from the quarry on the
Indiana shore, down stream, the strata decline
fifteen to sixteen feet. It is at the anticlinal
above mentioned, where the steamboats so fre-
quently scrape the rocks in gliding over the most
turbulent portion of the Falls. It is thickest at
the foot of the Falls, where it is twenty-one feet;
it thins rapidly out in a northeast direction. At
a distance of two and one-half miles nearly east,
where it is seen in the northwest end of the
Guthrie quarries, it is eighteen inches, and in a
distance of three hundred yards to the southeast
from this, it divides into two beds and thins
away to a few inches. Where it is divided an

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

earthy limestone is interposed, not considered to
j possess hydraulic properties. It would seem,
therefore, that the principal source of the hy-
draulic material was northwest of the main axis.

The limestone which lies below the hydraulic
hmestone, composed, in a great measure, of com-
minuted remains of crinoidea, affords also Spiri-
fer culiriguzalus, a very large undescribed species
of Leptana, which has been referred by some of
our geologists to the Euglypha, also Atrypa
prisca and remains of fishes. This limestone is
obscure on the middle of the Falls; to the east
it is better defined. On Fourteen-mile creek it
is eleven feet thick ; near the mill, on the east
side of the Ohio, it is only three feet to three
feet eleven inches. At Big Eddy the place of
this limestone is six feet above the top of the
Lower Fish Bed, but it is very ob.scurely marked
at this point. To the east, in Jefferson county,
Indiana, it passes into a well-developed cherty
mass of four or five feet in thickness, and is
almost blended with the aforementioned cherty
interpolations of the overlaying beds.

Under the cultrigazalus bed succeeds the Oli-
vanites bed, which is only six inches thick, near
the mill on the south side of tbe Ohio, but attains
a thickness of six or seven feet on Fourteen-mile
creek, and runs down to a few inches at some
places in the Falls.

The. next layer which is recognizable is a
cherty band charged with Spirifer gregaria of Dr.
Clapp, and many small hemispherical masses of
Favosites spongiies, as at the foot of Little Island
— one foot thick. Then comes a layer contain-
ing conocardium sub-trigonate of D'Orbigny, layer
hemispherical masses of Stromatopora and a
Ceiropore{?) three to five feet.

Next come the Lower Fish Beds, 19 feet in
thickness, consisting of limestone containing a
layer and beautiful species of undescribed Turbo,
a large Murchisonia, a Conocardium, Spirifer
gregaria, some small Cyathophyllida, and a
Leptana. The Conocardium layer is light gray
and more granular than the upper part, and es-
teemed the best bed for lime on the Falls. The
Leptcznm lie mostly about two feet above the Cono-
cardium.

Next come chert layers, underlaid by coral
layers, containing Favosites maxima of Troost
and Favosites basaltica, Goldfuss, which repose
on a very hard layer.

The most of the remains of the fishes are
found about three feet above the Turbo bed, but
are more or less disseminated through the differ-
ent layers, which have been designated as the
Lower Fish Beds, and may therefore be sub-
divided thus:

1. Shell beds.

A. Conocardium bed, 7 inches.

B. Leptasna bed (also with some conocardium) 6 feet.

2. Parting chert layers, 3 feet.

3. Coral layers, 7 feet.

4. Very hard rock, 2 feet.

The principal mass of corals on the Falls of
the Ohio, which must probably be grouped in the
Devonian system, underlie these shell and fish
beds just mentioned and repose upon a bed
which can just be seen above the water level, at
the principal axis, at extreme low water, which
contains the chain coral and which appears to be
the highest "position of this fossil.

Amongst the main coralline bed of the De-
vonian period of the Falls may be recognized—

1. Dark-gray bed, containing large masses of
Favosites maxima of Troost, Zaphrentis gigantea,
and immense masses oi Favosites basaltica, some-
times as white as milk, Favosites allied to poly-
morpha, but probably a distinct species, general-
ly silicified and standing out prominently from
the rock.

2. Black coralline layers, being almost a com-
plete list of fossilized corals, amongst which a
Cystiphyllum, Favosites cronigera of D'Orbigny,
and Zaphrentis gigantea, are the most abundant.
These black layers contain also large masses of
Syringapora, a large Turbo, different from the
species in the shell beds, also the large Cyatho-
phylliform Favosite, allied to polymorpha, with
star-shaped cells opening laterally on the surface
of the cylinder, in pores visible to the naked eye,
some Cystiphyllum carved into a semi-circle, large
Astrea pentagonusl of Goldfuss, silicified, pro-
minent, rugged, and black: this is the so-called
"buffalo dung."

The termination of these coralline beds of the
the Devonian system probably marks the place
of the conocardium calcareous grit of the falls of
Fall Creek, Madison county, Indiana, and which
is undoubtedly the equivalent of the Schoharie
shell grit near Cherry Valley, in New York,
which underlies the Onondaga, limestone of the
New York system. No vestige of this calcareous
grit has yet been found on the Falls, but

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

there is reason to believe that it may be found in
Jefferson county, about six miles above the Falls
to the northeast, on the farm of the late Dr. John
Croghan, on the head of the Muddy Fork of
Beargrass; and if so, though the Devonian and
Silurian are apparently, at first view, so blended
together on the Falls of the Ohio, the horizon
between the black coralline beds above and the
chain coralline bed below, marks most satisfac-
torily the line of division between these two sys-
tems of rocks m Kentucky.

Time has not yet permitted a thorough mves-
tigation into the specific character of the numer-
ous beautiful fossil shells, corals and fish remains
which occur at this highly interesting locality.
Hereafter it is proposed, if occasion offers, to give
more full and specific details of these rocks and
their imbedded organic remains.

As yet we have no good detailed sections of
the Upper Silurian beds of Jefferson county,
lying between the upper chain-coral bed and the
magnesian building-stone. In the eastern part
of Jefferson county, on Harrod's creek, a good
section was obtained, showing the junction of the
upper and lower beds with some of superior and
mferior stratification.

The following is the section presented in the
cut of Harrod's creek:

FEET.

240. Sneider House.

235. Magnesian limestone, below house.

220. Red chert, with Spirifer gregaria.

Pontes and other fossils.
180. Top of third bench of magnesian limestone.

Slope, with rocks concealed.
163. Base of third bench or offset of magnesian limestone.
160. Top of second bench of magnesian limestone.
154. Base of second bench of magnesian limestone.

Slope, with rocks concealed.
115. Base of overhanging ledges of cellular magnesian lime-
stone,
no. Thin gray and reddish layers weathering and under-
mining the overhanging magnesian limestone, per-
haps hydraulic in its properties.
107. Base of upper bench under the fall.

Earthy rock with some magnesia, perhaps with hy-
draulic properties.
100. Elarthy rock with less magnesia ?

95. Earthy reddish and green layers, weathering with round-
ed surfaces like hydraulic limestones.
91. Hard grey silicious limestone, projecting from the bank.
90. Soft argillaceous layer, decomposing under overhanging
ledge above, partly hydraulic, upper two feet most
earthy.
85. Hard layer on top of a little fall in bed of creek.
84. Ash-colored, easily decomposing layers; lowest layer
with nearly vertical fracture at right angles to the
beddmg.

86. Top of ash-colored, earthy hydraulic layers.
80. Top of lowest layer, with vertical cross fracture.

Junction of Upper and Lower Silurian formations.
79. Limestone, with Orthis Lynx.

78. Brown layer of limestone, with branching Chaetetes.
76. Layer with Cyathophylum?
67. More marly.
65. Hard, thin layers of Leptaena limestone, with branching

Chaetetes.
59. Hard, thin layers of limestone, containing Leptcena al-

tematce and Atrypa capax.
58. Hard layer, with irregular surface, four inches thick.
52. Hard layer, six inches thick.
50. Concretionary marly layer, containing Leptaena //a««»»-

bona.
41. Irregular, light-colored layers, with remains of Isote-

lus, Orthis, etc., five inches thick.
Dark, marly regular layer, containing branching Chatetei-
nine inches thick.
40. Ash colored, irregular layers, containing small, branch

ing ChcBtetes.
25. Fossiliferous slabs, with Orthis Lynx and Orthis

formosa.
22. Concretionary and marly, ash-colored layers, with

Orthis Lynx.
o. Slabs, with Atrypa capax and Modesta, at the junc-
tion of Harrod's creek with its Sneider branch.

The gregaria chert-bed lies on the Falls of the
Ohio, about thirty feet above the base of the
rocks of Devonian date. In this Harrod's creek
section they were observed at two hundred and
twenty feet, where the junction of the Upper
Silurian and Lower Silurian occurs at eighty
feet; hence, if the rocks of Devonian date have
the same thickness in the eastern part of Jeffer-
son county as in its northern confines, the Up-
per Silurian rocks have a thickness on Harrod's
creek of one hundred and ten feet. It is prob-
able, therefore, that the upper chain-coral bed,
which marks the top of the Upper Silurian
strata, is concealed ten feet up the slope, above
the upper bench of protruding magnesian lime-
stone in the above section.

Near the boundary between Jefferson and
Oldham counties, the cellular beds of the mag-
nesian limestones of the Upper Silurian period
from the surface stratum, which is reached in
sinking wells, and found, on account of its spongy
character, very difficult to blast.

ANALYSES OF ROCKS AND SOILS.

A large number of analyses of soils and rocks,
from different parts of the county, were made by
the chemist in the employ of the State; and we
copy several of them, for whatever value they
may have at this day :

Hydraulic limestone (unburnt), from the Falls
of the Ohio at Louisville :

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

A greenish-grey, dull, fine, granular limestone; adheres
slightly to the tongue; powder light-grey.

Composition, dried at 212° Fahrenheit.

Carbonate of lime 50.43-28.29 lime.

Carbonate of magnesia 18.67- 8.89 magnesia.

Alumina and oxides of iron

and magnesia

Phosphoric acid

Sulphuric acid 1.58

2-93
.06

Potash.
Soda. .
Loss . . .

•32
•13

Silica and insoluble silicates. . 25.78

' Silica,

Alumina color-
ed with oxide
of iron

Lime, magne-

22.58

100.00 (. sia, and loss, .32

The air-dried rock lost 70 per cent, of moisture
at 212° Fahrenheit.

The analysis of this well-known water-lime will
serve for comparison with that of other lime-
stones supposed to possess hydraulic qualities.

Soil labeled "Virgin soil, from O'Bannon's
farm, O'Bannon's Station, overlying cellular
magnesian limestone of the Upper Silurian forma-
tion, twelve miles from Louisville."

Dried soil of a grey-brown color; some small
rounded particles of iron ore in it. As this and
the following soils were received just before this
report was made up, there was not time for di-
gestion in water containing carbonic acid, to
ascertain the relative amount of matters soluble
in that menstruum. They were therefore sub-
mitted to ordinary analysis, dried at 370° Fahren-
heit.

The composition of this soil is as follows:

Organic and volatile matters 7-996

Alumina, and oxides of iron and magnesia 7.480

Carbonate of lime .394

Magnesia . 240

Phosphoric acid 205

Sulphuric acid .082

Potash . 200

Soda 042

Sand and insoluble silicates 83. 134

Loss . 226

The air-dried soil lost 4.42 per cent, of mois-
ture at 370°.

Soil, labeled " Soil from an old field, over cel-
lular magnesian limestone of the Upper Silurian
formation, which lies from six to twelve feet be-
neath the surface. Has been from twenty-five to
thirty years in cultivation; E. B. O'Bannon's
farm."

Color of dried soil light greyish-brown, light(
than the preceding.

Composition, dried at 400° Fahrenheit :

Organic and volatile matters a a,

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese 6.2.

Carbonate of lime 3

Magnesia 2<

Phosphoric acid j,

Sulphuric acid o

Potash 1

Soda o

Sand and insoluble silicates . 88.3

100.0
The air-dried soil lost 2.8 per cent, ofmoistur
at 300° Fahrenheit.

By comparison of the two preceding analysi
it will be seen that the soil, which has been
cultivation from twenty-five to thirty years, h;
lost of its original value : First, it has lost c
ganic and volatile matters, which is evinced al;
in its lighter color and in the smaller quantity 1
moisture which it is capable of holding at the c
dinary temperature, but which was driven off
the heat of 400°. These organic matters absoi
and retain moisture with great power. Besid
the nourishment which organic matters in tl
soil give directly to vegetables, by their gradu
decomposition and change, these substances ah
greatly increase the solubility of the earthy an
saline ingredients in the soil, which are necessai
to vegetable growth. Second, it has lost son
of every mineral ingredient of the soil which e;
ters into the vegetable composition; as lim
magnesia, oxide of iron, phosphoric acid, su
phur, and the alkalies. The only apparent e
ception to this is in the greater proportion <
soda in the old soil than in the virgin soil. Th
increase may have been occasioned by the ore
nary free use of salt on the farm, and its transf
to the cultivated field by the animals feedir
on it.

It will be seen, in the third place, that the pr
portion of alumina and oxide of iron to the sar
and silicates is smaller in the soil of the old fie
than in the virgin soil, cultiva,tion having, p€
haps, favored the washing down into the sub-s(
those ingredients which are the most readily trar
ported by water. To renovate this field to i
original state would require the application (
ordinary barn-yard manure, which contains i
the ingredients which have been removed fro
it except the alumina and oxides of iron ar

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

manganese. To supply these, if it be deemed
desirable, the red sub-soil found on the washed
slopes of the old field, presently to be described,
would answer very well, applied as a top-dressing;
but the immediate subsoil, next to be described,
does not by its analysis promise to be of any
service in this or in any other respect.

Would this be a good soil for the cultivation
of the grape? If it has sufificient drainage to
prevent the habitual lodgment of water in the
sub-soil, there is nothing in the composition of
the soil to forbid its use for this purpose. The soil
which will produce good Indian corn will gener-
ally produce the grape. The vine requires for its
growth and the production of its fruit precisely
the same mineral ingredients which are necessary
to every other crop which may be produced on
the soil, differing in this respect from them only
in the proportion of these several ingredients.
The juice of the grape contains a considerable
proportion of potash, much of which is depos-
ited in the wine-cask, after fermentation, in the
form of tartar (acid tartrate of potash), and which
must be supplied to the growing vine from the
soil to enable it to produce the grape. It has
hence been generally believed that vineyard cul-
ture tends speedily to exhaust the soil of its al-
kalies, unless they are habitually re-applied in
manures. This is true in regard to every green
crop which is carried off the ground; as hay,
turnips, potatoes, and especially tobacco and the
fruits of the orchard; whilst the Indian corn and
other grains carry off less of the alkalies, they
also require and remove them in considerable
proportion.

To return to the two comparative soil analyses.
The difference between the proportions of the
valuable ingredients of the two above stated may
seem quite unimportant on a superficial examina-
tion; but when we apply these differences to the
more than three million pounds of silver which
are contained in an acre of ground, calculated
only to the depth of one foot, we may see their
significance. Thus the potash in the original
soil is in proportion of 0.200 per cent., and in
the soil of the old field in that of 0.158. This
proportion gives 6,000 pounds of potash to the
acre of earth one foot deep in the new soil, and
4,740 pounds only into the old, showing that if
the old soil was originally like the neighboring
virgin soil, it has lost, among other ingredients.

as much as 1,260 pounds of potash from the
acre, within one foot of the surface only. To re-
store to it this amount of alkali alone would re-
quire the application of a large amount of ordin-
ary manure.

Sub-soil, labeled " Sub-soil, seven to twelve
inches under the surface, old field twenty-five to
thirty years in cultivation, over cellular magnesian
limestone of the Lower Silurian Formation, E. B.
O'Bannon's farm, Jefferson county."

Color of the dried soil, light greyish brown.

Composition, dried at 400° Fahrenheit.

Organic and volatile matters 2. 844

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese 6.335

Carbonate of lime .256

Magnesia 226

Phosphoric acid .099

Sulphuric acid 082

Potash 181

Soda .028

Sand and insoluble silicates 89.900

Loss 049

100,000

The air-dried sub-soil lost 2.98 per cent, of
moisture at 400° Fahrenheit.

By the examination of this upper sub-soil it
does not appear that any of the valuable ingre-
dients of the surface-soil have lodged in it. It
contains, it is true, more potash, and has less
organic matter, but in other respects does not
materially differ from the upper soil. A greater
difference may be Jeen in the deeper sub-soil, the
analysis of which will next be given.

Sub-soil, labeled "Red sub-soil, on the washed
slopes of an old field, found almost universally a
few feet under the surface, E. B. O'Bannon's
farm, Jefferson county."

Color ol the dried soil, light brick-red; it con-
tains some small nodules of iron ore. Compo-
sition, dried at 400° Fahrenheit:

Organic and volatile matters 3. 112

Alumina and oxides of iron and manganese 17.020

Carbonate of lime 194

Magnesia ; .366

Phosphoric acid .497

Sulphuric acid. 088

Potash 297

Soda Ill

Sand and insoluble silicates 77-434

Loss 88r

100.000

The air-dried sub-soil lost 3.60 per cent, of
moisture at 400° Fahrenheit.

Soil labeled "Soil from a poor point of an old

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

field, where gravel iron ore prevails, E. B.
O'Bannon's farm, Jefferson county."

Color of the dried soil rather lighter than that
of the preceding; soft pebbles of iron ore, very
dark in appearance when broken. Composition,
dried at 380° Fahrenheit :

Organic and volatile matters 4-390

Alumina and oxides of iron and manganese 11.840

Carbonate of lime . 236

Magnesia 216

Phosphoric acid 126

Sulphuric acid 109

Potash 239

Soda .043

Sand and insoluble silicates 82.694

Loss 458

100,000

The air-dried soil lost 3.94 per cent, of mois-
ture at 380° F.

The cause of the unproductiveness of thissoil
lies more in the state of aggregation then the
composition, as shown by the chemical analysis.
The valuable ingredients necessary to vegetable
growth are contained in it in at least as large pro-
portions as in the earth from the other portions
of the field; but in this there is doubtless a
larger quantity of them locked up in the pebbles
of so-called iron ore, which the fibres of the veg-
etable roots cannot penetrate. If, by any means,
these were to be disintegrated or pulverized, the
soil would doubtless be rendered more fertile.
Doubtless, if these several soils had been di-
gested in the carbonated water, this one would
have given up much less of soluble extract to
that menstruum than the others. The iron
gravel diffused through this soil has also been
submitted to analysis.

Ferruginous gravel, labeled " Gravel of iron
ore disseminated in the sub-soil over cellular
magnesian limestone, E. B. O'Bannon's farm,
Jefferson county."

Irregular tuberculated lumps, from the size of
a large hickory nut down to that of a mustard
seed, easily broken, fracture showing a general
dark appearance like that of peroxide of manga-
nese; some of the lumps presented some included
lighter earthy matter like clay; powder of a
snuff-brown color. It dissolved in hydro-chloric
acid with the escape of chlorine. It contained
no protoxide of iron, but much oxide of manga-
nese.

Composition, dried at 212° Fahrenheit:

Oxide of iron and alumina 33-90

Brown oxide of manganese ^.28

Carbonate of lime. . . . eg

Carbonate of magnesia 1.22

Alkalies and acids not estimated.

Silex and insoluble silicates 58. 18

Combined water 8.20

Loss 1.64

loaoo
Dried at 212°, it lost 2.80 per cent of moisture.
Limestone, labeled "Cellular (magnesian?)
Limestone, found about six to ten feet under
the surface of the ground, where the preceding
soils were collected, O'Bannon's farm, Jefferson
county."

A light grey, friable cellular rock, layers and
cavities covered with minute crystals. Composi-
tion dried at 212° Fahrenheit :

Carbonate of lime, (28.49 lime) 50.76

Carbonate of magnesia 45- 00

Alumina, oxides of iron and manganese, and phos-
phates 1.78

Sulphuric acid 04

Potash 21

Soda 35

Silex and insoluble silicates 2.48

100.62

The air-dried rock lost 0.20 per cent of moist-
ure at 212°.

Soil, labeled "Virgin soil, over compact mag-
nesian building-stone of the Upper Silurian for-
mation, White Oak Ridge, at Pleasant Grove
Meeting-house, William Galey's farm, Jefferson
county. (This soil is considered not more than
one-half as productive as that over the cellular
magnesian limestone)."

Dried soil of a dirty grey-buff color. Compo-
sition, dried at 400° Fahrenheit :

Organic and volatile matters 3- 761

Alumina, and oxides of iron and mangauese 6.952

Carbonate of lime 156

Magnesia 240

Phosphoric acid 088

Sulphuric acid 310

Potash 177

Soda 801

Silex and insoluble silicates 38.294

100.039'

The air-dried soil lost 3.22 per cent, of mois-
ture at 400 . Contains less organic matters,
phosphoric acid, and alkalies, and a large propor-
tion of sand and silicates, than the soil over the
cellular magnesian hmestone.

Limestone, labeled "Magnesian Building

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Stone, found under the preceding soil, Upper
Silurian formation, same locality as the last,
Jefferson county."

A fine-grained, light-grey limestone ; weathered
surface, having a buff discoloration, with perox-
ide of iron ; under the lens appears to be made
up of a mass of pure crystalline grains.

Composition, dried at 212° Fahrenheit:

Carbonate of lime (31.62 of lime) 5636

Carbonate of magnesia 3707

Alumina, oxides of iron and magnesia, and phosphates 1.28
Sulphuric acid, a trace.

Potash 33

Soda 35

Silex and insoluble silicates 5.68

101.07

The air-dried rock lost o. 10 per cent, of mois-
ture at 212°.

This is probably a very durable stone; and, in
consequence of its very slow disintegration, can
communicate very little soluble material to the
soil above it. It resembles a good deal in com-
position the magnesian building-stone from
Grimes's Quarry, in Fayette county, which is re-
markable for its great durability amongst the
rocks of that region.

Soil, labeled "Soil, ten miles from Louisville,
on the Salt river road, thirty or forty years in
cultivation; primitive growth, beech, and some
poplar and gum. Jefferson county, Kentucky. "

Color of the dried soil, dark yellowish-grey.
A few small rounded ferruginous pebbles were
removed from it by the coarse sieve. Washed
with water, it left 76.33 per cent, of sand, etc.,
of which all but 4.37 per cent, was fine enough
to go through the finest bolting-cloth. This
coarser portion is composed of rounded grains
of hyaline and yellow quartz, with ferruginous
particles. One thousand grains of the air-dried
soil, digested for a month in water containing
carbonic acid, gave up nearly two grains of light-
brown extract, which had the following compo
sition :

GRAINS.

Organic and volatile matters 0.370

Alumina, oxides of iron and manganese, and phos-
phates 114

Carbonate of lime 880

Magnesia 052

Sulphuric acid 081

Potash 044

Soda 081

Silica 200

1.822

The air-dried soil lost 3. i per cent, of mois-
ture at 400' F., dried at which temperature it has
the following composition:

Organic and volatile matters 4-231

Alumina 3. 580

Oxide of iron 4.421

Carbonate of lime 230

Magnesia 359

Brown oxide of manganese 445

Phosphoric acid 262

Sulphuric acid 084

Potash 04s

Soda.

Sand and insoluble silicates 86.006

Loss '. no

100.000
Sub-soil, labeled "Subsoil, ten miles from
Louisville, on the Salt river road, field thirty to
forty years in cultivation. Jefferson county, Ken-
tucky,"

Color of the dried sub-soil a little Hghter than
that of the soil above it. The coarse sieve re-
moved from it some rounded particles of ferrugin-
ous mineral and a few milky quartz grains about
the size of mustard-seed. Washed with water,
this sub-soil left 70.7 per cent, of sand, etc., of
which all but 14.47 P^*" cent, passed through the
finest bolting-cloth. This coarser portion con-
sisted principally of clear grains of quartz, more
or less rounded, with some rounded ferruginous
particles. One thousand grains of the air-dried
soil, digested for a month in water containing
carbonic acid, gave up more than five grains of
brown extract, dried at 212°, which had the fol-
lowing composition :

GRAINS*

Organic and volatile matters 2. 100

Alumina, oxides of iron and manganese, and phos-
phate 863

Carbonate of lime i'7i3

Magnesia 133

Sulphuric acid 125

Potash 048

Soda .
Silica .

. .012
. .200

S191

The air-dried soil lost 3.175 percent, of moist-
ure at 400° F., dried at which temperature it has
the following composition:

Organic and volatile matters 4983

Alumina 3.

Oxide of iron 4.

Carbonate of lime

Magnesia

Brown oxide of manganese

Phosphoric acid. ...

24s
130

195
3.3S
370
29s

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Sulphuric acid 085

Potash 213

Soda 051

Sand and insoluble silicates 81;. 895

Loss 203

This would be good soil, if it were drained.
The sub-soil is rather richer than the surface soil.

CHAPTER n.

CIVIL ORGANIZATION— JEFFERSON COUNTY,

"Virginia" — The County of Fincastle — "Louisiana" —
"Ohio"— The Indian Claims Relinquished — "Louisa,"
" Cantuckey," " Transylvania" — The County of Kentucky
— Colonel John Floyd — Jefferson County — Its Ancient
Limits — Fayette and Lincoln Counties — Counties Carved
from Jefferson— The First Officers of Jefferson County. —
Some other Historic Matters.

"VIRGINIA."

The territory to the south of the Ohio, at least
within the lacitudes of Virginia, was held by the
English Government, under the discoveries by
Sir Walter Raleigh, in the valley of the James
river. That part of it now lying within the
boundaries of the State of Kentucky was in-
cluded in the grants bestowed by the royal patent
upon Sir Walter in 1584, and in the charter
granted to the Colony of Virginia. In this was
presently formed

THE COUNTY OF FINCASTLE.

This was an immense tract, large as several of
the present States of the Union, and stretching
virtually from the further borders of the county
now existing under the name in Virginia to the
Mississippi. It included the whole of the Ken-
tucky country.

"LOUISIANA."

By right of discovery, however, the French
had long before claimed the entire valleys of the
Mississippi and the Ohio, with the whole of
Texas and the region of the great lakes. So
lately as 1782, when the preliminaries of peace
between Great Britain and her revolted Amer-
ican colonies were being discussed at Paris, both
France and Spain made protests against the Illi-
nois country, conquered by George Rogers Clark
in 1778, being considered as British territory, to
be ceded to the United States as a part of its

conquest; and it was only by virtue of Clark's
conquest that the claim of the new Republic was
finally allowed.

Upon one ot the old maps the whole of this
vast region is designated as "Canada, or New
France," with "La Louisiane" as an integral
part. But others, including the great map of
Franquelin, who was official hydrographer to the
king, represent the domain in two separate di-
visions, New France and Louisiana. The bound-
ary between them was drawn by Franquelin from
the Penobscot river to the south end of Lake
Champlain, thence to the Mohawk, crossing it a
little above the site of Schenectady, thence by th6
sources of the Susquehanna and the Alleghany,
the south shore of Lake Erie, across Southern
Michigan to the head of Lake Michigan, and
northwestward to the headwaters of the Missis-
sippi. All south of that line was "La Louisi-
ane." The tract occupied by Louisville and
Jefferson county, then, was originally a part of
the far-reaching French province of Louisiana.

The result of the French and Indian war of
1755-62 was to transfer to the crown of Great
Britain all the possessions and territorial claims
of France east of the Mississippi, except some
fishing stations. The Kentucky region, there-
fore, passed into the undisputed possession of
the British Crown.

"OHIO."

Upon the second map of Lewis Evans, pub-
lished in Philadelphia in 1764, the Kentucky
country is shown for the first time in cartography,
and is designated, as well as the grea* tracts to
the north of the Beautiful river, as "Ohio."
There was no reason, however, in the govern-
mental arrangements of that time, for such desig-
nation. Ohio was not yet known as the title of
any political division. Mr, Evans simply fell
into one of the blunders which abounded among
the geographers of the period,

THE INDIAN CLAIMS RELINQUISHED,

November 5, 1768, by the treaty of Fort Stan-
wix, the all-conquering Six Nations, and the
Delawares, Shawnees, and Mingoes of Ohio,
granted unto the Crown of Great Britain all their
territory south of the Ohio and west of the
Cherokee or Tennessee river, back of the En-
glish settlements, for the sum of ^10,460, or
about $50,000.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

The Five Nations, or Iroquois, had previously,
in 1846, in a treaty at Albany between their
chiefs and Lord Howard, Governor of the Colony
of Virginia, associated with Colonel Dungan,
Governor of the Colony of New York, placed
themselves under the protection of the British
Government and made a deed of sale to it of
the vast tract south and east of the Illinois river,
and extending across Lake Huron into Canada.
The present land of Kentucky was included in
this immense cession.

"LOUISA" — "CANTUCKEY" — "TRANSYLVANIA."

In the autumn of 1774 nine North Carolin-
ians, of whom the leader was Colonel Richard
Henderson, made overtures for a treaty with a
branch of the Cherokee Indians, which was com-
pleted March 17, 1775. By this the Indians
assumed to cede, for the consideration of ;^io,-
000, no less than seventeen millions of acres,
extending from the Cumberland to the Kentucky
rivers, and bounded on the south by a line drawn
from the headwaters of the most southerly branch
of the Cumberland to the summit of Powell's
mountain, and thence to the most northerly
branch of the Kentucky. Colonel Henderson
in his journal designates this tract as "Louisa"
and "Cantuckey" — the first name being derived
from what was understood to be the English
name of the Cuttawa, Chenoca, or Kentucke
river. Upon it, however, when Daniel Boone
and his companions had made the famous
"trace" into the promised land, from the Long
Island in the Holston river to the present site
of Boon^borough — the company was to attempt
to found the colony of Transylvania. In April
they laid off the village at "Fort Boone," and
soon after appointed the 23d of May for
a meeting of delegates. Six members of the
"House of Delegates or Representatives of
the Colony of Transylvania" attended on that
day "under the divine elm," to represent the
town of Boonesborough, three for Harrods-
burg, and four each for the Boiling Spring
Settlement and the town of St. Asaph. A min-
iature legislature was organized — "the first
Anglo-American government on the west side of
the Alleghany range of mountains." The colony
seems already to have been formed and named
merely by the will of the proprietors. Bills were
duly introduced, read twice, and passed, ad-
dresses voted to the company, and a compact

between them and the people entered into. The
proprietors, as a self-appointed governing coun-
cil, passed finally upon all measures, and signed
or disapproved them. The "House of Dele-
gates" was in session five days, and then ad-
journed to meet at Boonesborough in Septem-
ber. It never re-assembled, but a petition "to
the Honorable the Convention of Virginia," was
sent, probably in December, 1775, from "the in-
habitants, and some of the intended settlers of
that part of North America now denominated
Transylvania," praying for relief against the exac-
tions of the proprietors.

In September a meeting of the company had
been held, at which James Hogg was appointed
to represent the "colony" in the Continental
Congress, and present a memorial asking the ad-
mission of Transylvania into the Union of Col-
onies. It is needless to say that neither he nor
it was admitted. A large number of persons
were persuaded or hired by the company to go
into the new country ; but its sort of proprietary
government proved unpopular, and its title was
presently altogether invalidated by the Virginia
Legislature, under a wise and ancient colonial
policy which forbade transfers of territory by the
Indians to private persons, as contrary to the
chartered rights of the colonies. In November,
1778, that body passed the following:

Resolved, That all purchases of land, made or to be
made, of the Indians within the chartered bounds of this
Commonwealth, as described by the constitution or form of
government, by any private persons not authorized by public
authority, are void.

Resolved, That the purchases heretofore made by Richard
Henderson & Company, of that tract of land called Tran-
sylvania within this Commonwealth, of the Cherokee Indians,
is void. ....

Thus passed away the transient glory of Tran-
sylvania. Ample compensation was made to the
company, however, by the grant of two hundred
thousand acres of land, in a tract twelve miles
square on the Ohio, below the mouth of Ken-
tucky river. The musical name was preserved for
nearly seventy years, in the designation of Tran-
sylvania university, at Lexington.

THE COUNTY OF KENTUCKY.

For a few years the great county of Fincastle
exercised nominal jurisdiction over the bears and
wolves, the panthers and buffaloes, the roaming
Indians, and the handful of whites already on the
Dark and Bloody Ground. The few civilized

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

immigrants that first rr.ade their way into the
deep wilderness found, however, no protection
or aid in the far-away colonial or county govern-
ment, and were altogether a law unto them-
selves.*

The first subdivision or county organization
really known to the great wilderness tract since
covered by the State of Kentucky was the
"County of Kentucky," formed from the western
part of Fmcastle county, by the Virginia Legis-
lature, on the 31st of December, 1776, soon
after the independence of the colonies was de-
clared. George Rogers Clark, then a young ma-
jor in the Virginia militia, must be regarded as
the father of the new county. The story of his
journeyings on foot through the wilderness, his
securing ammunition for the defense of the in-
fant settlements, and his procurement, as a dele-
gate to the Virginia House of Burgesses, of the
erection of the county of Kentucky, has been
told in part in our General Introduction, in the
biographical sketch of General Clark, and need
not be repeated here. The young major had
procured the act for the erection of the county,
while he was on the expedition after the powder
and lead for the Kentucky settlers.

This gigantic county comprehended, in ;he
definitions of the creative act, "all that part
thereof [of Fincastle county] which lies to the
sou'*', and westward of a line beginnmg on the
Ohio river, at the mouth of Great Sandy creek,
and running up the same and the main or north-
easterly branch thereof to the Great Lawrel
ridge or Cumberland mountain, thence south-
westerly along the said mountain to the line of
North Carolina." It includes substantially what
now belongs to the State of Kentucky.

The chief official of such subdivision in those
days was a "County Lieutenant," or Governor.
In 1778 Thomas Jefferson, then Governor of
Virginia, appointed as such officer Colonel John
Bowman, who had been made a colonel of mili-
tia in the county, by commission of Governor
Patrick Henry, soon after it was formed. The
county was also entitled to a court of its own, a
sheriff, and other customary officers. The first
court of general quarter sessions of the peace
for the county sat at Harrodsburg in the spring
of 1777, 'composed of Justices John Bowman,

*There were already, in 1773, it is said, sixty-nine voters
upon the present tract of Kentucky.

John Todd, John Floyd, Benjamin Logan, and
Richard Callaway, with Levi Todd as clerL
April 18, of this year, Colonels Richard Callo-
way and John Todd were chosen burgesses to
represent Kentucky county in the General
Assembly of the Old Dominion. General Green
Clay, Colonel John Miller, 'Squire Boone (brother
of Daniel Boone), and Colonel William Irvine,
were afterwards members of the same body from
Kentucky. Substantially the same tract, but
now divided into three counties, was subse-
quently, June I, 1792, admitted into the Union
as a sovereign State.

COLONEL JOHN FLOYD.

One of the most notable men of the early
day was Colonel Floyd, one of the first justices
of the court of quarter sessions, whose name is
prominent in the annals of JefTtrson county, and
from whom Floyd county, on the Indiana side
of the Falls, takes its name. The Hon. James
T. Morehead, in his Address in Commemora-
tion of the First Settlement of Kentucky, at
Boonesborough May 25, 1840, pays this tribute
to Colonel Floyd:

T.owards the close of the year 1773 John Floyd came to
Kentucky, like Bullitt and Taylor, on a surveying excursion.
A deputy of Colonel William Preston, principal surveyor of
Fincastle county, of which the region in Virginia west of the
mountains was then a part, he made many surveys on the
Ohio, and belonged- to the party that was recalled by Lord
Dunmore, in consequence of the dangers attending the per-
formance of their official duties. Colonel Floyd returned in
1775, and became a conspicuous actor in the stirring scenes
of the drama. Alternately a surveyor, a legislator, and a
soldier, his distinguished qualities rendered him at once an
ornament and a benefactor of the infant settlements. No
individual among the pioneers was more intellectual or better
informed;, none displayed, on all occasions that called for it,
a bolder and more undaunted courage. His person was
singularly attractive. With a complexion unusually dark,
his eyes and hair were deep black, and his tall, spare figure
was dignified by the accomplishments of a well-bred Virginia
gentleman.

JEFFERSON COUNTY.

in May, durmg the session of 1780, the pop-
lation of the county of Kentucky having grown
sufficiently to create demands for and warrant
the measure, the huge county was divided by the
Virginia Legislature into three governmental sub-
divisions, known respectively as Jefferson, Fay-
ette, and Lincoln counties. The second, named
from General the Marquis de la Fayette, included
that part of the larger county "which lies north
of the line beginning at the mouth of thfe Ken

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

tucky river, and up the same to its middle fork
to the head ; and thence southeast to Washing-
ton Hne" — which formed the present boundary
between the States of Kentucky and Tennessee,
the latter of which was about that time known
as the "District of Washington."

Jefferson county, named from Thomas Jeffer-
son, author of the Declaration of Independence
and afterwards President of the United States,
but just then Governor of Virginia, took in all
"that part of the south side of Kentucky river
which lies west and north of a line begin-
ning at the mouth of Benson's big creek, and
running up the same and its main fork to the
head; thence south to the nearest waters of
Hammond's creek, and down the same to its
junction with the Town fork of Salt river; thence
south to Green river, and down the same to its
junction with the Ohio."

The rest of the older Kentucky county was
embraced within the limits of Lincoln county,
which took its name from General Benjamin
Lincoln, a distmguished soldier of the Revolu-
tion.

Jefferson was originally an immense county, as
may be inferred from the fact that out of it have
been carved, wholly or paitly, twenty-eight other
counties. Less than four years after its forma-
tion, in October, 1784, Salt river was taken as the
dividing line for a new county, which was called
Nelson. Subdivisions of the other counties were
made in 1785 and 1788, so that there were nine
counties — Jefferson, Nelson, Fayette, Bourbon,
Mason, Woodford, Lincoln, Mercer, and Madison
— in Kentucky when it was admitted into the
Union. The counties which have since been
formed directly from Jefferson are Shelby, in
J 792; Bullitt (partly), in 1796; and Oldham (in
part), 1823. Washington, "the first-born of the
State," 1792; Hardin, Henry, Ohio, and twenty
other counties have been erected upon the terri-
tory originally assigned to Jefferson.

The first officers appointed to this county by
the organic act of the Legislature, after the man-
ner of the time, were John Floyd colonel, Wil-
liam Pope lieutenant colonel, and George May
surveyor. Each of the new counties had a
county court or court of general quarter sessions
of the peace, which met monthly, and a court of
common law chancery jurisdiction, in session
once a quarter, with an abundance of magistrates

and constables. There was as yet, however, no
tribunal for the trial of high crimes, as the court
of quarter sessions could take cognizance only of
misdemeanors ; but the defect was remedied
early in 1783, when Kentucky was made a judi-
cial district and a court established which had
full criminal and civil jurisdiction. It was
opened at Harrodsburg the same season. John
Floyd, of Jefferson county, and Samuel Mc-
Dowell, were judges; Walker Daniel was prose-
cuting attorney, and John May clerk.

We subjoin an historic note or two found
among our memoranda :

A quarter-century's growth.

Some figures reported by the city civil en-
gineer, of Louisville, in 1866, exhibit in brief
compass the growth of the county in wealth and
power from 1840 to 1866. In the former year
the valuation of the State (excluding vehicles,
time-pieces, pianos, and plate) was $272,250,027,
and that of Louisville and Jefferson county was
$26,162,463, or nearly one-tenth of the entire
State. In 1844 the valuation was reported at
but $18,621,339, the next year $21,270,500, in
1846 $22,940,533, and 1847 $24,206,443. The
next year the city and county regained and
passed the figures of 1840, having $26,697,663;
in 1849 it was $27,974,735; in 1850, $29,187,-
023. The State valuation this year was $299,-
381,809, so that the city and county had again
pretty nearly one-tenth of the whole. The figures
for the next decade are: 1851, $32,830,347;
1852, $35,236,899; 1853, $42,106,310; 1854,
$49.755>832; 1855, $47,031,150; 1856, $44,-
533.518; 1857, $50,034,033; 1858, $50,443,-
532; 1859, $52,407,083; i860, $54,680,868.
The valuation of the city and county had now
grown to about one-ninth of the whole. The
average annual increase during the previous
twenty years had been but about $13,000,000 in
the State; while it had been nearly $1,400,000
a year in the city and county, showing a very
satisfactory rate of gain. The valuation of the
latter in i860 was more than one-half that of
the entire State ($108,549,638) thirty years ago.
In 1861 the local valuation was $50,492,510;
1862, $36,711,943; 1863, $41,676,811; 1864,

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

$55,141,938; 1865, $62,211,339; 1866, $76,-
028,753. There was much fluctuation in these
years; but while the State valuation had fallen
off between i860 and 1866 about $20,000,000 a
year, that of the city and county had increased
$21,347,685, or about $3,500,000 per annum.
In the latter year the city and county contributed
very nearly one-fifth of the whole revenue of the
State, and their valuation was three-fourths of
that of the State in 1830, one-fourth of that in
1840 and 1850, one-seventh of that of i860, and
one-fifth of all in 1866.

THE FIRST COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

SO far as we have been able to learn, was formed
in 1837. The following-named were its officers
in 1844: Stephen Ormsby, president; Lawrence
Young and E. D. Hobbs, vice-presidents ; Wil-
liam Mix, secretary and keeper of the funds ;
George W. Weissinger, corresponding secretary;
J. W. Graham, L. Sherley, S. Bnce, H. After-
burn, S. Brengman, executive committee. Meet-
ings were held twice a year, in the fall and the
spring, at the former of which premiums were
awarded.

CHAPTER IIL

COURTS AND COURT-HOUSES.

The Old County Court — The Circuit Court — The Court of
Common Pleas — The County Court — The County Judge —
The City Courts — A Reminiscence of 1786 — Mr. Flint's
Notes — The County Court-house — The Old "Gaol" — The
New Jail.

THE OLD COUNTY COURT.

This was a monthly court established by the
former constitution, held in each county at the
places assigned for the purpose and on the days
fixed by law, and at no other time and place. It
was composed of the justices of the peace ap-
pointed for the county, three of whom were suf-
ficient to constitute a quorum. It had power to
recommend the appointment of the surveyor,
coroner, and justices of the peace, and itself to
appoint inspectors, collectors, and their deputies,
surveyors of highways, constables, jailors, and
other minor officers. Its further jurisdiction was
thus defined by the act of 1796 :

The County Courts shall and may have cognizance, and
shall have jurisdiction of all causes respecting wills, letters of
administration, mills, roads, the appomtment of guardians
and settling of their accounts, and of admitting deeds and
other writmgs to record ; they shall superintend the public
inspections, grant ordinary license, and regulate and restrain
ordinaries and tippling-houses, and appoint processioners ;
they shall hear and determine, according to law, the com-
plaints of apprentices and hired servants, being citizens of
any one of the United States, against their masters or mis-
tresses, or of the masters and mistresses against the appren-
tices or hired servants ; they shall have power to establish
ferries and regulate the same, and to provide for the poor
within their counties.

In 1844-45 as many as twenty-five justices
composed the county court of JeflTerson county.

THE CIRCUIT COURT.

The system of circuit courts was substituted in
1802, under the act of Legislature passed in
November, 1801, after the adoption of the
second State constitution, for the old system of
district and quarter-sessions courts. Under this
the courts had jurisdiction in all causes, matters,
and things, at common law and chancery, within
their respective circuits, except in causes where
the property or claim in controversy was of less
value than ^^, and also in some few other speci-
fied cases.

December 19, 1821, authority was given this
court by the Legislature to purchase sites and
provide for the erection of poor-houses thereon.

When the new. constitution was adopted in
1850, it was provided that each county then
existing, or thereafter to be erected in the Com-
monwealth, should have a circuit court. The
first election of circuit judges occurred on the
second Monday in August, 1856, and elections
of said officers have since been held every six
years, on the first Monday of August, An
eligible candidate for the ofifice must be a citi-
zen of the United States, a resident of the dis-
trict for which he may be a candidate at least
two years next before his election, must be at
least thirty years of age and a practicing lawyer
at least eight years, which term, however, may
include any time he has served upon the bench
of a court of record. After the first term under
the constitution, the judges hold their ofifices for
terms of six years. They receive their commis-
sions from the Governor and hold until their suc-
cessors are qualified, but are removable from
office in the same manner as a judge of the
Court of Appeals. The removal of a judge from
his district vacates his ofifice. When a vacancy

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

occurs the Governor issues a writ of election to
fill it for the remainder of the term, unless that
remainder be less than one year, when the Gov-
ernor appoints a judge.

Each judge of the circuit court is a conserva-
tor of the peace throughout the State, and may
grant writs of error C07-am vobis et nobis. He may
exchange circuits with another judge, unless a
majority of the members of the bar prefer to
elect a special judge to act temporarily in his
stead. When this is done the attorneys retained
in a case about to be tried are not allowed to
vote for the special judge. He may hold a special
term, whenever the business demands it, m any
county in the district, to try penal, criminal, and
chancery cases, or any class of them, and may
order a grand and petit jury to be impanneled
for any special term, in term-time or during vaca-
tion. If he fail to attend a term, or, being pres-
ent, cannot properly preside in a cause or causes
pending, the attorneys of court who are in at-
tendance, with the exception above noted, may
elect one of their number in attendance to hold
the term, and he shall preside and adjudicate
accordingly. More -recently the provision has
been extended to include equity and criminal
courts. The judges are paid each $3,000 per
annum, and in criminal or penal prosecutions, if
a judge is assigned to hold court in another dis-
trict than his own, he is allowed his traveling ex-
penses and $10 a day while holding the court. •

The circuit court assumes original jurisdiction
of all matters at law and equity within this coun-
ty, except those of which jurisdiction is exclu-
sively lodged in another tribunal, and is fully em-
powered to carry into effect its jurisdiction.
When the debt sued for is less than $50, it has
jurisdiction of an attachment of lands. The
General Assembly has power to alter the jurisdic-
tion of the court, but not to change the judicial
districts except when a new one is added. Ap-
peals on writs of error may be made to this court
from the decisions of county courts in the same
county, in all controversies relating to the estab-
lishment, alteration, or discontinuance of ferries,
roads, and passages, and in cases arising from
the probate of wills and from orders concerning
mills or water-works, or refusing or allowing
dams to be built across water-courses, or from
judgments in bastardy cases, or judgments and
final orders in penal cases. Appeals lie to it

from decisions of the quarterly courts and of
justices of the peace and other tribunals having
a similar civil jurisdiction as justices of the peace,
in all civil cases when the amount in controversy
is $20 or more, exclusive of interest and costs;
and in all actions of trespass or trespass upon the
case, before justices of the peace, the aggrieved
party has the right of appeal to the circuit court
of the same county.

A Commonwealth's or State's attorney is also
elected in each district \ and a clerk of the cir-
cuit court is elected for each county. The com-
monwealth's attorney in the Ninth district is en-
titled to forty per cent, of the amount of all
judgments returnable to or for appearance in the
Jefferson circuit court. In other counties of the
State the fee is thirty per cent., unless the judg-
ment is less than $50, when he receives $5 in-
stead. Onc2 every four years, and oftener in
case of a vacancy, the judge appoints a master
commissioner for the court. When a receiver is
to be appointed in a case, the judge may appoint,
if the parties fail to do so, and may likewise ap-
point examiners to take depositions. For Jeffer-
son county, the office of interpreter of the circuit
court was specially created by legislative act Feb-
ruary 4, 1865. The incumbent thereof is ap-
pointed by the court, and is removable at the pleas-
ure of the judge. He may appoint the same
person who is serving as interpreter in the city
court of Louisville. Such officer must be thor-
oughly competent to speak both English and Ger-
man, is to hold his ofifice, unless removed, for
one year from date of appointment, and receive
a salary of $500 a year.

The Ninth Judicial district consisted for a
number of years of Jefferson, Shelby, Oldham,
Spencer, and Bullitt counties, but is now co-
incident with JeiTerson alone. In 1838 Jefferson
and Oldham composed the circuit.

THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.

This court was established by law February 8,
1867. It is virtually in perpetual session, and
all summons executed in any action in said court
in Jefferson county for twenty days, or for thirty
days in any other county of the State, is suffi-
cient to authorize a plaintiff or defendant to set
his action on the trial-docket for trial or hearing.
Actions in the court not contested are tried or
heard in open court as they are placed for trial

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

and called upon the trial docket, unless the judge
takes time to consider the law or fact in such ac-
tion, or time is given for argument of either the
law or fact of the case, when the court may lay
over the action to a future day.

If the judge of the court of common pleas is
at any time disabled from discharging his duties,
an election is held by the attorneys participating
in said court, for a judge pro tempore, who must
be one of their own number. Upon election, he
possesses the same powers, and draws during his
period of services the same salary, pro rata, as
the regular judge.

The judge of this court may appoint commis-
missioners to take depositions for the court. This
court is for Jefferson county alone.

THE COUNTY COURT.

A county judge is elected in each county,
whose term of office is four years. He holds
the quarterly courts, in which his jurisdiction is
concurrent with justices of the peace, in all civil
cases, in both law and equity. He has also juris-
diction throughout the county in proceedings
against constables for defalcations in office, and
has concurrent jurisdiction with the circuit court
in all civil cases where the amount in contro-
versy does not exceed $100, exclusive of interest
and costs, and where the title or boundary of
real estate is not in question. Land is not levied
on or sold under execution from the quarterly
court; but where any such execution has been
returned as finding no property, in whole or in
part, a certified copy of the judgment and ex-
ecution may be filed in the clerk's office of the
county in which the judgment was rendered,
which shall be copied in a book kept for the
purpose. The court may appoint a clerk, who
has power to issue summons, subpoenas, execu-
tions, etc. At its quarterly sessions it makes all
necessary orders relating to bridges, changes or
erections of precincts, and such matters as in
other States are usually confided to boards of
supervisors or county commissioners.

THE COUNTY JUDGE

is the probate judge or surrogate judge of the
county. His court is held quarterly, and must
remain in session until business on the docket is
disposed of. In it wills are proved, administra-
tors' and executors' business transacted, and the
customary matters relating to estates of deced-

ents are heard and determined. The judge has
exclusive jurisdiction to grant administration on
estates of deceased persons in Kentucky. He
may appoint or remove guardians; he has con-
current jurisdiction with justices of the peace in
all cases of riots and breaches of the peace,
and of all misdemeanors under the common law
or statutes of the Commonwealth. He is a con-
servator of the peace in his county, and has all
the powers of a justice of the peace in penal and
criminal proceedings and in courts of enquiry.
He has appellate jurisdiction of the judgements
of a justice, when the amount in controversy is
$5 or more, but not of judgments on injunctions
of forcible entry and detainer. He has concur-
rent jurisdiction with the circuit court where the
sum in controversy, exclusive of interest and
costs, does not exceed $100, and where the title
or boundary of real estate is not in question.
He is ex-officio presiding judge ot the quarterly
court ; when the sum in controversy in that court
is above $16, without reckoning interest and
costs, either party to the case may have a change
of venue to the circuit court of the same county,
by order of a circuit judge, upon the party de-
siring the change making affidavit that he does
not believe he can obtain a fair trial before the
presiding judge. And when the county judge
has not his office at the county-seat or within one
mile of it, or is absent from his office, the clerk
of the county court may issue the summons in
an action in the quarterly court in the same
manner and under the same circumstances as
the judge, and also subpoenas for witnesses, and
shall be allowed the same fees as the judge.

In his own court, or in the circuit court of his
county, the county judge is authorized to grant
injunctions and attachments at common law or
in chancery. He has jurisdiction to hold in-
quests upon idiots and lunatics. He shall be
his own clerk, with the powers and duties of
clerks of such courts, and must keep a record ot
his proceedings. For all services rendered in
the quarterly court, where their jurisdiction is
concurrent with the circuit court, the county
judge is entitled to the same fees allowed by law
to the clerks of circuit courts for similar services,
and where his jurisdiction is concurrent with jus
tices of the peace, he is entitled to justices' fee;
in like causes. He also examines and audit;
the accounts of the commissioners of cornmor

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

schools, for services rendered. He holds his
office for the term of four years.

THE CITY COURTS.

The city of Louisville has its own chancery
court and city court.

The act of General Assembly approved March
26, 1872, provides for the election of a vice-
chancellor for the period of six years, to discharge
the duties of chancellor in case of his absence or
incapacity for other reason to sit in a cause, and
also to hear and determine any other causes or
questions which may be assigned to him by the
chancellor. He may hold the Jefferson court of
common pleas, if the judge of that court be ab-
sent or incapacitated, and may hold the chancery
court to aid in clearing the docket of the com-
mon pleas. Hon. James Harlan was the first
vice-chancellor under this act.

A REMINISCENCE OF 1 786.

The following account is extracted from that
part of Mr. Casseday's entertaining History of
Louisville which deals with the events of 1786:

The following extracts from the records of the court during
this year will not give a very favorable idea of the high
degree of enlightenment among our ancestors in 1786. On
the 2ist of October in this year, it is recorded that "negro
Tom, a slave, the property of Robert Daniel," was con-
demned to death for stealing "two and thiee-fourth yards of
cambric, and some ribbon and thread, the property of James
Patten." This theft, small as it now appears, if estimated in
the currency of the times would produce an astonishing sum,
as will appear by the following inventory rendered to the
court of the property of a deceased person :
To a coat and waistcoat £250; an old blue do. , and

do. ;i^50 ^300

To pocket-book £6; part of an old shirt jT^ 9

To old blanket 6s; 2 bushels salt ;^48o 480 6s

£789 6s
These were the times when the price of whisky was fixed
by law at $30 the pint, and hotel-keepers were allowed and
expected to charge $12 for a breakfast and $6 for a bed. Pay-
ment, however, was always expected in the depreciated Con-
tinental money, then almost the only currency.

MR. flint's notes.

Mr. James Flint, a Scotchman, spent consider-
able time about the Falls, during the years
1819-20, and wrote many interesting observa-
tions and reflections to his friends abroad, which
were afterwards published at Edinburgh in a
book of Letters from America. In an epistle
dated at Jeffersonville, September 8, 1820, he
says:

I have made several short excursions into the country. I
was at Charlestown, the seat of justice in Clark county,

while the circuit court sat there, and had opportunities of
hearing the oratory of several barristers, which was delivered
in language strong, elegant, and polite. A spirit of emula-
tion prevails at the bar, and a gentleman of good taste in-
formed me that some young practitioners have made vast
progress within two or three years past. The United States
certainly opens an extensive field for eloquence.

The foregoing remarks, as well as those which
follow, were no doubt equally applicable on the
Kentucky side of the river. After some notice
of the composition of the court and the waggery
practiced by lawyers, Mr. Flint says :

Freedoms on the part of lawyers seem to be promoted in
the back country, in consequence of the bench being occa-
sionally filled with men who are much inferior to those at the
bar. The salary of the presiding judge. I have been told, is
only $700 a year. . . . The present presiding
judge is a man who has distinguished himself in Indian war-
fare. Whatever opinion you may form of the bench here,
you may be assured that it is occupied as a post of honor.

Amongst the business of the court, the trial of a man who
had stolen two horses excited much interest. On his being
sentenced to suffer thirty stripes, he was immediately led from
the bar to the whipping-post. Every touch of the cowhide
(a weapon formerly described) drew a red line across his
back.

THE COUNTY COURT-HOUSE

was built in 1838-39, substantially in the shape in
which it now appears. The city directory of those
years, published before its completion, boldly
says: "It will undoubtedly be the architectural
ornament of the place, if not of the whole West.
Its structure is stone facing, with a brick wall of
two feet in thickness."

THE OLD JAIL.

The jail (or "gaol," as he called it, after
the orthography then current), was described by
Dr. McMurtrie in 18 19 as "a most miserable
edifice, in a most filthy and ruinous condition,
first cousin to the Black Hole of Calcutta." A
new and more roomy one had been contracted
for, which was to be commenced shortly, and
"to be built, as is the old one, of stone, with
arched fire-proof apartments and cells secure, but
so constructed as to afford shelter to the unfor-
tunate victim of the law, who may there 'address
himself to sleep' without any fear of losing his
ears through the voracity of the rats and other
vermin that swarm in the present one."

A PILLORY AND WHIPPING-POST.

"It would be well," thought the humane Doc-
tor, "to surround the new building, when finished,
with a high stone wall and to inclose within its
limits that horrid-looking engine now standing
opposite the Court-house. I allude to the pillory

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

and whippingpost. Such things may perhaps
be necessary (and even that is very doubtful) for
the punishment of the guilty; but I am sure it
never came within the intention of the law to
inflict through it pain upon the innocent, its very
appearance, combined with a knowledge of its
uses, sufficing to blanch the cheek of every man
who is not, through custom or a heart callous to
the sufferings of humanity, totally regardless of
such scenes."

THE NEW JAIL.

The city and county jail was completed and
occupied in 1844. It was 72 feet long by 42 wide,
and in its construction resembled in many re-
spects the celebrated Moyamensing Prison, at
Philadelphia. It had 48 single cells, each 6 feet
by 10, and double cells, 10 feet by 13, all of solid
stone and dry, well warmed and ventilated. They
opened on interior galleries, constructed of
wrought iron to the third story. A large cistern
on the third gallery supplied the prisoners with
water, and was also used to clean the conduits
from the cells. Gas was used in all parts of the
prison. Its architecture was Gothic, with a para-
pet wall three feet high, and turrets and watch-
towers, a cupola for a bell, and a copper covered
roof. The whole was enclosed with a wall twen-
ty feet high, of brick, in a stone foundation plast-
ered and pebble-dashed.' The original plan, sub-
sequently abandoned, contemplated a subter-
ranean communication between it and the Court-
house. The city architect, Mr. John Jeffrey,
drew the plan for this building aud superintended
its construction.

CHAPTER IV.

MILITARY RECORD OF JEFFERSON COUNTY.

Introductory — The Revolutionary War — Clark's Great
Achievement — Bowman's Expedition — Captain Harrod's
Company of 1780 — Clark's Later Expeditions — The Ken-
tucky Board of War — General Scott's Expeditions — Wil-
kinson's Expedition — Hopkins's Expedition — The War of
1812-15 — The Jefferson County Contingent — The Mexi-
can War — The Utah War — The War of the Rebellion —
Movements in Louisville — A Delegation to Cincinnati —
Recruiting Begun — The Sanitary Commission — State Mili-
tary Officers from Louisville — General and Staff Officers
from Louisville— The Jefferson County Contingent— The

Infantry Regiments— The Cavalry Regiments— The Bat-
teries—State Militia in United States Service — The Louis-
ville Legion — The Louisville Troops in the Southerr
Army.

The soldiership of the region now or ancientl)
included within the limits of Jefferson count}
began more than a century ago ; and Kentucky
military history, recorded in full, would make a
book in itself, comprising as it does much of the
entire narrative of Indian and border warfare in
the Northwest during a period of nearly forty
years. It is a brilliant page in the annals of the
conflict of civilization with savagery that is filled
by the story ot the men of Kentucky, and by
none more nobly than by those who clustered in
the early day about the Falls of the Ohio. When-
ever, too, in a later time, the call to arms has
come, the martial blood of Jefferson county,
flowing unimpaired in the veins of worthy de-
scendants of noble sires, has stirred again with
the fierce joy of battle, a^jti sent forth many a
heio to do and die for the cause to which he
gave his allegiance. To the Indian wars of the
last quarter of the last century and the first of
this; to the war of the Revolution; the last war
with Great Britain ; the prolonged skirmish with
Mexico; to both the Northern and Southern
armies in the recent great civil conflict, the con-
tingents from this county have been large and
brave and effective in the field, in proportion to
the numbers then settled here, as those from any
other part of the land, placed amid similar cir-
cumstances. It is a proud record which Jeffer-
son county contributes to the history of wars in
the New World. We can but outline it in this
work.

THE REVOLUTiONARY WAR.

Until near the close of this eventful struggle,
Louisville was not, even in name; and Jefferson
county had not yet been set apart from the vast
domain so far comprised in the State of Virginia.
The State of Kentucky to-be was as yet the
great county of Kentucky. Nevertheless, the
region around the Falls is associated with one of
most interesting and important events of the
entire seven-years' contest, in that here was the
final point of departure from civilized settlements,
for the renowned expedition of General George
Rogers Clark, in the summer of 1778, against
the Illinois country, which permanently retrieved
that region from the British possession, for the
rising young empire of the United States. The

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

story is well told, with sufficient fullness for 8tir
purposes, in the Rev. John A. McClung's Out-
line History, included in CoUins's History of
Kentucky :

When Clark was in Kentucky, in the summer ot 1776, he
tfeok a more comprehensive survey of the Western country
tl«an the rude pioneers around him; his keen military eye was
cast upon the Northwestern posts, garrisoned by British
troops, and affording inexhaustible supplies of arms and am-
munition to the small predatory bands of Indians which in-
fested Kentucky. He saw plainly that they were the true
fountains from which the thousand little annual rills of Indian
rapme and murder took their rise, and he formed the bold
project of striking at the root of the evil.

The Revolutionary war was then raging, and the Western
posts were too remote from the great current of events to at-
tract, powerfully, the attention of either friend or foe; but to
Kentucky they were objects of capital interest. He un-
folded his plan to the Executive of Virginia, awakened him
to a true sense of its importance, and had the address to ob-
tain from the impoverished Legislature a few scanty supplies
of men and munitions for his favorite project. Undismayed by
the scaniincis of his means, he embarked in the expedition
with all ihi ardor of his character. A few State troops were
fuinished by Virginia, a few scouts and guides by Kentucky,
and. with a secresy and celerity of movement never surpassed
by Napoleon in his palmiest days, he embarked in his daring
project.

Having descended the Ohio in boats to the Falls, he there
landed thii teen families who had accompanied him from Pitts-
burg, as emigrants to Kentucky, and by whom the founda-
tion of Louisville was laid. Continuing his course down the
Ohio, he disembarked his troops about sixty miles above the
mouth of that river, and marching on foot through a pathless
wilderness, he came upon Kaskaskia [on the 4th of luly] as
suddenly and unexpectedly as if he had descended from the
skies. The British officer in command, Colonel Rochdu-
blare, and his garrison, surrendered to a force which they
could have repelled with ease, if warned of their approach;
but never, in the annals of war, was surprise more complete.
Having secured and sent off his prisoners to Virginia, Clark
was employed for some time in conciliating the inhabitants,
who, being French, readily submitted to the new order of
things. In the meantime, a storm threatened him from
Vincennes. Governor Hamilton, who commanded the Brit-
ish force in the Northwest, had actively employed himself
during the fall season in organizing a large army of savages,
with whom, in conjunction with his British force, he deter-
mined not only to crush Clark and his handful of adventur-
ers, but to desolate Kentucky, and even seize Fort Pitt. The
season, however, became so far advanced before he had
completed his preparations, that he determined to defer the
project until spring, and in the meantime, to keep his Indians
employed, he launched them against the frontiers of Pennsyl-
vania and Virginia, intending to concentrate them early in
the spring, and carry out his grand project.

Clark in the meantime lay at Kaskaskia, revolving the diffi-
culties of his situation, and employing his spies diligently in
learning intelligence of his enemy. No sooner was he in-
formed of the dispersion of Hamilton's Indian force, and that
he lay at Vincennes with his regulars alone, than he deter-
mined to strike Vincennes as he had struck Kaskaskia. The
march' was long, the season inclement, the road passed
through an untrodden wilderness and through overflowed

bottoms; his stock of provisions was scanty, and was to be
carried upon the backs of his men. He could only muster
one hundred and thirty men; but, inspiring this handful with
his own heroic spirit, he plunged boldly into the wilderness
which separated Kaskaskia from Vincennes, resolved to
strike his enemy in the citadel of his strength or perish in the
effort. The difficulties of the march were great, beyond
what his daring spirit had anticipated. For days his route
led through the drowned lands of Illinois; his stock of pro-
visions became exhausted, his guides lost their way, and the
most intrepid of his followers at times gave way to despair.
At length they emerged from the drowned lands, and Vin-
cennes, like Kaskaskia, was completely surprised. The Gov-
ernor and garrison became prisoners of war, and, like their
predecessors at Kaskaskia, were sent on to Virginia. The
Canadian inhabitants readily submitted, the neighboring
tribes were overawed, and some of them became allies, and
the whole of the adjacent country became subject to Virginia,
which employed a regiment of State troops in maintaining
and securing their conquest. A portion of this force was af-
terwards permanently stationed at Louisville, where a fort
was erected, and where Clark established his headquarters.

The story of this fort and its successors will be
told in connection with the annals of Louisville,
to which division of our narrative it seems more
properly to belong.

The following-named soldiers of the Revolu-
tion were found to be still living in Jefferson
county as late as July, 1840: Benjamin Wilke-
son, aged 95 ; Levin Cooper, Sr., aged 87 ;
Samuel Conn, aged 78; John Murphy, aged 76;
Jane Wilson (probably a soldier's widow), aged
78. Many had by this time died or been killed in
war who were known to have been Revolution-
ary soldiers, as Colonel Richard C. Anderson,
General George Rogers Clark, Colonel John
Floyd, and other heroes of the war for inde-
pendence.

bowman's expedition.

The next year after Clark's great achievement
is made famous, in part, by the expedition of
Colonel John Bowman, county lieutenant of
Kentucky — not against white enemies, but
against the savages of the Miami country, now
in the State of Ohio. His coinmand, variously
estmiated as numbering one hundred and sixty
to three hundred men, did not rendezvous here,
but certainly included a company from the Falls,
numbering enough to make a large fraction of
the entire force. It was commanded by the
celebrated Kentucky pioneer and Indian fighter,
William Harrod. Long afterwards one of the
witnesses in a land case involving early titles in
Kentucky testified that "a certain William Har-
rod, who, this deponent concludes, commanded
then at the Falls of the Ohio, harangued the

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

proprietors then there showing the necessity of
the expedition, and that the settlers from other
parts of Kentucky were desirous of having the
expedition carried into effect." Another sur-
vivor testified in 1804: "The men from the
Falls were directed to meet us at the mouth of
Licking with boats to enable us to cross." They
took two batteaux, which were of material assist-
ance to the little army in the crossing.

The unfortunate history of this expedition is
well known. It was directed particularly against
the Indian town of Old Chillicothe, near the
present site ot Xenia — the same visited by Cap-
tain Bullitt some years before, and the place
where Daniel Boone was held a prisoner and
whence he escaped in June, 1778. The men
were collected in May, crossed the Ohio at the
mouth of the Licking, moved in single file along
the narrow Indian trail through the dense woods
of the plain and up the rich valley now occupied
by the great city of Cincinnati and its suburbs,
and soon neared the savage stronghold. Says
Mr, McClung in his Outline History:

The march was well conducted, the plan of attack well
concerted, and the division led by Logan performed its part
well. Yet the whole failed by feason ol a want of promptness
and concert in taking advantage of the surprise, or by misun-
derstandmg orders. Logan's division was compelled to make
a disorderly retreat to the main column, and the rout
quickly became general. All would have been lost but for
the daring bravery of some of the subordinate officers, who
charged the enemy on horseback and covered the retreat ;
but the failure was as complete as it was unexpected.

There were some redeeming features, how-
ever, to offset the comparative failure. Two
noted chiefs of the enemy, Blackfeet and Red
Hawk, were killed, one hundred and sixty-three
horses and much other spoil were seized, and the
Indian town was destroyed.

CAPTAIN HARROD'S COMPANY.

It is probable that most of the men from the
fortified stations at and near the Falls of the
Ohio, who are known to have been members of
Captain Harrod's company the next year, were
out m Colonel Bowman's expedition. Lieuten-
ant James Patten was certainly with it, as he is
mentioned by name and title in the depositions
of 1804. The following is the roster of the
company, numbering ninety-six (the Falls com-
pany with Bowman counted about sixty), as it
stood in 1780, and as given in the first volume
of Collins's History. Some of the names are

doubtless wrongly spelt, as the rolls were fre
quently made up by officers or clerks who,
though wonderfully learned in forest-craft and
Indian fighting, were quite independent of for
mulas m orthography, and spelt more by sound
than by the prescriptions of dictionaries and
spelling-books:

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William Harrod.
Lieutenant James Patton.
Ensign Ed. Bulger.

PRIVATES.

Peter Balance, Alexander Barr, James Brand. John Buck-
ras, A. Cameron, Amos Carpenter, Solomon Carp>enter,
Benjamin Carter, Thomas Carter, Reuben Case, Thomas
Cochran, John Conway, John Corbley, John Crable, Robert
Dickey, Daniel Driskill, Isaac Dye, John Eastwood, Samuel
Forrester, Joseph Frakes, Samuel Frazee, John Galloway,
William Galloway, James Garrison, Joseph Goins, Isaac
Goodwin, Samuel Goodwin, James Guthrie, Daniel Hall,
William Hall, John Hatt, Evan Henton, Thomas Henton,
William Hickman, A. Hill, Andrew Hill, Samuel Hinck,
Frederick Honaker, Joseph Hughes, Rowland Hughes,
Michael Humble, John Hunt, Abram James, John Kenney,
Valentine Kinder, Moses Kuykendall, John Lewis, John
Lincant, Samuel Lyon, Patrick McGee, Samuel Major,
Amos Mann, Edward Murdoch, John Murdoch, Richard
Morris, William Morris, William Oldham, John Paul,
George Phelps, Joseph Phelps, Samuel Pottinger, F. Potts,
Reuben Preble, Urban Ranner, Benjamin Rice, Reed Rob-
bins, Thomas Settle, William Smiley, Jacob Speck, John
Stapleton, James Stewart, James Stewart, Daniel Stull,
Miner Sturgis, Peter Sturgis, James Sullivan, William Swan,
Joseph Swearingen, Samuel Swearingen, Van Swearingen,
Robert Thorn, John Tomton, Beverly Trent, Thomas Trib-
ble. Robert Tyler, Abraham Vanmetre, Miohael Valleto,
Joseph Warlord, James Welch, Abram Whitaker, Aquilla
Whitaker, Jacob Wickersham, Ed. Wilson.

Clark's later expeditions.
In July of this year (1780), Colonel Clark
ordered out his battalion of State troops from
the fort and stations about Louisville, to which
were joined the forces from other parts of Ken-
tucky, altogether numbering one thousand men,
for another invasion of the Indian country.
Colonels Benjamin Logan and William Linn,
respectively, were at the head of the regiments
formed. They rendezvoused at the usual place,
at the mouth of the Licking, crossed the Ohio
and pushed into the interior, where Clark de-
feated the natives in a pitched battle, destroyed
the Indian towns and devastated the corn-fields
at Piqua and Old Chillicothe, and captured the
English trading-post at Loramie's store, far up
the Miami country, near the present western
boundary of Ohio. This expedition is notable,
in good part, for having built a blockhouse dur-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

ing the movement northward,, upon a spot t^p-
posite the mouth of the Licking, the first
house built by civiHzed hands (unless by the
Mound Builders) upon the subsequent site
of Cincinnati. The invasion was undertaken to
retaliate for captures made and atrocities com-
mitted by an expedition under the English
Colonel Byrd, who came down from Detroit the
previous June with a mixed force of Canadians
and Indians, went up the Licking and reduced
Riddell's and Martin's stations, near that river.

During the same summer — probably earlier
than the Miami expedition — Colonel Clark was
instructed to execute a plan which had been con-
templated more than two years before by Patrick
Henry, while Governor of Virginia, and had
been embodied in orders by his successor,
Thomas Jefferson, "to establish a post near the
mouth of the Ohio, with cannon to fortify it."
Clark took about two hundred of his troops from
the Falls, went down the Ohio to its mouth, and
thence about five miles down the Mississippi to
a place at the mouth of Mayfield creek, called
the Iron Banks, where he erected Fort Jefferson,
named from the Governor and future President,
with several blockhouses attached — a strong and
useful work. One object of establishing the
post here was to signify the title of the United
States'to all the territory in this direction to the
Mississippi. The Chickasaw Indians, however,
claimed this region as their hunting-ground; and,
as their consent to the erection of the fort had
not been obtained, they soon began maraud-
ing and murdering about it, and finally, in
1 78 1, besieged it for several days. The garrison
and the settlers crowded within the work were
reduced to great distress, but were finally relieved
by the arrival of Clark from Kaskaskia, with pro-
visions and reinforcements. The difficulty of
supplying the fort led to its abandonment not
long after. During the late War of the Rebel-
lion, a singularly long iron cannon, of six-pound
calibre, buried under the old fort, was partly ex-
posed by the wash of the river and the
rest dug out by the owner of the spot, from
whom It was taken by the Federal soldiers to
Cairo. The site is now in Ballard county, one
of the latest formed in the State, and named
from Captain Bland Ballard, the famous pioneer
and border warrior of the Louisville region.

In November, 1782, in punishment for the ter

rible defeat inflicted upon the Kentuckians, in-
cluding Boone, Kenton, Todd, Trigg, and other
famous pioneers, at the battle of Lower Blue
Licks, m August, Clark (now brigadier-general)
made his final expedition against the Indian
towns of the upper Miami county. He called
out the Kentucky militia, of which one division,
under Colonel John Floyd, assembled at the
Falls. The other, commanded by Colonel Ben-
jamin Logan, got together at Bryan's Station;
and then all, to the number of 1,050 men, ren-
dezvoused at the mouth of the Licking. They
made a rapid march some one hundred and
thirty miles northward, completely surprising the
enemy, destroying the principal town of the
Shawnees, many villages and cornfields, and the
trading-post at Loramie's, which was thoroughly
plundered, and the contents distributed among
the soldiers of the expedition. The Indians
thenceforth ceased to invade Kentucky and har-
ass the settlements from this quarter. Accord-
ing to some statements, two block-houses were
built upon the site of Cincinnati by men of this
expedition, near one of which was buried Captain
McCracken, a brave soldier who was wounded by
the Indians in a skirmish, and died as he was
being borne back in a rude litter over one of the
neighboring hills.

Clark's last expedition against the red men
was his only unsuccessful one. It was under-
taken in September, 1786, to check the persistent
depredation? and outrages of the Wabash In-
dians. Mr. McClung gives the following excel-
lent summary of the unhappy event and its re-
sults. According to this writer, the expedi-
tion was undertaken in response to the demands
of the people, but in violation of solemn treaties
made by Congress, and the absence of any legal
power or instructions from higher authority to
undertake it. If so, the ventuie met with merited
failure.

A thousand volunteers under General Clark rendezvoused

at Louisville, with the determination thoroughly to chastise

the tribes upon the Wabash. Provisions and ammunition

were furnished by individual contribution, and were placed

on board of nine keel-boats, which were ordered to proceed

to Vincennes by water, while the volunteers should march to

the same point by land.

I The flotilla, laden with provisions and munitions of war,

I encountered obstacles in the navigation of the Wabash

I which had not been foreseen, and was delayed beyond the

time which had been calculated. [Large part of the supplies

of food was thus spoiled.] The detachment moving by land

reached the point of rendezvous first, and awaited for fifteen

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

days the arrival of the keel-boat's. This long interval of in-
action gAve time for the unhealthy humors of the volunteers
to ferment, and proved fatal to the success of the expedi-
tion. The habits of General Clark had also become intem-
perate, and he no longer possessed tlie undivided confidence
of his men. A detachment of three hundred volunteers
broke ofi from the main body, and took up the line of march
for their homes. Clark remonstrated, entreated, even shed
tears of grief and mortification ; but all in vain. The result
was a total disorganization of the force, and a return to
Kentucky, to the bitter mortification of the commander in
chief, whose brilliant reputation for the time suffered a total
eclipse.

This expedition led to other ill consequences. The con-
vention which should have assembled in September, was un-
able to muster a quorum, the majority of its members having
marched under Clark upon the ill-fated expedition. A num-
ber of the delegates assembled at Danville at the appointed
time, and adjourned from day to day until January, when a
quorum, at length was present, and an organization effected.
In the meantime, however, the minority of the convention,
who had adjourned from day to day, had prepared a me-
morial to the Legislature of Virginia, informing them of the
circumstances which had prevented the meeting of the con-
vention, and suggesting an alteration of some of the clauses
of the act , which gave dissatisfaction to their constituents,
and recommending an extension of the time within which the
consent of Congress was required. This produced a total
revision of the act by the Virginia Legislature, whereby an-
other convention was required to be elected in August of
1787, to meet at Danville in September of the same year,
and again take into consideration the great question, already
decided by four successive conventions, and requiring a ma-
jority of two-thirds to decide in favor of separation, before
the same should be effected. The time when the laws of
Virginia were to cease was fixed on the ist day of January,
1789, instead of September, 1787, as was ordered in the first
act; and the 4th of July, 1788, was fixed upon as the period,
before Congress should express its consent to the admission
of Kentucky iuto the Union.

General Clark soon afterwards sent Colonel
Logan, then in camp on Silver creek, on the In-
diana side, on a recruiting excursion into Ken-
tucky, with instructions to make a raid upon the
Ohio Shawnees. Logan raised about five hun-
dred men, with which he crossed the Ohio at
Limestone (now Maysville), marched to the
headwaters of the Mad river, killed the principal
chief and about twenty warriors of the tribe, cap-
tured seventy or eighty Indians, destroyed several
towns and a great amount of standing corn, and
marched triumphantly back to Kentucky.

THE "board of war."

In January, 1791, the continuing border war-
fare made it advisable, on the part of the Gen-
eral Government, in response to the petition of
the people that they be allowed to fight the In-
dians at discretion and in their own way, to cre-
ate a sort of subordinate War Department in Ken-

tucky, which was accordingly done. A "board
of war" for the District of Kentucky was ap-
pointed, consisting of Brigadier-General Charles
Scott, Isaac Shelby, Colonel Benjamin Logan,
John Brown, and Harry Innes. To this board
was committed discretionary power to provide for
the defense of the settlers and the prosecution
of border wars. They were authorized, whenever
they thought the rtieasure demanded by the ex-
igencies of the situation, to call the local militia
into the service of the United States, to serve
with the regular forces. As will be seen by the
names, Jefferson county, which had by this time
been formed, had her honorable share in the
composition of the board.

GENERAL SCOTX'S EXPEDITION.

Soon after the appointment of this board, on
the 9th of March, 1791, President Washington
issued an order authorizing it "to call into the
service a corps of volunteers for the District of
Kentucky, to march on an expedition against
the Indians northwest of the Ohio, and to be
commanded by Brigadier-General C. Scott," who
was himself, it will be remembered, the head of
the board. Eight hundred mounted men, of
which Jefferson county furnished its full con-
tingent, were collected at the mouth of the Ken-
tucky, where the Ohio was crossed, and a march
begun upon thfe Indian towns on the Wabash,
not far from the present location of Lafayette,
Indiana. Here the chief town of the natives,
Ouiatenon, a village of about seventy huts, was
destroyed, with other clusters of wretched homes.
The Indians were encountered several times dur-
ing the campaign, but were invariably defeated,
with loss of about fifty killed; and a large num-
ber of them were taken prisoners.

The muster-roll of one of the companies
"mustered in at the Rapids of the Ohio, June
15, 1 791, by Captain B. Smith, First United
States regiment," has been preserved and is
printed by Mr. Collins in his second volume.
It IS that of the company of mounted Kentucky
volunteers, recruited by Captain James Brown
for the expedition against the Wea Indians, com-
manded by Brigadier-General Charles Scott. As
will be seen by the roll, the command consisted
of one captain, one lieutenant, one ensign, four
sergeants, and seventy-one privates present and
one absent (James Craig, who was "lost in the

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

woods" while traveling from the interior to
Louisville).

ROLL OF CAPTAIN BROWN'S COMPANY.
COMMISSIONED OFFICH-KS.

Captain James Brown.
Lieutenant William McConnell.
Ensign Joshua Barbae.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Joseph Mosby.
Second Sergeant Adam Hanna.
Third Sergeant Samuel Mcllvain.
Fourth Sergeant William Kincaid.

PRIVATES.

Aaron Adams. William Baker, Edward Bartlett, Alexander
Black, John Brown, .Samuel Buckner, Richard Burk, John
Caldwell, Phillips Caldwell, Peter Carr, John Caswell, Wil-
liam Clark, Robert Conn, James Craig, Robert Curry, Wil-
liam Davidson, AVilliam Dougherty, Hugh Drennon, Nat.
Dryden, Alexander Dunlap, James Dunlap, Robert EUiston,
Matthew English, John Ferrell, Benjamin Fisher, Morgan
Forbes, James Forgus, John Fowler, Alexander Gilmore, Job
Glover, John Hadden, Robert Hall, Thomas Hanna, Wil-
liam Hanna, Randolph Han is, John Henderson, Andrew
Hodge, David Humphreys, David Humphries, Robert Irvin,
Samuel Jackson, Gabriel Jones, David Knox, James Knox,
Nicholas Leigh, Richard Lewis, George Loar, Abraham Mc-
Clellan, Joseph McDowell, John Mcllvaine, Moses Mcll-
vaine, James Nourse, Robert Patterson, John Peoples, Arthur
Points, Francis Points, Percy Pope, Samuel Porter, Benjamin
Price, William Reading, William Rogers, George Sia, Wil-
liam Smith, John Speed, John Stephenson, Joseph Stephen-
son, Robert Stephenson, Samuel Stephenson, John Strick-
land, Edmund Taylor, Stephen Trigg, Joshua vVhittington.

ANOTHER SCOTT EXPEDITION.

More than two years afterwards, in October,
i793» ^he same General Scott led a reinforce-
ment of one thousand Kentucky cavalry across
the Ohio and up the Miami country, to reinforce
the army of General Wayne, then in the vicinity
of Fort Jefferson, about eighty miles north of
Cincinnati. On the 24th of that month he re-
ported his fine command to "Mad Anthony;"
but they had to be sent home, as the season was
late, supplies were too scarce to subsist them,
and no immediate attack upon the Indians was
contemplated. A larger number of Kentuckians,
however, under the same general, joined Wayne
in July of the next year, and shared in the glori-
ous victory of the Battle of the Fallen Timbers.
Wilkinson's expedition.

In Scott's expedition of May, 1791, the sec-
ond in command was Colonel James Wilkinson,
who afterwards, as General Wilkinson, was com-
mander in chief of the Western forces, with
his headquarters at Fort Washington, Cincinnati.
He was also implicated in the Franco-Spanish in-

trigues of 1793-95, instigated in Kentucky by
the French Minister, Genet, with a view to wrest-
ing Louisiana by force from the domination of
the Spanish. August i, 1791, the Kentucky
Board of War dispatched Colonel Wilkinson by
way of Fort Washington, with five hundred and
twenty-three Kentuckians, to burn the Indian
towns and destroy the corn-fields near the junc-
tion of the Wabash and Eel rivers. They make
their march and effect their destruction, with
little loss of human life on either side. Louis-
ville is the point where the march ends and the
expedition disbands. August 21st, Wilkinson
reaches this place, delivers his captives to the
commanding ofificery. and dismisses his force.
The general resided for a time here and in other
parts of Kentucky.

Hopkins's expedition.
A larger force than any that had hitherto col-
lected at the Falls for operations against the
Indians, gathered here in October, 1812, under
General Samuel Hopkins. The war with Great
Britain had opened in June; Hull had surrend-
ered his army at Detroit; the invasion of Canada
from the Niagara had failed, and the Indians, in
great number and with relentless atrocity, were
harassing the border settlements. One thousand
five hundred volunteers were called for by Isaac
Shelby, first Governor of the State, now again in
the executive chair, after the lapse of twenty
years since he first took the oath of office. More
than two thousand responded to the call, and
were all received into the temporary service.
They marched gaily away into the Indian coun-
try; but when their supplies began to give out,
and marches in deep swamps and across path-
less prairies wearied the flesh, their martial ardor
cooled. Suddenly, in the same independent
spirit which had led to the abandonment of the
gallant Clark sixteen years before, they rise in
revolt, refuse [to obey orders or remain longer,
and start in straggling parties upon the return
march. The expedition failed without having
met the enemy or smelt a grain of hostile pow-
der. It was the last of the Kentucky expedi
tions against the savages.

THE WAR OF 1812-15.

Little is known at this day, beyond what we
have related, of the effects in this region of the
last war with Great Britain. It is mattiai'»ol.his-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

tory that the earliest volunteers from Kentucky,
under Colonels Allen Lewis and Scott, left their
homes, in general, on the 12th of August, 181 2,
rendezvoused at Georgetown, marched thence
along the Dry ridge to the Ohio, opposite Cincin-
nati, where they remained a few days, and then
moved northward to Piqua, and on to the relief
of Fort Wayne, meeting as they went the news
of the disgraceful surrender of Hall at Detroit.
We have no information as to the share Jefferson
county had, if any, in this force at the northward.

One company at least was recruited, or rather
drafted, in this region in the fall of 1814, to join
the army of General Jackson at New Orleans.
There does not seem to have been a wild enthu-
siasm at this time to smell gunpowder; the com-
pany, as may be seen below, was composed
largely of substitutes; and a number of its mem-
bers, both drafted and substitutes, failed to .re-
port for duty. The roll included the names of
ninety-four officers and men; but this number
was sadly cut down before they reached the
Crescent city. Upon the embarkation from
Louisville, November 21, Captain Joyes drew ra-
tions for seventy-four men, and in middle De-
cember for but fifty-three, though he added for
two more the latter part of that month.

This company was led by Captain Thomas
Joyes, of the well-known pioneer family of
Louisville. Though now but a youth of twenty-
six years, he had already seen severe service in
the escort of baggage-trains going from Louis-
ville to Vincennes in the latter part of 18 12, and
afterwards as a spy and ranger under General
Hopkins, commanding at Vincennes, and then in
the quartermaster's department at that place. He
became a captain in the Thirteenth Regiment of
Kentucky Detached Militia, and was recalled
into service by Governor Shelby in November,
1814, with his company. The diary of his ser-
vice in Indiana has been preserved, and it is in
possession of Patrick Joyes, Esq., of Louisville,
but contains nothing necessary to this History.

The camp of the Thirteenth Regiment was
pitched on Beargrass creek, at no great distance
from the river,and was officially known as " Camp
Beargrass." Colonel Slaughter's (Fifteenth)
regiment of detached militia, and Lieutenant-
Colonel Gray's (the Thirteenth) formed the camp,
with Major-General Thomas personally in com-
mand. Captain Joyes's company, and probably

the other companies, wer^ mustered into service
November 10, 18 14. After some delay in col-
lecting vessels and supplies, the commands were
embarked in flatboats on the 21st of November,
and started on the long and tedious voyage down
the Ohio and Mississippi. The troops had been
but poorly provided in camp, and they fared
worse in their crowded and frail barks, many of
them being without even a plank to shelter
them, and many becoming sick from the ex-
posure and hardship. New Orleans was reached
at last, J^juary 3, 1815; but the boats floated
on to a landing some distance below, where the
troops disembarked and encamped near Camp
Jackson, making shelter of the planks of their
boats. Nothing of note occurred till the even-
ing of the 7th, when, says Captain Joyes in his
journal of the campaign, which has also been pre-
served :

About two hundred and forty of Colonel Davis's regiment
[late Colonel Gray's] were detached to cross the river, to re-
pulse the enemy, who was expected to land on the opposite
side, to assail our little establishment there, they having cut
a canal from the bayou where their launches lay in the
swamp to the Mississippi, by which means they got their
boats through and finally effected a landing that night below
General Morgan's camp, whose men lay in apparent tran-
quillity, without an endeavor to intercept them. Our detach-
ment reached General Morgan's camp a little after daylight,
having been detained by every sentinel on our way up to the
city, where we crossed fhe river in wood-boats, procured by
me under direction of T. L. Butler, and similarly impeded
on our way down on the other side. So soon as we reached
General Morgan's camp, we were ordered to lay down our
knapsacks, etc., and push on to meet the enemy, who was
approaching with precipitation. At this moment a test
rocket was thrown from the enemy's camp, which we suf)-
posed was the signal for an attack, as the cannons were let
loose like thunder. Our situation on the Camp Morgan side
being an unfortunate one, and the field officers who ought to
have commanded us not having come, we were disposed at
random. Myself and thirty-odd of my company, who were
on the front flank, next the enemy, were ordered out as a
flanking party; and, the swamp being so impenetrable, we
were unable to make in. Having got below the firing of the
retreat and pushed up the levee, we got in this dismal swamp
and attempted to come, when we discovered we had run al-
most up to the British. We then wheeled and ran in a di-
rection up the river to make for our party, whom we supposed
to be retreating. At length, after a horrid ramble, we
reached a picket-guard which our party had placed out.
They conducted us in to where our troops lay in the action.
Joseph Tyler, of my company, was killed, James Stewart
wounded, and Thomas Ross taken prisoner.

The Louisville company, then, being on the
west side of the river, did not share in the glori-
ous victory won that day on the other shore, in
which many other Kentuckians had part.

192

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

The remainder of the service was uneventful.
On the 13th of March news of the peace arrived,
and about the i8th the army was disbanded.
The company returned to Louisville^ and was
there mustered out May 10, 181 5.

ROLL OF CAPTAIN JOYKS'S COMPANY.

Muster roll of a company of mfantry, under
the command of Captain Thomas Joyes, in the
Thirteenth regiment of Kentucky militia, com-
manded by Lieutenant-Colonel Presley Gray, in
the service of the United States, commanded by
Major-General John Thomas, from November
10, 1814:

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Thomas Joyes.
Lieutenant Andrew Pottorff.
Ensign Samuel Earickson.

NON-COMMISSIOITED OFFICERS.

Sergeant John Hadley, substitute for William W. Lawes.
Sergeant James B. Finnell, substitute for John H. Voss.
Sergeant John Booker.
Sergeant John Bainbridge.
Corporal John Ray.

Corporal William Sale, substitute for Samuel Boscourt.
Corporal Alex. Calhoon, substitute for Jacob Smiser, Jr.
Corporal William Duerson.

Musician Anson S. Milliard, substitute for Courtney M.
Tuley.
Musician Peter Marlow, substitute for K. Campion.

PRIVATES.

Christopher Kelly, substitute for Lewis Pottorff.
Nathaniel Floyd, substitute for Jacob Hikes.
Alex. Ralston, substitute for Michael Berry.
Westley Martin, substitute for Henry Martin.
Adam Groshart.
Jacob Brinley.
Thomas Dunn.
John Little, Jr.
Godfrey Meddis.

Thomas Talbott, substitute for John Reed.
Isaac Batman.
John Sebastian.

Cornelius Croxton, substitute for Thomas Long.
Joseph Tyler, killed 8th of January [ 1815 ] in battle.
Mason Hill, substitute for George B. Didlick.
William Littell, discharged by habeas corpus.
Hugh Carson, substitute for H. W. Merriwether.
David Turner, absentee, claimed not legally drafted.
Samuel Vance, absentee.

Price Parish, substitute for William Anderson.
Jacob Hubbs, substitute for Alex. Pope.
John Grenawalt.

Abraham Balee, substitute for James Hughes.
James Stewart, substitute for William Ferguson ; wounded
8th January, 1815, in battle.
James Risley.

Gershom Rogers, failed to appear.
John Booty, substitute for Ebenezer Buckman.
George R. C. Floyd, discharged by habeas corpus.
John Miller, substitute.for Solomon Neal.

John Merryfield, substitute for Thomas S. Baker.

Levi Miller, substitute for Charles Stevens.

James Chinoweth, discharged by court of enquiry.

William Johnston, substitute for James Johnston.

James Glasgow.

John Jones, substitute for Robert McConnell.

Patrick Stowers, substitute for Samuel Stowers.

Philip Traceler, substitute for James Fontaine.

William Myrtle.

Samuel Lashbrook, substitute for James A. Pearce.

George Jackson, substitute for Daniel Carter.

William Cardwell.

John Glasgow, substitute for Thomas Colscott.

Moses Williams, [substitute for ?] John Yenawine, Sr.

Robert B. Ames, substitute for Charles Ray.

John Robbins.

Stephen J ohnston, discharged by court of enquiry.

John Fowler.

Peter Omer.

Jacob Slaughter, substitute for William Hodgin.

James Woodward, substitute for George Markwell.

George Miller.

Moses Guthrie.

Samuel Holt, substitute for John .Sousley.

Jesse Wheeler, substitute for Moses Williamson.

William Thickston.

Moses Welsh.

Squire Davis, substitute for Thomas McCauley.

William Newkirk.

William Junkins, absentee.

Isaac Mayfield, substitute for Jeremiah Starr.

Francis D. Carlton.

John Bagwell, substitute for Jacob Martin.

Charles Cosgrove, substitute for George Brown.

Philip Manville, absent.

Patrick Dougherty.

William Elms.

George R. Pearson, substitute for Thomas Pearson.

Absalom Brandenburgh, substitute for Joshua Heading-
ton.

Chester Pierce, substitute for James Garrett.

William Steele, substitute for J ohn Keesacker.

John Morrow, substitute for John D. Colmesnil.

John O'Hanlon.

Benjamin K. Beach, failed to appear; substitute for John
M. Poague.

John Laville, absent.

Harvey Ronte, absent.

Reason Reagan, absent.

John McCord, absent.

Thomas Ross, substitute for Silas C. Condon ; captured
by the enemy 8th January, 1815.

Michael Stout, substitute for Arltun McCauley.

Abner C. Voung.

John Minter.

THE MEXICAN WAR.

No military movement calling for aid from
Kentucky could have occurred since the white
man first set the stakes of civilization at the Falls
of the Ohio, without calling out as large a pro-
portion of the fighting men of this region as
went from any other part of Kentucky, or of the
Northwest. Every war from the beginning of

^^^

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

warfare in America, after the settlement of the
Ohio valley began, had in it a large contingent
from Louisville and Jefiferson county. This was
eminently the case when the Mexican war broke
out, in which Kentucky volunteers bore so great
and distinguished a part. May 13, 1846, the
Congress of the United States made formal
declaration that, "by the act of the Republic of
Mexico [the invasion of the soil of Texas,] a
state of war exists between that Government and
the United States." A requisition was made
upon Governor Owsley, of this State, by Major-
General Gaines, of the United States army, for
four regiments of volunteers. The Governor
had already, before receiving this call, appealed
to the citizens of Kentucky to organize into mil-
itary companies. On the next day after his
proclamation (dated Sunday, May 17th), the
Louisville Legion, then stronger than now by
half — in number of companies, which counted
nine, commanded by Colonel Ormsby — offered
its service for the war, which was accepted by
the Governor. A subscription of $50,000 for
extraordinary expenses ot the State was ob-
tained in the city by Hon. William Preston, and
placed in the Bank of Kentucky, ready for use.
May 22d, the Governor issues his proclamation,
in accordance with the call of the President upon
the States, asking volunteers enough from Ken-
tucky to fill two regiments of infantry and one
regiment of cavalry. Four days thereafter he
announces that the quota of the State is full.
The Louisville Legion, forming bodily the First
regiment of Kentucky volunteer infantry, is al-
ready upon transports for the movement lo Mex-
ico. The Second regiment contains no entire
company from Jefferson county, but some gallant
officers and men, as Lieutenant-Colonel Henry
Clay, Jr., who afterwards went down in the storm
of battle at Buena Vista, have been recruited
here. The cavalry regiment is commanded by
a Louisville soldier. Colonel Humphrey Marshall,
the well-known Confederate General of the late
war, and has two Jefferson county companies,
the first and second, commanded, respectively, by
Captains W. J. Heady and A. Pennington.
Seventy-five companies more than the call de-
manded, or one hundred and five in all, were
tendered to the Governor from different parts of
the State. The martial spirit was rife among the
people.

August 31, 1847, another requisition is made
by the General Government upon Kentucky —
this time for two regiments of infantry, which
are speedily raised and sent to the theater of
war. The Third regiment of Kentucky volunteer
infantry contains no Jefferson county company ;
but there is one in the Fourth — the fifth, num-
bering sixty-eight men, commanded by Captain
T. Keating, and among the field oflficers of the
regiment is Lieutenant-Colonel William Preston,
of Louisville. Three more companies from the
city are recruited and offered to the Governor ;
but too \ate, and they cannot be accepted.

THE UTAH WAR.

In February, 1858, it having been determined
by the authorities at Washington to send an
armed force to Utah, to bring the rebellious
Mormons to terms, the Legislature of Kentucky
authorized the Governor of the State to raise a
regiment of volunteers to be offered in aid of the
expedition. On the 6th of March Governor
Morehead made proclamation accordingly, and
within about a month twenty-one companies, or
more than twice the number needed, were ten-
dered to the State. Among them were three
from Louisville, commanded by Captains Rogers,
W^les, and Trimble, being one-seventh of th<!
entire number reported from the State at lai^e.
The Governor was reduced to the necessity of
making a selection by lot, which resulted 'in the
choice, among others, of the commands of the
two captains first named, making one-fifth of the
whole regiment.

THE WAR OF THE REBELLION.

When the recruiting for the Utah raiment
was going on in Louisville, it was little thought
by most ot those engaged in the patriotic work
that soon a storm-cloud of infinitely greater
depth and width and blackness would lower
upon the land, whose fell influences should sep-
arate husband and wife, brother from brottier,
father from son, friend from friend, and plunge
the whole great country in grief. But already
the cloud was gathering; the next year it lowered
more closely; and when in i860 the election of
Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency <pf the
American Union aroused the South to a move-
ment looking to separate existence, few were so
blind as not to see that an imminent, deadly
struggle between the States was impending.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

On the 1 8th of December of this year, Senator
John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, who stood by
President Buchanan's message denying the right
of secession to a State, offered his celebrated
compromise in the Senate. It leading provis-
sions have been summarized as follow: To
renew the Missouri line 36° 30' ; prohibit slavery
north and permit it south of that line ; admit
new States with or without slavery, as their con
stitutions may provide ; prohibit Congress from
abolishing slavery in the States and in tWe Dis-
trict of Colombia, so long as it exists in Virginia
or Maryland ; permit free transmission of slaves
by land or water, in any State ; pay for fugitive
slaves rescued after arrest ; repeal the inequality
of commissioners' fees in the fugitive slave act ;
and to ask the repeal of peisonal liberty bills in
the Northern States. These concessions to be
submitted to the people as amendments to the
United States Constitution, and if adopted never
to be changed. Mr. Crittenden, the same day,
made one of the greatest intellectual efforts of
his life in support of his measure. But all was
of no avail. Four days thereafter his proposi-
tions were negatived by the Senate committee of
thirteen.

These facts are restated here, in order to ex-
plain the action of the two State conventions
which assembled in Louisville on the 8th of
January (Battle of New Orleans day), 1861 — the
Constitutional Union, or Bell and Everett con-
vention, and the Democratic Union, or Douglas
convention. Each was presided over by a former
Governor of the State-^the one by ex-Governor
John L. Helm, the other by ex-Governor Charles
A. Wickliffe. They appointed a joint conference
committee, by which a brief series of resolutions
were agreed upon, submitted to the respective
conventions, and by each adopted without a dis-
senting voice. They read as follows:

Rtiolved, That we recommend the adoption of the propo-
sitions of our distinguished Senator, John J. Crittenden, as
a fair and honorabie adjustment of the difficulties which
divide and distract the people of our beloved country.

Resolved, That we recommend to the Legislature of the
State to put the amendments of Senator Crittenden in form,
and submit them to the other States; and that, if the disor-
ganization of the present Union is not arrested, the States
agreeing to these amendments of the Federal constitution
shall form a separate confederacy, with power to admit new
States under our glorious constitution thus amended.

Resolved, That we deplore the existence of a Union to be
held together by the sword, with laws to be enforced by

standing armies: it is not such a Union as our fathers
mtended, and not worth preserving.

These resolutions probably expressed accurately
the sentiments of the vast majority of the people
of Louisville, and indeed of the entire State,
who were not already committed to the cause of
secession. A Union State central committee
was appointed, consisting, it will be observed, 1
almost solely of citizens of Louisville, viz:
Messrs. John H. Harney, William F. Bullock,
George D. Prentice, James Speed, Charles Rip-
ley, William P. Boone, Phil. Tompert, Hamilton
Pope, Nat. Wolfe, and Lewis E. Harvie. On
the 1 8th of April, following, after the fall of
Sumter, the call of the Secretary of War upon
Governor Magoffin for four regiments of Ken-
tucky troops, his refusal, and the great speech of
Senator Crittenden at Lexington, urging the
neutrality of Kentucky in the coming struggle,
the committee issued an address to the people of
the CorHmonwealth reading as follows:

Kentucky, through her executive, has responded to this
appeal [of the President for militia, to suppress what he de-
scribes as "combinations too powerful to be suppressed in
the ordinary way," etc.]. She has refused to comply with it.
And in this refusal she has acted as became her. We ap-
prove the response of the Executive of the Commonwealth.
One other appeal now demands a response from Kentucky.
The Government of the Union has appealed to her to furnish
men to suppress the revolutionary combinations in the cotton
States. She has refused. She has most wisely and justly
refused. Seditious leaders in the midst of us now appeal to
her to furnish men to uphold those combinations against the
Government of the Union. Will she comply with this ap-
peal? Ought she to comply with it? We answer, with

emphasis, NO ! She ought clearly to comply with neither

the one appeal or the other. And, if she be not smitten with
judicial blindness, she will not. The present duty of Ken-
tucky is to maintain her present independent position — tak-
ing sides not with the Government and not with the seceding
States, but with the Union against them both; declaring her
soil to be sacred from the hostile tread of either, and, if
necessary, making the declaration good with her strong right
arm. And — to the end that she may be fully prepared for
this last contingency and all other possible contingencies —
we would have her arm herself thoroughly at the earliest prac-
ticable moment.

What the future duty of Kentucky may be, we, of course,
cannot with certainty foresee; but if the enterprise announced
in the proclamation of the President should at any time here-
after assume the aspect of a war for the overrunning and
subjugation of the seceding States — through the full asser-
tion therein of the national jurisdiction by a standing military
force — we do not hesitate to say that Kentucky should
promptly unsheath her sword in behalf of what will then have
become the common cause. Such an event, if it should oc.
cur — of which, we confess, there does not appear to us to be
a rational probability — could have but one meaning, a mean-
ing which a people jealous of their liberty would be keen to
detect, and which a people worthy of liberty would be

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

prompt and fearless to resist. When Kentucky detects this
meaning in the action of the Government, she ought — with-
out counting the cost — to take up arms at once against the
Government. Until she does detect this meaning, she ought
to hold herself independent of both sides, andcompel both sides
to respect the inviolability of her soil.

The same day an important Union meetmg
was held in Louisville, which was addressed by
the Hon. James Guthrie, who had similarly
spoken to a large assembly in the city March
1 6th, and by Judge William F. Bullock, Archi-
bald Dixon, and John Young Dixon. It did not
advocate armed resistance to secession, however,
but fell in with the prevailing current in behalf
of neutrality, and opposing coercion by the
North, as well as secession by the South. It was
declared by this meeting that Kentucky would
be loyal until the Federal Government became
the aggressor upon her rights. The City Coun-
cil, on the 23d of the same month, appropriated
$50,000 to arm and defend the city, and pres-
ently increased the sum to $250,000, provided
the people should sustain the measure by a ma-
jority vote. The Bank of Louisville and the
Commercial Bank agreed to make temporary
loans of $10,000 each for arming the State, in
response to the request of the Governor; but
the Bank of Kentucky declined to furnish any
money for the purpose, except under the express
stipulation that it should be used exclusively
" for arming the State for self-defense and protec
tion, to prevent aggression or invasion from
either the North or the South, and to protect the
present status of Kentucky in the Union."

By this time (the last week in April) the situa-
tion was beginning to excite grave apprehension
and not a little vivid indignation in Kentucky —
particularly at Louisville, whose commercial in-
terests were seriously threatened by certain of
the demonstrations there. This part of the story
may best be told in the words of Mr. Whitelaw
Reid, no editor of the New York Tribune, and
former compiler of the great work in two vol-
umes, known as Ohio in the War. In his de-
scription of the sentiment and scenes in Cincin-
nati at the outbreak of the war, Mr. Reid says :

The first note of war from the East threw Cincinnati into
a spasm of alarm. Her great warehouses, her foundries
and machine shops, her rich moneyed institutions, were all a
tempting prize to the Confederates, to whom Kentucky was
believed to be drifting. Should Kentucky go, only the Ohio
river would remain between the great city and the needy
enemy, and there were absolutely no provisions for defense.

The first alarm expended itself, as we have already seen.

in the purchase of huge columbiads, with which it was prob-
ably intended that Walnut Hills should be fortified. There
next sprang up a feverish spirit of active patriotism that soon
led to complications. For the citizens, not being accustomed
to draw nice distinctions or in a tempyer to permit anything
whereby their danger might be increased, could see little dif-
ference between the neutral treason of Kentucky to the Gov-
ernment and the more open treason of the seceded States.
They accordingly insisted that shipments of produce, and
especially shipments of anns, ammunition, or other articles
contraband of war, to Kentucky should instantly cease.

The citizens of Louisville, taking alarm at this threatened
blow at their very existence, sent up a large delegation to
protest gainst the stoppage ol shipments from Ohio. They
were received in the council chamber of the city hall, on the
morning of April 23d. The city Mayor, Mr. Hatch, an-
nounced the object of their meeting, and called upon Mr.
Rufus King to state the position of the city and State au-
thorities. Mr. King dwelt upon the friendship of Ohio to
Kentucky in the old strain, and closed by reading a letter
which the mayor had procured from Governor Dennison, of
which the essential part was as follows :

' ' My views of tbe subject suggested in your message are
these : So long as any State remains in the Union, with pro-
fessions of attachment to it, we cannot discriminate between
that State and our own. In the contest we must be clearly in
the right in every act, and I think it better that we should
risk something than that we should, in the slightest degree,
be chargeable with anything tending to create a rupture with
any State which has not declared itself already out of the
Union. To seize arms going to a State which has not actu-
ally seceded, could give a pretext for the assertion that we
had inaugurated hostile conduct, and might be used to create
a popular feeling of favor of secession where it would not ex-
ist, and end in border warfare, which all good citizens must
deprecate. Until fliere is such circumstantial evidence as to
create a moral certainty of an immediate intention to use
arms against us, I would not be willing to order their seizure;
much less would I be willing to interfere with the transporta-
tion of provisions. "

"Now," said Mr. King, " this is a text to which eveiy citi-
zen of Ohio must subscribe, coming as it does from the head
of the State. 1 do not feel the least hesitation in saying that
it expresses the feeling of the people of Ohio. "

But the people of Ohio did not subscribe to it. Even in
the meeting Judge Bellamy Storer, though very guarded in
his expressions, intimated, in the course of his stirring
speech, the dissatisfaction with the attitude of Kentucky.
"This is no time," he said, "for soft words. We feel, as
you have a right to feel, that you have a Governor who can-
not be depended upon in this crisis. But it is on the men of
Kentucky that we rely. All we want to know is whether you
are for the Union, without reservation. Brethren of Ken-
tucky, the men of the North have been your friends, and
they still desire to be. But I will speak plainly. There have
been idle taunts thrown out that they are cowardly and timid.
The North submits; the North obeys; but beware! There
is a point which cannot be passed. While we rejoice in your
friendship, while we glory in your bravery, we would have
you understand that we are your equals as well as your
friends. "

To all this the only response of the Kentuckians, through
their spokesman. Judge Bullock, was "that Kentucky wished
to take no part in the unhappy struggle ; that she wished to
be a mediator, and meant to retain friendly relations with all

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

her sister States. But he was greatly gratified with Governor
Dennison's letter."

The citizens of Cincinnati were not. Four days later,
when their indignation had come to take shape, they held a
large meeting, whereat excited speeches were mnde and reso-
lutions passed deprecating the letter, calling upon the Gover-
nor to retract it, declaring that it was too late to draw nice
distinctions between open rebellion and armed neutrality
against the Union, and that armed neutrality was rebellion
to the Government. At the close an additional resolution
was offered, which passed amid a whirlwind of applause :

"Resolved, That any men, or set of men, in Cincinnati or
elsewhere, who knowingly ship one ounce of flour or pound
of provisions, or any arms or articles which are contraband
of war, to any person or any State which has not declared its
firm determination to sustain the Government in its present
crisis, is a traitor, and deseives the doom of a traitor."

So clear and unshrinking was the first voice from the great
conservative city of the Southern border, whose prosjjerity
was supposed to depend on the Southern trade. They had
reckoned idly, it seemed, who had counted on hesitation
here. From the first day that the war was opened, the people
of Cincinnati were as vehement in their deteriT'ination that it
should be relentlessly prosecuted to victory, as the people of
Boston.

They immediately began the organization of home guards,
armed and drilled vigorously, took oaths to serve the Gov-
ernment when they were called upon, and devoted themselves
to the suppression of any contraband trade with the South-
ern States. The steamboats were watched ; the railroad
depots were searched ; and, wherever a suspicious bo.\ or bale
was discovered, it was ordered back to the warehouses.

After a time the General Government undertook to prevent
any shipments into Kentucky, save such as should be re-
quired by the normal demands of her own population. A
system of shipment permits was established under the super-
vision of the Collector of the Port, and passengers on the
ferry-boats into Covington were even searched to see if they
were carrying over pistols or other articles contraband of
war; but, in spite of all efforts, Kentucky long continued to
be the convenient source and medium for supplies to the
Southwestern seceded States.

The day after the Cincinnati meeting denouncing his
course relative to Kentucky, Governor Dennison, stimulated
perhaps by this censure, but in accordance with a policy
already formed, issued orders to the presidents of all rail-
roads in Ohio to have everything passing over their roads in
the direction of Virginia, or any other seceded State, whether
as ordinary freight or express matter, examined, and if con-
traband of war, immediately stopped and reported to him.
The order may not have had legal sanction, but in the excited
state of the public mind it was accepted by all concerned as
ample authority. The next day similar instructions were sent
to all express companies.

The leading incidents of the war, so far as
Louisville or this county had part in them, will
be related in our annals of the city; we have
designed to furnish simply enough by way of in-
troduction to the large roster of the Jefferson
county contingent in the war. Recruiting for
either army was not long delayed by Kentucky's
neutrality. The Louisville Legion now, as when
the war with Mexico broke out, was again early

in the field with its offer of service, and the ma-
jority of its members formed the nucleus of the
Fifth Kentucky volunteer infantry, which, under
the lead of Lovcll H. Rousseau, was rendez-
voused and drilled on Indiana soil, at Camp Joe
Holt, Jeffersonville, in deference to the sentiment
at home against encampment on Kentucky ter-
ritory. When neutrality was finally and forever
broken by both sides in the conflict, recruiting
thenceforth went on rapidly, and Camps Sigel
and others were in due time formed in Jeffer-
son county, where many other regiments or parts
of regiments were assembled and equipped.

Shortly after the formation of the United
States Sanitary Commission, in i86r, the Ken-
tucky Branch of the Commission was organized,
with Dr. Theodore S. Bell, of Louisville, as pres-
ident, and the Rev. J. H. Heywood, vice-presi-
dent. Says Mr. Heywood, in his History of the
Branch:

Dr. Bell was chosen'president by the unanimous and hearty
vote of the members. From beginning to end he labored
unweariedly, bringing to the great work not only fervent
patriotism and broad humanity, but a mind alike capacious
and active, extensive medical experience, a thorough mastery
of sanitary law, and an intense, unrelaxing energy that was
as vitalizing as it was inherently vital. And while rendering
this invaluable service to the general cause — service to which
Dr. Newberry, the accomplished Western Secretary of the
United States Sanitary Commission, repeatedly paid the
tribute of highest admiration — Dr. Bell had personal charge
of a large hospital, which he so conducted as to command
the esteem of and win the love and gratitude of hundreds
and thousands of sick and wounded soldiers and their re-
lations and friends. Never in any country or any age has
there been more untiring consecration of rare powers and
extraordinary attainments to noblest ends than was made by
our honored fellow-citizen during those eventful years of des-
tiny.

The brief but excellent memoir of Dr. Bell,
contained in Louisville Past and Present, adds
the following concerning his services:

The part Dr. Bell enacted for the relief of the sick and
wounded of both armies during the war for the maintenance
of the Union is especially worthy of mention here. In the
sanitary report mentioned above [that of Dr. Newberry,
secretary of the Western department of the commission] it is
stated that on the night of the gth of October, 1862, a meet-
ing in Louisville was called to provide for the sufferers of the
battle of Perryville, fought on the previous day. Dr. Bell,
whose energies had been so severely taxed that a severe spell
of sickness ensued and he was supposed to be near death's
door, was iiiformed by his faithful and sympathetic friend.
Captain Z. M. Sherley, of the intended meeting, andt Dr.
Bell announced his intention of attending it. Captain Sher-
lev protested against this course in a man who could not
stand alone; but finding the doctor inexorable, called and
aided him in gelling 10 the meeting. Dr. Bells knowledge

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

of sanitary measures guided the meeting, and the matter was
committed to his keeping. A friend called and informed him
that he and another gentleman were going to Perryville in a
spring wagon and a team of two mules. The gentleman
agreed to carry for Dr. Bell seventy pounds of stores for the
wounded. This package, consisting of a bale of oakum, a
number of pounds of pure chloroform, bandages, and beef
extract, was put up under his supervision, and reached Perry-
ville far in advance of any of the numerous other transporta-
tion wagons and ambulances. The medical director, Dr.
Murray, said as soon as he saw the package opened he knew
that a doctor had presided over that merciful package.

A great number of Confederate sick and wounded were
left at Perryville and Harrodsburg, and their friends in this
city contributed funds for their relief Under an order of
General Boyle these articles had to pass through the hands
of Dr. Bell as president of the Kentucky branch of the San-
itary Commission. He was so faithful to the dictates of
mercy in forwarding everything of this kmd that when Cap-
tain Harry Spotts, who, as one of the active friends of the
Confederates, still had a fund of about $300 in his hands,
was about leaving Kentucky to take charge of the St. Nich-
olas hotel, he called upon Dr. Bell to take charge of this fund
and purchase needed articles for the Confederate sufferers at
Perryville and Harrodsburg. While Dr. Bell was willing to
undergo the labor, he felt the delicacy of his position; but
he made the purchases of Wilson & Peter, who filled the bill
in the most liberal manner, and he presented their bill of
items to Captain Spotts, who expressed his entire satisfaction
with his expenditure of what he very properly deemed a
sacred treasure. The articles were forwarded to the hospitals
to the care of those who were ministering to those Con-
federate sufferers. General Boyle gave full permission to
him, as president of the Kentucky branch of the United
States Sanitary Commission, to forward to the sick and
wounded Confederate soldiers at Harrodsburg the liberal
contributions of their friends in this city, and Dr. Bell per-
sonally superintended the forwarding of these articles by the
means of transportation placed at the disposal of the Sanitary
Commission.

Dr. Woods, of the Indiana branch of the
sanitary commission, wrote thus at one time of
its operations here:

We render assistance to all that we can. We give prece-
dence to the most distressing. A poor soldier is about to
die at Park barracks. We obtain for him a discharge fur-
lough, give him transportation, and send him home to die in
his family. I spent a whole day with his ca^e alone. A
poor widow came here, with but one child in the world, and
he is a soldier sick in the hospital. . She has no dependence
but him. She is robbed at the depot of every cent she has.
No possible means to go home except to get her son dis-
charged, draw his pay, and go home on that. She obtains
from the surgeon a certificate of disability. His case is re-
jected by the board of examining surgeons. For her we work.
I met a soldier who had lost the power of
speech by sickness. He had been sent here without a pass.
He knew no more what to do or where to go than a sheep.
I took him to the medical director and the hospital.

STATE MILITARY OFFICERS.

The citizens of Louisville, as may easily be
supposed, were fully represented among the State

military authorities during the war-period, as well
as among the soldiers in the field. Hamilton
Pope, Esq., a prominent lawyer of the city, and
son of Worden Pope, the famous old pioneer,
was placed in charge of the State guard at the
outset of the war, with the rank of brigadier-
general, and remained in command until the
troops were received and mustered into the Fed-
eral service. Samuel Gill, of that city, was a
commissioner on the military board under the
legislative act of May 24, 1861, and also under
that of September 25th, of the same year. Gen-
eral John Boyle was Adjutant-General of the
State from September i, 1863, to August i,
1864, when he resigned. Messrs. James W.
Gault, W. DeB. Morrill, and James F. Flint,
were State military agents until February 15,
1866. Dr. Isaac W. Scott was surgeon-general
from September 3, 1863, with the grade of col-
onel. The Hon. James Speed, afterwards At-
torney-general of the United States, was long
mustering officer for the Northern armies at this
point.

GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS.

It is a fact well very worth noting that, although
Louisville is very far from comprising one-fifth
of the entire population of the State, and did not
furnish near twenty per cent, of the total number
of Federal soldiers who enlisted in Kentucky
during the war, yet one fifth (22) of the whole
(115) list of general and staif officers in the Union
army, appointed and commissioned by the Pres-
ident, were selected from her loyal ranks. The
following is believed to be a full or nearly full
list :

Lovell H. Rousseau, brigadier-general, October i, 1861 ;
major-general, October 8, 1862; resigned November 30, 1865.

William T. Ward, brigadier-general, September 18, 1861;
breveted major-general February 24, 1865 ; honorably
mustered out August 24, 1865.

Walter C. Whitaker, brigadier-general, June 25, 1863;
breveted major-general, March 13, 1865 ; honorably muster-
ed out August 24, 1865.

Jeremiah T. Boyle, brigadier-general, November 9, 1861 ;
resigned January 26, 1864.

Thomas E. Bramlette, brigadier-general, April 24, 1863;
declined accepting.

Eli H. Murray, Colonel Third Kentucky Veteran Caval-
ry; brevet brigadier-general, March 25. 1865.

Alexander M. Stout, colonel Seventeenth Kentucky In-
fantry; brevet brigadier-general, March 13, 1865.

J. Rowan Boone, lieutenant-colonel Twci.cy-eighth Ken-
tucky Veteran Infantry; brevet colonel March 13, 1865.

Philip Speed, major and paymaster September 11, 1861 ;
resigned December 23, 1862.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

L. T. Thustin, 'major and paymaster, September ii, 1861 ;
breveted lieutenant-colonel ; honorably mustered out April
30, 1866.

John Speed, captain and assistant adjutant -ge;neral, March
II, 1863; major and paymaster, March 22, 1865 ; resigned
March 19, 1865.

Alexander C. Semple, captain and assistant adjutant-
general, September 29, 1862; resigned March 18, 1864.

J. Speed Peay, captain and assistant adjutant-general,
July 15, 1862; resigned May 2, 1863.

H. C. McDowell, captain and assistant adjutant-general,
November'19, 1861; resigned August 27, 1862.

William P. McDowell, major and adjutant-general March
II, 1863; resigned December 9, 1863.

Stephen E. Jones, captain and aid-de-camp July 9, 1862;
resigned March 13, 1865.

William L. Neal, captain and assistant'. quartermaster.
May 18, 1864; honorably mustered out July 28, 1865.

George P. Webster, captain and assistant quartermaster,
May 12, 1862.

R. C. Welster, captain and assistant quartermaster, Sep-
tember 30, 1861.

Joshua Tevis, captain and assistant commisary of subsis-
tence, November 26, 1862; canceled.

John Fry, captain and assistant commissary of subsistence,
October 31, 1861; breveted major March 13, 1865; honorably
mustered^out February 2, 1866.

J. F. Huber, captain and assistant [commissary of subsistence
October 25, 1861; breveted major; honorably mustered out
October la, 1865.

THE FEDERAL CONTINGENT.

It is probably impossible to make up from any
sources accessible to the local historian an exact
roster of the soldiers contributed to the Federal
armies by Louisville or Jefferson county. Had
the massive volumes in which the enterprise and
liberality of the State have embodied her rolls
of Union soldiers, the Adjutant General's Report,
for 1861-66, contained, as does the Adjutant Gen-
eral's Report of Indiana for the same period, the
places of residence as well as the names of the
soldiers, the work would be comparatively easy.
Fortunately, the alphabetical list of officers,
near the close of the great work, does supply the
places of residence of the commanders; and
with these as a partial guide, it has been possible
to compile with reasonable certainty the lists
of Federal commands from this city and county.
Still many soldiers must have been recruited
here for regiments and Jbatteries which con-
tained, perhaps, not a single officer from this
region, and so, particularly if the recruitwas mus-
tered into service elsewhere, there is absolutely
no clue to his residence here. On the other
hand, it would not answer to accredit Louisville
with every soldier mustered iuto service here;
since large numbers of r'len who had no residence

in this region came or were brought here for the
purpose of muster-in. Notwithstanding these
difficulties, however, it is believed that an approx-
inpately correct list has been prepared. If any
mistakes in spelling are found, they must be
charged over to the office of the Adjutant-Gen-
eral of the State; since the printed words of the
Report have been in our compositors' hands, and
the whole has been carefully read by copy.

SECOND KENTUCKY INFANTRY.
FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel William E. Woodruff.
Colonel Thomas D. Sedgewick.
Adjutant Henry Weindell.
Surgeon David J. Griffiths.
Assistant Surgeon Frederick Rectanus.

COMPANY B.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
First Lieutenant Archibald McLellan.
First Lieutenant George R. McFadden.
Second Lieutenant Sidmund Huber.

THIRD KENTUCKY INFANTRY.
FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Thomas E. Bramlette.

Regimental Quartermaster Thomas M. Selby, Jr.

Surgeon Joseph Foreman.

Assistant Surgeon James R. Scott.

FOURTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

COMPANY H.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant Henry Teney.

FIFTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.*

The Fifth was organized in the summer of
1 86 1, under Lovell H. Rousseau as colonel, and
was mustered into the United States service on
the 9th day of September, 1861, at Camp Joe
Holt, Indiana, by W. H. Sidell, major Fifteenth
United States infantry, and mustering officer.
Colonel Rousseau was promoted to brigadier-
general October 5, 1861, and Harvey M. Buck-
ley was then commissioned colonel. He re-
signed January 26, 1863. William W. Berry
was, on the 9th of February, 1863, mustered as
colonel, and commanded the regiment until its
muster-out of service at Louisville September 14,
1864. A portion of the regiment veteranized,
and at the muster-out of the regiment the re-
cruits and veterans were transferred to the Second
Kentucky Veteran cavalry.

It is with regret that a report of this regiment

*The regimental histories are used, almost verbatim, as
they are found in the Adjutant-General's Reports.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

is published without a full history of its career, it
having been one of the very first Kentucky regi-
ments which "rallied around the flag," and
formed part of Rousseau's gallant command,
who, by their timely occupation of Muldrough's
Hill, kept at bay the rebel forces, and saved
Kentucky from being drawn entirely within the
enemy's lines. The difficulties under which the
regiment was raised, having been organized at
the time that Kentucky was resting upon her
neutrality, assure to its officers the greatest credit
for their success.

At, the alarm of an invasion of Kentucky by
Buckner, this gallant command was thrown out
in defense of Louisville by General (then Colonel)
Rousseau, held them in check until reinforce-
ments arrived from Ohio and Indiana, and for-
ever refuted the idea of a State standing in a
neutral position when the integrity or unity of the
nation was assailed. From the time the Fifth
crossed the Ohio river from Camp Joe Holt, re-
cruiting progressed rapidly throughout Kentucky.
Having been thoroughly disciplined during the
time it was encamped at Joe Holt, it took the
lead of and was the nucleus around which the
Grand Army of the Cumberland was formed. It
served with distinction, and gained repeatedly
praise from the department commanders. Be-
sides numerous others, it participated in the fol-
lowing-named battles in which loss was sus-
tained, viz: Bowling Green, Shiloh, Stone River,
Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Rocky Face
Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta, Dallas,
Orchard Knob, Liberty Gap, and Blain's Cross
Roads.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Lovell H. Rousseau.
Colonel William W. Berry.
Lieutenant-Colonel John L. Treanor.
Major Charles L. Thomasson.
Adjutant Edward W. Johnstone.
Regimental Quartermaster Thomas C. Pomroy.
Regimental Quartermaster John M. Moore.
Surgeon John Matthews.
Chaplain James H. Bristow.
Sergeant-Major James T. O. Day.
Sergeant-Major A. Sidney Smith.
Sergeant-Major Hervey R. Willett.
Quartermaster-Sergeant Frederick N. Fishe.
Quartermaster-Sergeant William H. Hayars.
Commissary-Sergeant Henry A. Day.
Hospital Steward John Wyatt.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Principal Musician Simon Boesser.
Principal Kftisician James Matthews.

Musician Major C. Barkwell.
Musician Joseph Einseidler.
Musician Christian Gunter.
Musician Bernhard Klein.
Musician Charles Oswald.
Musician Samuel Ross.
Musician John Ruef.
Musician Richard Schwenzer.
Musician Philip Selbert.
Musician John Spillman.
Musician Edward S. Sargeant.
Musician Philip Schenkle.
Musician John Schottlin.
Musician Joseph Von Berg.
Musician Sebastian Walter.
Musician Amos ^ippincott.

COMPANY A.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain William Mangen.
Captain Thomas Foreman.
First Lieutenant John M. Smith.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant James Maloney.
Sergeant Paul Clinton,
Sergeant Andrew C. O'Neil.
Corporal Robert Cosgrave.
Corporal Benjamin D. Edsell.
Corporal Francis M. Gray.
Corporal Michael Hammond.
Corporal James Joyce.
Coiporal Bartholomew Buckley.
Teamster Charles Bowers.

PRIVATES.

Thomas Corbitt, James Crow, Thomas Dunn, John F.
Dietz, John Dutch, Joseph Eisner, James Fisher, Patrick
Gorman, Robert Johnson, Daniel Keefe, William Keiley,
Lewis Keele, John Mannii^g, Alenanzer Monroe, Edward
Murphy, John Mara, Bernard McElroy, Jeremiah McCot-
mick, Timothy McCormick, Patrick McCormick, J ohn Mc-
Keown, Michael O'Malia, Theodore Pohlmeyer, John Pil-
kington, Jeremiah Rager, John Rimo, Bernard Smith, Jacob
Suffell, John L. Swabb, Peter S. Kennedy, Thomas Lewis,
Thomas Loftie, Oliver Newell, Henry Runch, James Ryan,
John Toomey, Henry Toby, John Thornton, James Tevlin,
Larkin Adams, John Kilroy,. Moses M. Pounds, William
Bediker, Daniel Curran, William W. Cassedy, John W.
David, Alexander Gilbert, George Grimshaw, William H.
Harrison, Owen Keiley, Benjamin Lowery, Philip F. Moore,
John Myer, Michael McCook, John Turnboe, Patrick Vale,
Thomas Dwyer, William Herren, Hugh McElroy.
COMPANY B.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Lafayette P. Lovett.
First Lieutenant John P. Hurley,
Second Lieutenant Thomas J. McManen.
Second Lieutenant David Jones.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant George Sambrall.
Sergeant James D. McCorkhill.
Sergeant Lewis P. Cox.
Sergeant John M. Sutton.
Sergeant John Ott.
Sergeant William Batman.

lOO

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Serjeant John Vickrey.
Corporal Frank Pope.
Corporal Joseph Conen.
Corporal William P. Dueley.
Corporal James Noonan.
Corporal John Keohler.
Corporal William Gibson.
Corporal Edward O'Brien.
Corporal Sanford T. Thurman.
Corporal Thomas Selvage.
Corporal Richard Sweeney.
Wagoner Nicholas Larence.
Musician Joseph Hazlewood.

PRIVATES.

Joseph W. Bennett, Benjamin F. Bennett, Robert Beatt,
Patrick Cleary, John Carter, James Connell, George Cancel-
man, Thomas Frothingham, Michael Frank, Jolin Gunn,
George W. House, Frederick Herns, Louis Hode^, John
Jordan, John Kenney, Henry Kendall, John F. Koeh, Jere-
miah Knapp, Henry Manore, Joseph Miller, Edward Mitch-
ell, Thomas Murray, James Mulcha, Charles Ott, Joseph
Smith, William Snider, John T. Steele, William T. Thur-
man, Elijah Thurman, Thomas Hardin, Thomas Barrett,
John Branan, Henry Conner, John Dunn, Augustus Hess,
William B. Jones, William Movyers, Enos Sutton, Ale.xander
Tinock, Louis Base, Joseph Dey, Frederick N. Frishe, Pat-
rick Woods, John Metz, Johnson Todd, Beauford Thurman,
Levin W. Collins, Simon Echart, Thomas Gunn, Conrad
Granco, Charles Shupp, Christopher Beeker, Melville F.
Howard, Richard Henan, Alexander Mullen, John Norris,
John W. Sutton, Petre Sutton, William Stewart, James H.
Sirles, Richard Toole, Thomas Voss.

COMPANY C.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Asaph H. Speed.
Captain Christopher Leonard.
First Lieutenant Richard Jones.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Albert Webb.
Sergeant Lewis Hagerman.
Sergeant William Foster.
Sergeant William Shaw.
Sergeant John Rhodes.
Sergeant Mason L. Speed.
Sergeant Frank Lightner.
Sergeant Le Grand Dunn.
Sergeant Stephen Jewell.
Corporal George W. Byers.
Corporal Henry B. McKinney.
Corporal Charles Sliglitz,
Corporal Peter Holback.
Corporal John Ernwine.
Corporal Richard Goodman.
Corporal Charles Osterman.
Corporal John Peevler.
Corporal Henry Hoos.
Musician George Puff.

PRIVATES.

Jacob Barber, John Backhoff, Martin Butler, Sidney
Broadas, James Carroll, Benjamin F. Davis, Robert Dotson,
Anthony Dunbar, James Hagerman, Jesse Hill, Henry Hess,
Thomas Kelly, James Kennedy, Thomas Kennedy, Joseph
McGuire, Thomas Molumby, James Medlock, Thomas
Maher, Michael O'Brien, Zachariah Owens, Peter O'Connell,

John J. Oakley, Willaby Richardson, John Riley, Christo-
pher Schiffman, Joseph Wright, Henry Wright, Alonzo Bu-
chanan, William Burns, John Donahoo, Michael Dublin,
Henry Hopsmeyei, William H. McCoy, John Myrick, Frank
Partridge, Thomas J. Peters, Charles Rumsey, Jesse D. Sea-
ton, Martin Seibert, Conrad Wenzel, Henry Wilkins, Dennis
Burk, George Weimhoff, John Brown, Dennis Conroy, Pat-
rick Flinn, George Hughes, George Letzinger, John McCor-
mick, Wiliiam S. Riley, Thomas Sly, Bernard Arthur, John
Casper, John Cronan, William Dotson, William D. Laffy,
Michael Collins, Michael Conley, Elijah Davis, John Mc-
Laughlin, Henry Miller, Joseph N. Parrish, Richard Kuhl-
man, Gothart Schnell, Henry Valentine, George Ward.

COMPANY D.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William W. Rowland.

First Lieutenant Theodore F. Cummings.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Adam Kraher.
Sergeant Conrad Shire.
Sergeant John P. Richardson.
Sergeant Dauiel R. Grady.
Sergeant Edwin R. Waldon.
Sergeant Elijah Tansill.
Corporal James Kennedy.
Corporal Alexander McKeon.
Corporal John Apel.
Corporal Alfred W. Harris.
Corporal James C. Gilh
Corporal Louis Glass.
Corporal David Ward.
Corporal Patrick Burks.
Corporal Bryan Drew.
Musician William Edwards.
Teamster John S. Kounts.

PRIVATES.

James K. Cooper, James Dannelsy, Josiah Edwards, Pat-
rick Gilligan, John P. Gunnels, Martin Harback, Charles
Haas, Robert Hodgkins, Ferdinand Kerchendoffer, John
Maloy, Sebastian Mill, Louis Neas, Francis Powell, James
Ryan, John Stab, Deaderick W. E. Stark, John C. William-
son, Edward Parks, Benjamin Patrick, Louis M. Ronime,
Austin p. Sweeney, Martin Weitz, Keran Egan, John Fox,
William Hacket, John McCormick, Hugh McMannus, Rob-
ert Smith, Theodore Steinbronk, Clemance Schroeder, John
Higgins, Thomas Larue, Alexander Moore, JohnM. Young,
Daniel Canning, Patrick Dannelly, Henry Geotz, Dents
Henderson, James Hartigan, John Mann, Michael McMan-
nus, James H. Richardson, George W. Vandergraff, Ginrad
Brawner, Riley A. DeVenney, Edward Fleming, Arthur
Graham, Stephen B. Hornback, George Pfiffer, Jacob Sauer,
Louis C. Smith, Francis M. Tucker.

COMPANY E.

^.JMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain August Schweitzer.
Captain Stephen Lindenfelser.
Second Lieutenant Frank Dessell.

NON-COMMISSIONF.D OFFICERS.

Sergeant Frederick Knoener.
Sergeant Joseph Schmitt.
Sergeant Mathias Schontess.
Sergeant John B. Schiebel.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

loi

Sergeant John Schmidt.
Corporal Rudolph Egg.
Corporal Berhard Sceiner.
Corporal William Koch.
Musician George Schweitzer.
Teamster Andrew Meissner.

PRIVATE.S.

Joseph Dumpel, Charles Fritz, Philip Falter, John B. Fel-
ber, Frank Gehring, George Gerlach, John Huber, Valentine
Harper, Christian J utzi, Jacob Karcher, Philip R. Klein,
Bernhard Keihl, August Koehler, Jacob Lanx, Louis Lorey.
Charles Murb, Peter Mueller, Robert Nere, Thomas Rastet-
ter, William Reif, Joseph Stoltz, Philip Schneider, Julius
Winstel, Jacob Arenat, Christian Baker, Michael Boheim,
Henry Boheim, Frederick Bernds, Charles Evers, John
Eisele, Johu Fust, John Hufnagel, Theodore Jagar, Anton
Kuntz, William Martin, Henry Menze, Joseph Meyer,
George Ruckert, Anter Scherer, lohn Stokinger, Louis
Schernbachler, Christian Welker, Joseph Weingartner,
Benedick Walzer, Casper Weiner, Peter Klotz, George Bam-
miester, Frederick Blair, Philip Goebel, John Mohr, Francis
Brohm, Christian Erisman, Ernst Hofsap, Andrew Kolb,
Simon Rehm, William Stranch, Philip Amann, Ludwig Bin-
ger, Bartholomew Drebler, Joseph Faust, Joseph Overmoble,
Frederick Rodeloff, John Traber, John Urban, William
Vopel, John Gottschalk, Gothard Kling, Adam Newkirk,
Henry Niehaus, Henry Saner, Benedict Wempe, Jacob
Scherzinger.

COMPANY F.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John E. Vansant.

First Lieutenant William H. Powell.

Second Lieutenant John Martz.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John O'Herrin.
First Sergeant Jacob Peterson.
Sergeant David Doup.
Sergeant William Knox.
Sergeant Franklin Bratcher.
Sergeant William Burgess.
Sergeant John Keer.
Sergeant Charles Kahlert.
Sergeant James T. O'Day.
Sergeant Williarrt Snapp.
Sergeant Felix Wolf.
Corporal John F. Beal,
Corporal Robert Bryant.
Corporal Albert Laycock.
Corporal Henry Agee.
Corporal Thomas Martz.
Corporal John Brodock.
Corporal Nathaniel E. Osborn.
Corporal John Wilkins.
Musician William D. Mewheny.

PRIVATES.

James Atwood, Samuel C. Kline, John Cusick, John Dew-
berry, Patrick Darmady, John Eagan, Joseph Foster, James
Fineran, William Fletcher, JohnGarrick, William Hamilton,
John Hoffman, Patrick Kerwin, Frederick Kick, James P.
Lawler, John Lemmer, William Mewheney, John Peterson,
Charles Ratsfeldt, Andrew J. Smith, John Stratton, James
Savage, Harrison Stage, Edward S. Sexon, David Wood-
fall, John Erb, William R. Greathouse, William W. Hill,

Lee Hand, Henry Henston, Martin Sunnons, George
Wright, Mathew Higgins, Jeremiah Lochery, John Scott,
Henry R. Willett, Joseph Kraig, Jacob Mungee, Jonas
Smith, John W. Thorp, Michael Brady, Andrew Connery,
Edward Dowling, Irwm Deweese, Charles Dolan, James
Knox, Nicholas Miller, John Pierce, Henry C. Smith, John
Schmidt, Jacob Stencil, David Whittaker, Edward Brown,
James H. Hughes, Oliver H. Johnson, Mathew Murtchier,
William Pulsfort.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John M. Huston.

Captain Willian H. Powell.

First Lieutenant Davi4 Q. Rousseau.

First Liautenant John W. Huston.

Second l^ieutenant Theodore E. Elliott.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICESS.

First Sergeant Elanzey C. Keene.

Sergeant Robert W. Grayburn.

Sergeant John C. Cahill.

Sergeant Jerry McCarty.

Corporal William L. Shoemaker.

Corporal John Lacey.

Corporal Joseph Whitlock.

Teamster Francis N. Lord.

PRIVATES.

William Botts, Thomas Bums, Lanson V. Brown, William
Black, Patrick Crane, Michael Colgan, James W. Cobum,
Patrick Dougherty, August Depoire, Patrick Franey,
Thomas Ferrier, Charles Hanley, Benjamin P. Henmann,
John W. Hendricks, John Kelker, Patrick Morgan, Thomas
McGuire, Lawrence McGiven, John McCuUough, Patrick
RiJ^ey, Charlps Smith, John Vannorman, Patrick Welch,
John Bowman, John Barker, James Conklin, Thomas Cody,
Henry »Gormely, Dennis Jordan, Robert Kyle, Francis S.
McGuire. Thomas McGrath, John Nolin, Charles W. Toler-
in, John Bodkins, Levi Byron, John W. Coburn, John Gregg,
Henry Hawkins, Thomas McLane, John F. Hampton, Wil-
liam H. Hambaugh, AUeii Smith, Richard Beaty, Harvey
Bell, Thomas C. Darkin, Martin Donohue, Andrew M. Estes,
Patrick Flannagan, Charles FIannaga%(<7eorge B. Lamb,
Michael Murphy, Luke Moran, James A. O'Donneld, John
Shoemaker, Michael Sullivan, James Wall, Martin Brophy,
Benjamin H. ConkUn, Daniel Dunn, Michael Fellon, Michael
Hart, Daniel S. Kelly, Patrick Rowan, Francis S. Shafer,
Thomas While.

COMPANY H.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain Charles L. Tomasson.
Captain Norman B. Moninger.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John Neel.
Sergeant Minor McClain.
Sergeant Peter Lynn.
Sergeant George Borgel.
Sergeant George Williams.
Sergeant John M. Adams.
Sergeant Rudolph SchimpfT.
Corporal George H. Ingham.
Corporal James McDonald.
Corporal William Summers.
Musician William Mager.

lO?

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

PRIVATES.

William Albert, George Bessinger, Lewis Brown, John G.
Burklin, Joseph Bergman, Frederick Brooner, Squire Cable,
John Daughenbaugh, William Daughenbaugh, Guy Fry,
John Gesford, Joseph Hackman, Isaac fackson, John T.
Hays, Frederick Jones, Andrew Jackson, George Knelling,
James W. Mattingly, Philip Neel, Charles Robinson, Homer
Stephens, William Shearer, William Sonnice, Peter Schmidt,
John D. Stinson, William Stevenson, Andrew H. Ward,
John W. Williams, Richard A. Wilson, Charles Wenze, Wil-
liam Bumgardner, Antone Bessinger, Charles Fleckhamer,
Sr., Charles Fleckhamer, J r. , Peter Gillett, William Hope-
well, John B. Martin, John S. Martin, John Manion, Henry
Muth, Joseph Ogden, Vincent Pellegrinni, Frederick Renye,
Charles Ross, Chany C, Seymour, Edward Whitfield, George
Haltenbaum, Edward F. Jenks, Frank Klespir, Edward
Kaufman, James P. Williams, Henry B. Clay, James M.
Davidson, William Factor, John Hoffman, John Kriskie,
John Matheney, Thomas McNickell, Augustine Wilman,
Simon Bryant, William Gravatte, James O. Gales, Luke Gal-
lagher, Mathias Droumiller, Andrew Fisher, JohnG. Mobins,
William Mackjuson, Joseph Roos, Harrison Summers,
Thomas L. Martin, Simpson C. Summers, John F. Sugar.

COMPANY I.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Alexander B. Ferguson.
Captain Upton Wilson.
First Lieutenant A. Sidney Smith.
Second Lieutenant Wilson J. Green.

NON-COMMlSblONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant William Anderson.
Sergeant Christopher Bender.
Sergeant Charles Price.
Sergeant Lemuel Younger.
Sergeant Thomas J. Manning.
Sergeant Henry A. Day.
Sergeant Robert P. Ball.
Sergeant Jacob Turner.
Sergeant Loyd H. Vititoe.
Sergeant Ignatius Dawson.
Corporal John Moore.
Corporal William Murphy.

PRIVATES.

Charles Brothers, Jerry Butler, John Berge, Jacob Conrad,
John E. Eney, Dennis Farney, Henry Glass, Charles Ice, Wil-
liam Lipflint, James Leslie, William Moore, John McNeal,
Edgar C. Parker, William Riley, John Ruder, Joseph Smith,
Joseph Tolbert, Frederick Wall, Theodore Walters, Gerhard
Wagner, Marshall H. Anderson, Lewis Filmore, Jacob Good-
incountz, Matthew Haupt, James M. Hughes, Thomas
Johnson, Alonzo B. Kitts, Henry C. Miller, William P. Rob-
inson, Patrick Ryan, Christopher Short, Herman Shroeder,
Dennis Younger, Howard A. Anderson, Henry Hailman,
James M. Hogan, Alexander Hughes, John Brown, James
V. C. Cusach, Martin Dorsey, Joseph Mantinus, Henry
Ranbergher, James Corrigan, John H. Elliott, Lewis Felker,
Michael Green, John H. Manning, Lewis Mawes, Henry R.
Morgan, Meredith H. Prewitt, Herman Slasinger, Thomas
H. Winsant, Moses Briscoe, Richard Felker, Conrad Graffe,
John Hangs, John Jackson, Frank Klangs, George King-
dom, John Marshall, Henry Murback, Franklin Price, Eli H.
Prewitt, Christian Stammer, Michael Sweeney, Henry Wall.

COMPANY K.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John D. Brent.

Captain John P. Hurley.

First Lieutenant George W. Richardson.

First Lieutenant Morgan Piper.

Second "Lieutenant George W. Wyatt.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Charles Freeman.
Sergeant Louis Edsell.
Sergeant Alexander G. Renfro.
Corporal John Brandrick.
Corporal Thomas Mullen.
Corporal John Freeman.
Teamster Presly T. Richardson.

PRIVATES.

Thomas Agan, Edward Bordin, Robert Buckner, Henry
C. Buckner, James A. Coleman, Archie Cawherd, James A.
Conner, James D. Carter, John Dawson, William Dawson,
Robert Drummond, Harvey Gray, James Gum, Robert L.
Hatcher, Thomas J. Ingraham, George W. Jones, John
Neal, Louis Nest, Henry C. Richardson, William H. Routh,
Peter Stone, Edward Welch, William F. Wallace, Orlando
Waimer, Frederick Bussy, Shadrach T. Butler, Edward
Brundage, Michael Higgins, John Knapp, James Lacy,
Louis Langolf, William McBee, Lafayette Mudd, David T.
Moneypeny, Michael Sranesdoffer, Sylvester Wick, Edgar
Waimer, James Yates, William W. Hill, William Hamilton,
James Long, Edward S. Sexton, Simpson Stout, Thomas J.
Craddock, John O. Donohugh, Allen Higginbotham, John
H. Hawkins, Thomas McDermott, Thomas Nunn, John W.
Runyan, Samuel L. Richardson, Caleb C. Tharp, John
White, John C. Cobble, John J. Devaur, Thomas J. Eving-
ton, John J. Gatly, Surg. W. Gaddie, Terah T. Hagan.
James Hodges, William P. Jacknan, Louis J. Richardson,
Robert Peoples, William Neal, Joseph Smith, Elisha O.
Chandler, Thomae H. Cook, James Herold, William W.
Jones, Thomas J. McGill, Whitfield N. Pedago, William
Reynolds, Garland E. Rabum, Jacob Rush, William H.
Ross, Patrick H. Wyatt, John Etherton, Edward McCarty.

SIXTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY,

The Sixth was organized at Camp Sigel, Jeffer-
son county, in December, 1861, under Colonel
Walter C. Whitaker, and was mustered into the
United States service on the 24th December,
1861, by Major W. H. Sidell, United States
mustering officer. Immediately after organiza-
tion it was assigned to the Department of the
Cumberland, and entered upon active duty. It
was commanded by Colonel Whitaker until June
30, 1863, when he was promoted brigadier-general,
and Lieutenant-Colonel George T. Shackelford
was commissioned colonel. In all the early en-
gagements in Tennessee and on the Atlanta
campaign, this regiment took an active part, and
in the battles of Shiloh, Stone River, and Chick-
amauga suffered severely in killed and wounded.
The number actually killed in battle exceeded

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

103

ten per cent of the number originally enlisted.
It was the recipient of frequent orders of praise
for undaunted gallantry, soldierly]]conduct, and
discipline. Throughout its whole enlistment its
achievements were brilliant and without reproach,
and equal to the best volunteer regiment in the
army. It participated in the following-named
battles, in which loss was sustained, viz: Shiloh,
Stone River, Readyville, Tennessee, Chicka-
mauga. Mission Ridge, AUatoona Mountain, Re-
saca, Kenesaw Mountain, Dallas, Rocky Face
Ridge, Peachtree Creek, Adairsville,]and Atlanta.
It was mustered out at Nashville, on the 2d
day of November, 1864, the recruits and veter-
ans being transferr'^^' to the Kentucky Mounted
Infantry.

COMPANY c

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Major William N. Hailman.
Quartermaster MichaeJ Billings.
Captain Henry C. Schmidt.
First Lieutenant German Dettweiler.
Second Lieutenant Gustavus Bohn.
Second Lieutenant Frederick V. Lockman.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant George Murk.
First Sergeant Jacob Brooker.
First^Sergeant Henry Hochl.
Sergeant Nicholas Rentz.
Sergeant Frank Schnatz.
Sergeant Charles Gussmann.
Sergeant Frederick Schneller.
Sergeant Charles Thomas.
Corporal John Gross.
Corporal Jacob Jecko.
Corporal Charles Metz.
Corporal George Tuckmuller.
Musician Philip Kramer.

PRIVATES.

John Beck, Peter Fie, Frederick Galidorf, Adolph Huze,
Conrad Hennis, Frank Hellinger, Bermhardt Holdragh,
Jacob Hill, John Jacob, Conrad Koehler, Jacob Kuhler,
Blanis Klump, George Kinch, John Kraup, Anton Mack,
Ernst G. Muller, Jacob Mailer, Henry Pope, Michael Stab-
ler, Thomas Schreller, Adam Schork, Jacob Schintzler,
Joseph Umhofer, Jacob Areni, Frederick Borghold, Jacob
Brennerson, Nicholas Couch, Jacob Doll, Sebastian Feeker,
Clement Frunkle, William Frah, William Geisel, Frederick
Haum, John Kennervey, Mathew Knuf , Joseph Meir, Freder-
ick Muller, Loreng Nussbaum, Joseph Ollmann, Peter
Pirom, Elias Ress, August Warthorn, Staver Egle, Valen-
tine Hoffman, Frederick Berdandig, John Bohain, John
Brown, Frederick Funk, William Knop, Joseph Loover,
August Nool, Gottleib Oppenkussky, George Rillhery,
Christian Wilke, Lorenz Vogel, Conrad Wittich," Frederick
Buder, John Tusselman, Michael Herlick,^ Christian Kas,
John Kleimer. Bernhard Koope, John P. Kramer, Michael
Kramer, John Lintz, Henry Linhey, Edward Smith, Heler-
ich Wenderlin, Ludwig Wirth.

COMPANY E.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Bernhard Hund.

Captain William Frank.

First Lieutenant Lorenzo Ammon.

Second Lieutenant Anton Hurd.

Second Lieutenant Valentine Melcher.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Lewis H. Branser.
First Sergeant John Dauble.
Sergeant Franz Maas.
Sergeant Joseph Grunewald.
Sergeant Joseph Bouchard.
Sergeant Jacob Kimmel.
CorporalJEnglebert Emig.
Corporal Herman Travert.
Corporal Lorenz Ultsch.
Corporal Mike Wuermle.
Corporal George Billing.
Corporal Nicholas Voly.

PRIVATES.

Jacob Burlein, George Burlein, John Crecelins, '.George
Frederick Dittrich, Clemens Erhhardt, John Foeister, Charles
Franke, JohnjFix,''Adelbert'Grieshaber, George Goetz, Lewis
Kammerer, Edward Klump, John'^'Henry Kalthoefer, Wil-
liam Kreider, 'August Lamprecht, Christoph Lehmann, Jacob
Martin, Franz Mueller, ^August ,^Prinz, Mathews Rudloff,
Louis Staute, George'JStier, Lewis Strauss, Franz Schwerer,
Henry Webert, Ignatz jWittenauer, Jacob Wunsch, Frede-
rich^Zeitz, Conrad^ Amon,', Conrad Buschman, Frederich
Froehlich, John George Fox, Vincent Flaig, Conrad Gut-
knecht, Adam^Hafermaas, JHenry Kassling, John l^use,
Peter Lause, John Melcher, Joseph Mathes, Joha^oerlinger,
John Nichter, John Roth,,Gattfried RentSchler, Jacob Scharf,
John Schmidt, Chatles Schill,'Markus Schmidt, Franz Schna-
bel, Joseph Spanninger, William Stanze, John Funk, Charles
Grunewald, Math6w Herth, August jEversberg, John Long,
Franz Basssel, William Braumuller, John Deisingbr, William
Kirchhuebel, Henry Kolb, Ignatz Lorenz, Philip Standacher,
Franz Schuster, Franz Zaner, Louis Miller.

COMPANY G.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain Peter Emge.
Captain Peter Marker.
Captain Gottfried Rentschler.
First Lieutenant George Marker.
Second Lieutenant Henry Canning.
Second LieutenaiT*^ Nicholas Sehr.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Peter Kyrisch.
First Sergeant Henry Poetter.
Sergeant Peter Kerkhof.
Sergeant Henry Wulf.
Sergeant Philip Oeswein.
Sergeant Jacob Inninger.
Sergeant George Klaus.
Sergeant David Muengenhagn.
Sergeant Charles Nodler.
Sergeant William Welker.
Sergeant John Kremer.
Sergeant Theodote Wesendorf.
Corporal Julius Hoist.
Corporal David Plaggenburg.

I04

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Corporal Joseph Amman.
Musician Richard Engelbert.
Wagoner Henry Kieser.

PRIVATES.

Gottfried Cannon, George Dickhurt, Henry Doppler,
Frank Dienst. Wendel Held, John Held, Philip Heiland,
Herman Olgesgers, Albert Pfiffer, Joseph Ritzier, Christian
Reiss. Herman Rueter, William Strassel, John Schueler,
Jacob Schenckel, Theobald Stark, Bernhard Teders, Nicolaus
Weber. Frank Wittman, William Ahrens, John Allgayer, John
M. Baur, John Buechel, Melchor Gutgesell, Conrad Hard-
mann, Jacob Hessler, John Haltmann, John Lauer, Gustave
Laun, Herman Russ, John Reuther, Cornelius Schwab, John
Atris, Lorenz Bohn, Alphonzo Carrington, Joseph McCombs,
Willis H. Morton, James T. Terhune, Anton Wormser, Ed-
ward S. Kelly, Michael Bach, Christian Bauer, John Doe-
tenbier, Charles Fischbach, Joseph Kram, John Matley,
Joseph Maas, Adam Mans, Jacob Marx, August Nolt,
Henry Oberriller, Martin Ring, Christian Schuhmacher, John
Schipper, Bernhard Schneller, Gregor Schneider, John
Stuempel, John Velton, Andrew Wagner, Ferdinand E.
Evans.

COMPANY H.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Isaac N. Johnston.

COMPANY I.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain August Stein.
Captain Friedrich Nierhoff.
Captain Dietrich Hesselbein.
First Lieutenant William Frank.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Felix Krumriech.
Sergeant Christian Lambert.
Sergeant Philip Nocker.
Sergeant Anthony SchoU.
Sergeant Julius Horst.
Sergeant Rienhart Reglin.
Corporal Balthasar Hassinger.
Corporal J oseph Waltz.
Corporal Joseph Valte.

PRIVATES.

Henry Altfultis, Leo Baumann, Henry Becker, William
Denhardt, John Dahl, John Eger, Joseph Feis, Herman
Flottman, Christian Fritz, Louis Gaupp, Michael Hoch,
William Hetzel, John Kuster, Anthony Klos, John Moser,
Simon Negele, Joseph Sauer, Francis Schilling, Henry
Schlatter, Joseph Schuster, Philip Speiger, Valentine Steiner,
Charles Stosser, Frank Wyle, Christian Bender, John Basler,
Henry Bruckmann, Philip Diehl, George Eitel, Michael
Hausmann, Christian Hausecker, Henry Reichart, Christian
Sanner, Louis Steinbach, Joseph Schumann, Henry Schibly,
John Schweitzer, Jacob Spatrohr, Frederick Utz, Michael
yester, Pefer Wagner, John Hubing, Thomas Muller, Vital
Bourkatt, Casper Backmann, Christian Conrad, Casper
Kehlin, Clemens Klos, Casper Krebs, Christian Mirkel,
John Christ Moench, Henry Munsterkotter, Joseph Muller,
John Jacob Oberer, Frederick Orth, James Rampendahl,
Mike Reuter, John Schwein, Jacob Schmidt, John Spanier,
Conrad Seibel.

SEVENTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Assistant Surgeon Henry Tammage.
COMPANY C.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William K. Gray.

First Lieutenant Charles G. Shanks.

NINTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Regimental Quartermaster Francis M. Cummings.
COMPANY A.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant Rufus Somerby.
Captain John M. Vetter (a).

TENTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

The Tenth was organized at Lebanon, under
Colonel John M. Harlan, and mustered into
service on the 21st day of November, 1861.

It was assigned to what was then the Second
brigade. First division of the Army of the Ohio.
On the 31st of December the regiment com-
menced its march from Lebanon to Mill Springs.
It did not participate in the battle of Mill
Springs, being on detached duty, but joined the
division in time to be the first to enter the rebel
fortifications. From Mill Springs it marched to
Louisville, from which place it went by steam-
boat to Nashville, thence to Pittsburg Landing,
and took part in the siege of Corinth. A few
days after, the brigade of which the Tenth formed
a part was sent by General Grant up the Ten-
nessee river on transports, guarded by a gunboat,
all under the immediate command of W. T.
Sherman. The forces landed at Chickasaw.
The object of the expedition was to penetrate
the country from Chickasaw and destroy the large
railroad bridge east of Corinth and near luka,
which was most successfully done. In June,
1862, the regiment marched to Tuscumbia, Ala-
bama, and garrisoned Eastport, Mississippi, dur-
ing July, 1862. It then marched through Ten-
nessee and joined the division at Winchester,
and garrisoned that place for some time. In
July, 1862, two companies of the regiment, A
and H, then on duty at Courtland, Alabama,
were surrounded by an overwhelming force of
the enemy and captured. The Tenth composed
a part of Buell's army in his pursuit of Bragg
into Kentucky; after which it returned to Galla-
tin, Tennessee.

On the 25th of December, 1862, the brigade

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

105

started from Gallatin in pursuit of the rebel Gen-
eral John H. Morgan, and to protect the Louis-
ville & Nashville railroad. Morgan was over-
taken on the 29th December, at Rolling Fork,
and driven from the line of the railroad. In
that affair General Duke, of Morgan's com-
mand, was dangerously wounded. The regi-
ment returned to Nashville, and was immediately
sent by General Rosecrans, with other troops, in
pursuit of Forrest and Wheeler, on the Harpeth
river, where it suffered terribly from cold and
rain. It was then stationed at Lavergne, Ten-
nessee; at which place, on the 7th of March,
1863, Colonel Harlan resigned the colonelcy of
the regiment, duties having devolved on the
colonel by the death of his father, the late Hon.
James Harlan, which required his personal at-
tention. After the resignation of General Harlan,
Lieutenant-Colonel Hays was promoted colonel,
and remained in command until it was mustered
out of service.

The regiment was with Rosecrans in his sum-
mer campaign from Murfreesboro to Chicka-
mauga, participating in actions at Hoover's Gap,
Fairfield, Tullahoma, Compton's Creek, and
Chickamauga, returning with the army to Chat-
tanoga. It was under General Thomas at Chick-
amauga, took part in the battle of Mission Ridge,
and pursued the enemy beyond Ringgold, Geor-
gia. It marched from Chattanooga and partici-
pated in the action at Rocky Face Ridge Febru-
ary 25, 1864, and, returning to Ringgold, which
was then the outpost of the army, it remained
there until May 10, 1864, when it started with
General Sherman on the Atlanta campaign, taking
part in nearly every action or movement in that
long and eventful campaign. The flag of the
Tenth was the first to be placed on the enemy's
works at Jonesboro, Georgia, September i, 1864.
It was the first regiment to break the rebel lines
at that place, and entered their works, capturing
the Sixth and Seventh Arkansas rebel regiments
and their colors.

On the 9th July, 1864, the Tenth had a severe
engagement en the north bank of the Chatta-
hoochie river, engaging, single-handed and alone,
a brigade of the enemy and holding them in
check until reinforcements arrived. It would be
impossible to give a full history of this regiment
in the short space allotted for the purpose; the
last campaign alone would fill a volume. Suffice

»4

it to say that, in the three years of its military ex-
istence, the Tenth performed its whole duty, and
at all times maintained the proud reputation of
its State. It was mustered out of service at
Louisville, December 6, 1864.

Besides numerous other engagements, it par-
ticipated in the following, in which loss was
sustained, viz : Chickamauga, Mission Ridge,
Jonesboro, Corinth, Rolling Fork, Hoover's
Gap, Fairfield, Tullahoma, Compton's Creek,
Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Chattahoochie
River, Atlanta, Vining's Station, Pickett's Mills,
and Courtland, Alabama.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel John M. Harlan.
Major Henry G. Davidson.
Quartermaster Samuel Matlock.

COMPANY H.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant William F. Beglow.

On alphabetical list of officers, but not on published rolls:

First Lieutenant Henry W. Barry.

First Lieutenant James Reynolds.

Second Lieutenant John Estes.

COMPANY I.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Israel B. Webster.

COMPANY K.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William Tweddle.

First Lieutenafit. fames R. Watts.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Charles Garvey.
Sergeant Richard R. Bellam.
Sergeant Robert Rea, Sr.
Sergeant John L. Lee.
Sergeant David Richard.
Sergeant Leroy S. Johnston.
Sergeant Peter A. Cox.
Sergeant Edwnrd Wilkins.
Corporal Thomas A. Jones.
Corporal Andrew Burger.
Corpoial John C. Carroll.
Corporal John F. Lee.
Corporal Joseph Montrose.
Corporal William Baker.
Corporal Dufiald Campbell.
Corporal Tobias Burk.
Musician Rabert Rea, Jr.
Musician Peter McLame.

PRIVATES.

William Batman, John Buckley, Thomas Brown, Michael
Cady, John Casey, Patrick Conway, Peter Dailey, Morris
Dorsey, Hugh Eady, Patrick Hines, John Hines, David Len-
ihan, Levi M. Lee; Adam Molim, Jahn B. Mattingley, Wil-
liam H. Mattingley, Patrick Munday, Jasper O'Doeald,
Richard Robeits, William Rase, Joseph Staffan, Richard

io6

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Wdsh. John Amett, Sr., Ulrick Becker, John A. Campbell,
James Fox, Patrick Gegan, James HundleA, Dennis Kan-
leahy, Daniel Maloy, John Meekin; John Murphey, Patrick
MuUoon, Patrick Phibban, Thomas B. Sherman, A. G.
Winthrop, Michael Wester, John Arnett, Jr., Eli Baugh,
John T. Blair, Adam Cane, James Cutsinger, Simon Dearion,
William M. Fumbred, Jacob H. Kneibert, Joseph Lennon,
John S. Mattingley, Thomas Miles, Nicholas Mattingley
William Montgomery, James McCann, Jonathan Philips,
Alexander Sluder, Edward Sutterfield, John Stanton, James
Thomas, Thomas Williams, Simon Carmode, Dennis Cushin,
John J. Idoax, Burtley Murphy, Jerry Murphy, William Mc-
Vey, Patrick Mayland. Thomas Millagan, Daniel Maloney,
Stonemason Mule.

TWELFTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.
COMPANY C

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant Robert H. Mullins.
COMPANY E.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant Milton A. Sivey.
COMPANY H.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain Elisha Simpson.
Captain James L. Burch.
Captain John L. Warden.

FOURTEENTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.
COMPANY F.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Patrick O. Hawes.

COMPANY H.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain John F. Babbitt.

THIRTEENTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Adjutant William W. Woodruff.
Adjutant John S. Butler.

FIFTEENTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

The Fifteenth was organized in the fall of
1 86 1, at Camp Pope, near New Haven, under
Colonel Curran Pope, and was mustered into the
United States service on the 14th day of De-
cember, 1 86 1, at Camp Pope, by Captain C. C.
Gilbert, United States mustering officer, and
marched to Bacon Creek; thence via Bowling
Green, Kentucky, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Shel-
byville, and Fayette, Tennessee, to Huntsville,
Alabama; thence to Winchester, Tennessee;
thence to Gunter's landing and Elk River. On
the 31st day of August, 1862, it started on the
campaign after Bragg, passing via Murfreesboro
and Nashville, Tennessee, and Bofvhng Green,
Elizabethtown, and West Point, to Louisville,
where it arrived on the 26th day of September,

1862. It left Louisville, and marching via Tay-
lorsville, Bloomfield, Chaplin, and Maxville, ar-
rived at the battle-field of Chaplin Hills on the
8th of October, 1862, and engaged in that severe
conflict. It then moved via Danville and Stan-
ford to Crab Orchard, where it turned back, and
moving, via Stanford, Lebanon, Bowling Green,
and Nashville, arrived at the battle-field of Stone
River on the 30th day of December, 1862, and
took part in the five-days' fight at that place.
On the morning of the 4th day of January,

1863, it marched through Murfreesboro, and en-
camped until June 24, 1863, near that place. It
then marched via Hoover's Gap, Manchester,
and Hillsboro, to Decherd, Tennessee, where it
remained about a month, and then marched via
Stevenson, Raccoon, and Lookout Mountains,
to the battle-field of Chickamauga, arriving on
the 19th of September, 1863.

Participating in the battles of the 19th, 20th,
and 2 1 St of September, it covered the army as
skirmishers, and moved to Chattanooga on the
2 2d of September, 1863, where it remained on
post duty until the 2d of May, 1864, when it
started on the Georgia campaign, which was one
of continual fighting, skirmishing, and marching
for four months, resulting in the capture of At-
lanta, which was occupied by the United States
troops on the 2d day of September, 1864.

The regiment was chiefly engaged in garrison
duty and guarding railroads until it was ordered to
Louisville, where it was mustered out on the 14th
day of January, 1865 ; the recruits and veterans
being transferred to the Second Kentucky Vete-
ran cavalry.

A reference to the casualty list will show that
this regiment bore an honorable part in the war,
the number of killed exceeding fourteen per cent,
of the entire force, and the number of wounded
being in greater proportion.

It participated m the following, among other
numerous battles in which loss was sustained,
viz: Chaplin Hills, Kentucky; Stone River,
Tennessee; Chickamauga, Georgia; Mission
Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Allatoona
Mountain, and all the skirmishes of the Atlanta
campaign.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Curran Pope,
Colonel James B. Forman.
Lieutenant-Colonel George P. Jouett.
Major James S.'Allen.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

ro7

Adjutant William P. McDowell.
Regimental Quartermaster John W. Clarke.
Surgeon Richard F. Logan.
Surgeon Edward H. Dunn.
Assistant Surgeon Ezra Woodruff.
Chaplain William C. Atmore.
Chaplain Samuel T. Poinier.

COMPANY C

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain William T. McClure.

COMPANY D.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.
Captain Henry F. Kalfus.
Captain John B. McDowell.

COMPANY E.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant John B. Wood.
First Lieutenant Richard F. Shafer.
Second Lieutenant Harrison Hikes.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Andrew Kidd.
Sergeant Lawrence Kelly.
Sergeant Cyrus P. Beatty.
Sergeant Alfred Davis.
Sergeant John Kiser.
Sergeant Gerge H. Fishback.
Sergeant Joseph Rush.
Sergeant WilliamJ. Shake.
Corporal James Mathews.
Corporal William H. Miller.
Corporal Edward Earl.
Corporal James Wise.
Corporal Burr Leslie.
Corporal Lee M. Alvis.
Corporal James H. Fields.
Corporal Thomas J. Omer.
Corporal Benjamin Pennington.
Musician William French.
Musician George Wilkerson.
Wagoner William L. Cunningham.

John George Beck, Conrad Bullock, John Burke, William
Burke, Christopher Billing, James Black, John W. Cum-
mins, Constantine Crugler, John Cunningham, John Cauf-
man, Jacob Denton, Charles Engle, Reuben Furguson, John
Ferguson, George i. Fields, Alexander Grigsby, Robert
Hicks, James King, James Lawson, Walton McNally, John
O'Brien, Fred Plumb, William Ray, John E. Stockton, John
Snitemiller, Matt Snyder, John Stanton, Joseph Vaughn,
Jerry Williams, Mathew J. Cockerel, Samuel M. Dorsey,
Joseph Fogle, John Lawsman, James McGarvey, Charles
L. Maddox, William D. Malott, George Metem, Mike
O'Dey, Hiram Potts, Allen J. Parson, Louis Roth, Frank
Rouke, John Roush, Thomas Rooney, Edwin Sweeney,
William Wing, Philip Zubrod, Rufus Ammons, Thomas J.
Chilton, Robert Bishop, Robert Kyle, Philomon Olds, William
S. Powell, John Patterson, Joseph Snyder, Robert W. Tay-
lor, Charles Barnett, Reuben Frederick, Thomas Lyden,
Thomas J. Metts, fames W. Engle, Jacob F. Winstead,
Frederick Koberg, James Rady.

COMPANY F.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Aaron S. Bayne.

First Lieutenant William V. Wolfe.

First Lieutenant Judson Bayne.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant William A. Phelps.

Sergeant James J. Turner.

Sergeant Andrew Walters.

Sergeant John K. Abney.

Corporal Henry H. Smith.

Corporal Albert G. Bonnar.

Corporal John Middleton.

Corporal Elijah T. Jackson.

Corporiil John W. Bale.

Corporal John Whitman.

Corporal Martm H. Wathen.

Corporal Thomas J. Redman.

Corporal Aaron F. Abney.

Corporal Joseph Teahan.

Musician Thomas Warren.

PRIVATES.

Joshua Bayne, Byron Bomar, Alfred Brown, James N:
Conner, Milton Davis, George W. Dobson, William W.
Evans, John P. Gore, James M. Hall, Willis Liggens, Joseph
Pepper, Robert Pattinger, Cyril D. Pierman, James C.
Strouse, Frank Wright, John B. Walters, Isaac F. Brewar,
Oscar Brown, Daniel Bell, Francis Daugherty, Jacob Ewen,
David Jones, William McGill, Shelby Pepper, William^
Prewitt, John B. Shandoin, John W. Smith, George Trumbo,
John W. Waide, Frank Appleton, John H. Cheatham, Gill-
deroy G. Guthrie, John Heath, Ephrans S. Hill, Napoleon
B., Ireland, Samuel Loyeton, John C. Marr, Porterfield Mc-
Dowell, Napoleon McDowell, William B. Beauchamp, Rob-
ert Bayne, John Davis, John Daily, Abel Elkin, James W.
Gollaher, William H. Heath, Matthew Hunt, James B. John-
son, Elijah Rodg^s, Jenken Skaggs, William S. Thompson,
Elbert P. Al^ney, John Bayne, Reuben V. Bale, Jphn Canuu
han, George Ewing, John W. Hoback, Thomas Hoages,
George Hill, James Hite, Harrison Lemmons, Thomas
Prewitt, Isaac Shipp, George Stilts, John C. Skumer.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John B. Wood.

First Lieutentint John D. Lenahan.

First Lieutenant Frank D. Gerrety.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Patrick Larkin.
Sergeant James Gallaher.
Sergeant Patrick Shealby.
Sergeant Patrick Rooneg.
Sergeant J.oseph Moran.
Sergeant Martin Delaney.
Corporal Thomas Conway.
Corporal Oscar Hoen.
Corporal Michael Joyce.
Corporal John Scally.
Corporal Thomas Scanlan.
Musician John Crawley.

PRIVATES.

Hugh Boyle, Patrick Byrne, Daniel Buckley, Patrick Btafc,
Michael Conway, John Collins, Patrick CrawUe, Dennis Cuft

io8

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

John Clark, James Dillon, John Daugher, Thomas Fitzger-
ald, Patrick Gannon, James Gillispie, Timothy Hobin,
Thomas Kain, Thomas Leonard, John Murphy, Hugh
McGready, Thomas McLaughlin, Patrick McDade, George
Mclntyre, James McCarty, Patrick Moore, Michael Nolin,
Hugh ORourk, John O'Bryne, Joseph Stanton, Henry Shea,
James Sergeson, James Shealby, Daniel Taughy, Owen Cas-
tello, John Doulen, Martin Grimes, Martin Horan. Silas
Johnson, Daniel Mcllvain, Michael Maloney, Henry Scott,
Conrad Smith, Thomas Coleman, Michael Collins, Patrick
Degnan, Michael Hanly, Patrick Hannon, Patrick Keltey,
James Lamb, Daniel McKenley, Martin Ross, Patrick
Swift, James Burk, Michael Burk, Malakie Caffee, William
Campton, Bartley Donahue, James Donohue, Bernard Mc-
Ginnis, Dennis Mulhern, Thomas Mouldry, Samuel Rogers,
■William Stanton, David Seery, Edward Boyle, John Monaty
Patrick McHale, Patrick O'Bryne, James Currie, Patrick
Donohue, Charles Sweeney.

SEVENTEENTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Alexander M. Stout.
Lieutenant-Colonel Benjamin H. Bristow.
Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Vaughan.
Regimental Quartermaster Richard C. Gill.

COMPANY C.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Thomas R. Brown.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant William H. Meglemery.

TWENTY-FIRST KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

COMPANY C.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Edmund B. Davidson.
Captain John B. Buckner.

TWENTY-SECOND KENTUCKY INFANTRY,

This regiment was organized at Camp Swigert,
Greenup county,, on the 12th day of December,
1 86 1, under D. W, Lindsey as colonel, George
W. Monroe, lieutenant-colonel, and Wesley
Cook, major, by which officers the regiment was
principally recruited. Company A was recruited
from the city of Louisville and Franklin county ;
companies B and C frpm Greenup county ; com-
pany D from Carter county ; company E from
Lewis county ; company F from Franklin and
Greenup counties ; company G from Carter and
Boyd counties ; company H and I from Carter
county ; and company K from the city of Louis-
ville. Previous to the organization of the regi-
ment, companies A, K, and the larger portion
of F were stationed at Frankfort, and did efficient
service under the direction of the State authority.
The remaining companies of the regiment were
in Eastern Kentucky, and operated effectively in

that section of this State and also in West Vir-
ginia.

Immediately after the organization of the
regiment, it was ordered up the Sandy Valley,
and rendered most important service in the ex-
pedition against the rebel General Humphrey
Marshall. A detachment of the Twenty-second
and of the Fourteenth Kentucky infantry, under
command of Lieutenant-Colonel Monroe, during
the battle of Middle Creek, charged and dis-
lodged from a strong position the command of
General Williams, Confederate, which movement,
as the commanding officer, General Garfield,
reports, was "determinate of the day."

The mission up the Sandy having been ac-
complished, the Twenty-second was ordered, by
way of Louisville, to Cum.berland Gap; and
proved to be one of the regiments chiefly relied
upon by General G. W. Morgan for the capture
of that point. During the stay of General Mor-
gan at the Gap, the discipline and efficiency of
this regiment was frequently mentioned in gen-
eral orders; and, after the battle of Tazewell, to
the Twenty-second was assigned the duty of cov-
ering the retreat of DeCourcy's brigade from the
field.

During the retreat of General Morgan's divis-
ion from Cumberland Gap to the Ohio river, this
regiment was assigned to responsible duty, and
discharged the same in such manner as to receive
the praise of the commanding general.

Immediately after reaching the Ohio river,
Morgan's division, with the exception of General
Baird's brigade, was ordered up the Kanawha
valley to the relief of General Cox. After driving
the enemy beyond Gauley Bridge, the same com-
mand was ordered South, and reached Mem,
phis, Tennessee, about the 15th day of Novem-
ber, 1862. At this place the division received
some additions by recruits, and the 22d was
augmented by some thirty men from Captain R.
B. Taylor's company, who were assigned to com-
pany I; and Captain Estep, successor to Captain
Taylor, was assigned to the command of that
company.

The regiment, then composing a part of Mor-
gan's division, of Sherman's command, proceeded
down the Mississippi river, and on the 28th and
29th of December, 1862, attacked the works of
the enemy upon the Yazoo river, at Haynes's
Bluff, or Chickasaw Bayou. In the charge on

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

109

the 29th, the Twenty-second lost a number of
killed and wounded, among whom were those
gallant officers, Captains Garrard and Hegan,
and Lieutenant Truett, killed; and Lieutenant-
Colonel Monroe, Captains Bruce and Gathright,
and Lieutenants Bacon and Gray, wounded.

Shortly after the battle of Chickasaw Bayou,
the army of the Mississippi, under Major-Gen-
eral McClernand, captured and destroyed Ar-
kansas Post, a strong position upon the Arkan-*
sas river, from which the fort took its name; in
which affair the Twenty-second bore an honora-
ble part.

After remaining at Young's Point and Milli-
ken's Bend two or three months, this regiment,
with McClernand's corps, the Thirteenth, of
which It formed a part, took the lead in the
movement, by way of Bruensburg, to invest
Vicksburg from the rear; the Twenty-second
performing an important part in all the engage-
ments incident thereto, as well as in the capture
of Vicksburg. After the surrender of that im-
portant pomt, the regiment marched with the
brigade to which it was attached, and assisted in
the capture of Jackson, Mississippi. The Twen-
ty-second then, following the fortunes of the
Thirteenth army corps, was sent to the Depart-
ment of the Gulf, where it rendered good service.

The regiment veteranized at Baton Rouge in
March, 1864, and was consolidated with the
Seventh Kentucky veteran infantry; the non-
veterans being mustered out at Louisville, Ken-
tucky, January 20, 1865.

The regiment was engaged in the following
named general engagements, besides numerous
skirmishes, viz: Middle Creek, Kentucky; Cum-
berland Gap, Tazewell, Tennessee; Haynes's Bluff
or Chickasaw Bayou, Mississippi; Arkansas Post,
Port Gibson or Thompson's Hill, Champion Hill,
or Baker's Creek, Big Black Bridge, siege of
Vicksburg, Jackson, Mississippi, and Red River;
in almost all of which the regiment was com-
manded by Lieutenant-Colonel Monroe; Colonel
Lindsey being in command of the bridge or
division.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Major John Hughes.
Quartermaster James W. Barbee.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICEKS.

Captain John Hughes.

First Lieutenant Arthur J. Harrington.
Second Lieutenant James W. Barbee.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Thomas Collins.
First Sergeant William H. Milam.
Sergeant Henry Simmons.
Sergeant John Rohner.
Sergeant Jacob Edinger.
Sergeant John T. Harrington.
Sergeant Oliver J. Howard.
Corporal Enoch Napier.
Corporal George Tanner.
Corporal Jacob Fisher.
Corpora 1 J erem iah Wells.
Corporal John Welsh.
Corporal Philip Sneider.
Corporal John C. Seibert.
Corporal George Rammers.

PRIVATES.
Alexander Armstrong, Michael Bower, Patrick Coakley,
Godfrey Geisler, William Gainey, Timothy Harrigan, Mich-
ael Leary, James Leary, John T. McCoy, Benjamin Miller,
John T. Milam, John Paiker, William Seibert, Michael H.
Shay, James Scanlan, William Tagg, William Clark, James
Dailey, Thomas Kelley, George Perry Nerns, Thomas S.
Tevis, Albert L. Cook, John T. Gathright, Charles L. Gal-
loway, Hardy J. Galloway, Patrick Garrety, William Hess,
Patrick McCandry, Franklin McNeal, William Wilson,
James A. Wells, John Welsh, second, Edward Berry, John
Burns, James W. Collins, Louis Commersour, William Dris-
coll, John Hulet, James Hulet, Thomas Manihan, Solomon
Parker, William H. Smith, William T. Walls, John Cox.

COMPANY D.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain James G. Milligan.
First Lieutenant James W. Barbee.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain William B. Hegan.

COMPANY H.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.
Captain John T. Gathright.

COMPANY I.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant Charles G. Shanks.
COMPANY K.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Louis Schweizer.

Captain Charles Gutig.

First Lieuteuant Gustav Wehrle.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Jacob Klotter.
Sergeant Nicholas Ember.
Sergeant Adam Warner.
Sergeant Henry Stachelsha'' ,
Sergeant Valentine Loesh.
Sergeant Louis Fisher.
Corporal Benjamin Lochner.
Corporal Lucas Rhine.
Corporal George Klotter.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Corporal Felix Gross.
Corporal John Eppelle.
Corporal Paul Resch.
Corporal John Duckweiler.
Corporal Lorenz Schaffner.

PRIVATES.

John Barthel, Casper Buchl, George Bremmer, Alvis Dres-
sel, Theodore Eken, Sebastian Fautner, Louis P'insler,
Joseph Gutz, Gonrad Hecht, Conrad Hoeb, Rudolph Hess,
Andrew Jacoby, Conrad Kneiss, Frederick Konig, Sebas-
tain Kuhr, Joseph Lochner, Leopold Lenzinger, Michael
Meyer, John Martin, George Pfeiffer, Michael Rilling, An-
thony Sauer, Henry Scherr, Philip Schlimer, John Schutz,
John Vogt, Joseph Wachter, John Zimmer, John Brimmer,
Paul Dressel, Conrad Doll, John Baptist Emig. Heiiry En-
glehardt, William Hemerich, John Hess, Peter Koil, Martin
Leopold, Cassimer Mickoley, John Oehler, George Paulus,
Casper Rappensberger, George Schlottler, Frank Vogt, John
Baker, Charles C. Miller, John Philip Russ, Jacob Trump-
ler, Henry Zickel, John Baier, Henry Belger, Wenderlien
Fritz, John Huber, George Kuppel, George Seitz, Michael
Staublin, Robert Staib, Lorenz Wittenauer, John Kochler,
Philip Mossman, Stephen Wittenauer.

TWENTY-THIRD KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

FIELD OFFICER.

Colonel Marcellus Mundy.

TWENTY-FIFTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

IJeutenant Benjamin H. Bristow.

TWENTY-SIXTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.
STAFF OFFICER.

Adjutant A. J . Wells.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant John F. Harvey.
Second Lieutenant Charles H. Hart.

COMPANY D.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant Thomas J. Mershon.

TWENTY-SEVENTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.
FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Charles D. Pennebaker.
Lieutenant-Colonel John H. Ward.
Major Alexander Magruder.
Adjutant James B. Speed.
Assistant Surgeon Robert Dinwiddle.
Chaplain Robert G. Gardner.

COMPANY A.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Fred. Guy.

COMPANY F.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant Riley Wilson.

COMPANY I.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain William H. Heivey.

TWENTY-EIGHTH KENTUCKY VOLUNTEERS.

The Twenty-eighth Kentucky Infantry was
organized in the fall of 1861 at New Haven,
under Colonel William P. Boone, and was mus-
tered into service October 8, 1861, at the same
place, by Captain C. C. Gilbert, First United
States infantry, mustering officer. The regiment
was raised under the call of the State for forty
thousand volunteers for United States service.
Colonel Boone, at the time the law was passed
and authority granted for raising the troops, was
a member of the Kentucky Legislature from the
city of Louisville, and asked leave of absence for
the |3iurpose of recruiting a regiment. In four
weeks from the time he commenced recruiting
he had nine companies in camp, of more than fifty
men each. On the 6th of November, 1861, he
received orders from General Sherman, com-
manding department of the Ohio, ordering his
regiment on duty. In the early stages of the
war the Twenty-eighth was on duty at Shepherds-
ville. New Haven, Lebanon, Colesburg, Eliza-
bethtown, and Munfordsville, Kentucky, and
Nashville, Franklin, Gallatin, Lebanon, Carthage,
Sparta, and Columbia, Tennessee ; and ever
commanded the respect and attention of the
commanding generals, whether in battle or in
camp. It also performed duty at Huntsville and
Stevenson, Alabama, and Rossville, Rome,
Rocky Face Ridge, Ringgold, Lafayette, White
Oak Mountain, Taylor's Ridge, Chickamauga
Creek, Pea Vine Church, Tunnel Hill, and Dal-
ton, Georgia.

The Twenty-eighth, by order of General
Rosecrans, was armed with the Spencer repeat-
ing rifle and mounted, and performed gallant
and arduous service until it returned to Kentucky
on veteran furlough.

Colonel Boone was much exposed during the
winter of 1864, whilst in command of cavalry
and mounted infantry, in front of the army at
Chattanooga, Tennessee, and was reluctantly
compelled to resign on account of disability, in-
curred by said exposure, on the 28th of June,
1864. On the first of March, 1864, the regi-
ment veteranized, and received thirty days' vete-
ran furlough, and on the 7th of May, under com-
mand of Lieutenant-Colonel J. Rowan Boone,
rejoined the army of the Cumberland in Georgia.

FIELD AND STAKK.

Colonel William P. Boone.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Ill

Lieutenant-Colonel J. Rowan Boone.
Major Absalom Y. Johnson.
Major John Gault, Jr.
Major George W. Barth.
Surgeon James A. Post.
Assistant Surgeon Joseph Habermeal.
Chaplain Hiram A. Hunter.
Sergeant-Major Nathaniel Wolfe, Jr.
Sergeant- Major Henry S. Senteny.
Quartermaster-Sergeant William R. Cox.
Commissary-Sergeant Josiah Allis.
Hospital Steward Stephen A. Catlin.
First Musician William O'Hara.
Second Musician Thomas P. Myrick.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William E. Benson.

Captain Paul Byerly.

First Lieutenant John W. Hogue.

First Lieutenant Martin Enright.

Second Lieutenant John A. Weatherford.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant W. P. Gathright.
Sergeant J. W. Taylor.
Sergeant J. D. Holt.
Corporal William O'Hara.
Corporal Samuel Clark.
Corporal Jacob Hesi.
Corporal W.J. Head.
Corporal William R. Hoagland.
Corporal James Thomas.
Corporal J. A. Dai ley.
Corporal John W. Smith.

PRIVATES.

William Ash, Josiah Allis, Joseph Bensing, Joseph Ben-
nett, William Burke, Joseph Brobst, John Brewster, Nicholas
Brannin, James Cayton, Ferdinand Conser, Ransom Chase,
Hannon Cashing, Almanzo Connell, James Corrigan, Edward
Corcelus, Michael Carney, C. F. Combs, Peter Coons,
Henry Calcamp, Thomas Dillon, Abram Drisfus, Joseph
Day, Michael Dillon, George Fleck, William Farroday,
Frederick Forcht. Silas Fuell, Benjamin Fuell, Patrick Fla-
herty, Patrick Gaffusy, Gerhart Geny, Joseph Gnow, George
W. Graible, Cyrus Graible, William M. Gard,Hartman Hel-
bert, John Horp, John Hettinger, James Howell, Michael
Hays, George Hanley, Johnson Hardin, John Holler, Ber-
nard Hochstatter, John Kinkead, Joseph Kinkead, Henry
Keyser, William Kline, John Kane, George Kelpers, Joseph
Kremer, Peter Lotze, John Lukenbill, Patrick Leary, Ed-
ward Leyer, Nicholas Miller, John McCarty, John Mc-
Mahon, John Meyer, Coonrod Oper, Charles Owen, John
A. Osborn, Benjamin Powell, Jr., Gustav Roadsloff, Nicho-
las Rinehart, John Renwick, Charles Reap, G. W. Rodgers,
Henry Schafer, Nicholas .Show, John H. .Strausburg, Wil-
liam Shirley, James Sullivan, George G. F. Shafer, H. C.
Senteny, Lewis Suyer, Herman Stimpel, George W. Tiller,
Samuel Taguc, Henry F. Trantman, Philip Trunk, George
Wahlwind, John Wagner, .August Weger, Herman Wahmes,
•Anselm Wesbacher, George Wesel.

COMP.VNY B.

COMMISSIO.VED OFFICERS.

Captain James H. White.
Taptam Thomas J. Randolph.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant George H. Alexander.
Sergeant Charles H. Harris.
Corporal Usher F. Kelly.
Corporal John W. LeBlanc.
Corporal Hermogene LeBlanc.
Corporal William M. Harris.
Corporal William R. Parish.
Corporal Henry Null.
Corporal James E. -Mullen.
Corporal Lewis Hawkins.
Musician Charles G. Clarke.
Musician Julius G. Johnson.
Wagoner Robert Murry.

PRIVATES.
Henry Bull, Lewis H. Bealer, JoHn C. Black, Nehemiah
Bohnan, Frederick Bodka, Lawrence Corcoran, James D.
Coulter, Richard Coulter, Milton C. Clark, Andrew L.
Domire, William Dooley, John W. Floore, Francis
Faber, Patrick Flynn, Patrick W. Fooley. Alfred J. Gooch,
August Gardner, William M. Hargin, Philip Margin, James
M. Hilton, George W. Hand, John Henry, William Hamon,
John G. Hearn, Michael Hogan, Henry Honroth. Loudey
Howard, Samuel Hopewell, Frederick Heflferman, William T.
F.Johnson, George ;Kountz, James Kleisendorf, Orren Lane,
John Means, David Mercer, William H. Myers, Benjamin
B. Medcalfe, John Mahner, Dominick Morley, John Meister,
Samuel L. Nichols, John Osborn, Barney O'Brien, Turling-
ton Ragsdale, Marion Rowland, James Rawlings, Lorenzo
D. Rardon, Charles N. Resenbaugh, Reuben Shively, Jacob
H. Sapp, John F. Sweeney. Christopher Stilby, Daniel Suli-
van, Joseph D. Selvage, John H. Sisson, James L. Sisson,
Robert Shanks, Klartin L. Stephens, Morris H. Sheiffer,
John Sheetinger, Benjamin F. Smith, William H. Sherrod,
Frank Troutman, William T. Teeter, Michael Whalen.

COMPANY C.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain George W. Barth.

Captain Theodore B. Hays.

First Lieutenant Robert W. Catlin.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant William Shane.

Sergeant Henry Dorman.

Sergeant William H. Sanders.

Sergeant Silas F. Barrall.

Sergeant Stephen Norman.

Corporal John T. Monroe.

Corporal William H. Horine.

Corporal Ely Williams.

Corporal William F. Miles.
1 Corporal Joseph A. Barrall.
, Corporal Charles Lebberle.
i Corporal James Marshall.
I Corporal John Seibert.
I Musician Thomas P. Myrick.

Musician Albert Younker.

Wagoner Walter Senger.

PRIVATES.

Samuel R. Armes, Abraham Anderson, Henry Ahlbom,
Henry Beghtol, Frederick Bealer, Littleberry Batchelor,
John C. Barth, Silas M. Burk, Stephen Catlin, Horace Cahoe,
George W. Compton, James Corcoran, Wellington Crutch-
low, Stephen Coch, Louis C. Dennis, William Davis, Henry

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

C. Dother, Thomas B. Duncan, Henry Deal, Henry Ebber-
harth, Louis Earickson, Alexander Elliott, Edward Egan,
Samuel Fleckner, William French, Christian Friendenberger,
Anthony Fouth, James Foster, John Geist, Patrick Gibbons,
Conrad Gleb, John Gunner, Marcus L. Goldsmith, August
Hennerberger, Christian Harshfield, Jacob Hart, Christopher
Hapf, George Haller, Thomas Hogan, John Horine, Henry
C. Johnson, Thomas Johnson, Frederick Kohler, Benjamin
King, Thomas Kegan, Christian Katzel, Sr., Christian
Katzel.Jr., Joseph Long. Casper Lowentha, John J. Myer,
John Myer, Jacob M. Miller, James W. Martin, John Mann,
Charles F. Miller. Arthur May, Thomas McNutt, James Mc-
Donald, James M. Melson, John Nagel, Martin Nagel,
Peter Nailor, James J. Norman, Warden J. Quick, Barney
Ruf, John J. Samuel, Anthony Schmidt, George Seibert,
James Stewart, Sidney S. Smith, Madison B. Stinson, Jacob
Seipert, Martin Schmidt, Richard M. Thompson, John
Thompson, Henry Thompson, Jacob Walter, John Webler,
Frederick Webber, William Winter.

COMPANY D.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Henry J. O'Neill.

Captain John Martin.

First Lieutenant Henry Monohan.

First Lieutenant Patrick O'Malia.

Second Lieutenant Anthony Hartman.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Joseph Flanagan.
Sergeant John Jardine.
Sergeant Vincent Eusada.
Corporal Anthony Funn.
Corporal James G^ntion.
Corporal George Kinsley.
Corporal Richard Langdon.
Corporal Morgan O'Btien.
Corporal John Farrell.
Corporal Daniel O'Hera.
Corporal William Naughton.
Musician Henry Gallaher.
Musician John McGovern.
Wagoner Peter Martin.
Cook Edward Clark.

John Atchison, Thomas Birmingham, Michael Burke First,
Michael Burke Second, John Bolton, John Bogle, Richard Bar-
rett, John Buckly, James Buckly, Bryan Connor, Philip Carr,
Peter Campbell, Patrick Conway, John Cody, Michael Casey,
Patrick Curran, James Dooley, Francis Finn, Darby Flaher-
ty, Patrick Fadden, William Gallagher, Nathaniel Gallagher,
Patrick Gorman, Martin Glynn, Patrick Hines, John HoUa-
han, John Hayes, John Hennesey, John Hatch, John
Hogan, Patrick Hogan, oohn Hanlon, George Hart, Joseph
Kimmel, George King, John Laihiff. Lawrence Lamer,
Michael Lynch, Patrick Lee, Boliver Moody, Michael May-
bar, John McGregor, John Myers, Michael McClear, Wil-
liam McClellan, Patrick McBride, Michael Nicholas, Mich-
ael O'Donnell, John O'Brien, Michael Pimrick, Edward
Pope, James Prewett, Thomas Ryan, Walter Ross,
I.awrence Sulivan, Patrick Spratch, Austin Stanton, Brian
Solan, Michael Shanahan, Bartholomew Thornton, Barthol-
omew Ticmey, James Terrell, John Whalen, Patrick Welsh,
Hugh Willis.

COMPANY E.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Franklin M. Hughes.

Captain George W. Conaway.

Captain William C. Irvine.

Captain Andrew B. Norwood.

First Lieutenant Granville J. Sinkhorn.

Second Lieutenant Joseph H. Davis.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Charles H. Littrell.
Sergeant George Mattern.
Corporal William L. G. McPherson.
Corporal Cornelius Maher.
Corporal Henry H. Hancock.
Corporal Thomas T. Baldwin.
Corporal Silas W. Young.
Corporal John W. Baldwin.
Corporal James L. Porter.
Corporal William Fagar.
Musician Othello Delano.
Wagoner Elijah Thurman.

PRIVATES.

Eugene Anthony, George Albert, Jacob Arnold, James
Black, Frederick Boyer, Richard Bee, William Burke, Rob-
ert Barr, John Barr, George J. Beninger, Jabzen N. Baldwin,
Marion Bailey, Earnest Bitner, Daniel S. Brabson, Jesse
Baxter, James Combs, Jacob H. Carbaugh, William L. Cou-
ncil, James Coons, Cornelius Crowley, James Cleary,
Charles E. Figg, George B. Figg, William W. Figg,
Zachariah Fogelman, Thomas C. Forsyth, Henry Green,
William Gregory, Thomas F. Graham, George E. Holmes.
Theodore F. Hambaugh, Uriah G. Hawkins, William A.
Hall, Michael Hynes, William E. Keene, Peter Klink,
Henry Kalkhoff, Jesse K. Long, Michael Lynch, Patrick
Mooney, Hugh McGrath, George Morrison, Greathell Ma.x-
well, John F. Mullen, William G. Meyers, George Panell,
Thomas Pryar, Patrick Pryar, Josiah D. Ripley, Jacob L.
Spanglear, Michael Sehr, William G. Saner, John W. B.
Shirley, Thomas B. Sweeney, James W. Thomas, John H.
Thurman, Charles Thomas, Andrew Todd, Samuel C.
Vance, James W. Wilson, Joseph S. West, Joseph Wil-
burne, Joseph W. Walker, Charles T. Whalen, John W.
Walton, George Zimmerman.

COMPANY F.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain James R. Noble.
Captain William C. McDowell.
Second Lieutenant Henry Hooker.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Charles Shane.
Sergeant Samuel S. Hornbeck.
Sergeant Stephen M. Gupton.
Sergeant William H. Manning.
Corporal William Owen.
Corporal George Ganman.
Corporal William Woodfall.
Corporal Isaac Hornbeck.
Corporal William Morrow.
Corporal James Brunton.
Corporal William L. Gupton.
Corporal George Brown.
Musician David Waits.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Musician William R. Cox.
Wagoner Benjamin H. Murry.

PRIVATES.

-John Adams, Benhart Bargoff, James Bell, Valentine
Berge, Franklin Blunk. John S. Cheshire, Kitchel Clark,
Zedick Clark, Louis Colboker, James Corkeran, John R. CruU,
John E. Davis, William H. H. Davis, Joseph Elsey, James
Elsey, Frederic Emiin, John Ernst, Jacob Earwine, James
O. Evans, William Ferguson, John Fields, Michael Galliger,
Pious Hardy, William L. Harris, John Higgins, Daniel
Highland, Com. P. Hild^rbrand, Noell Jackson, William
Leish, John Lee, John Munch, John P. Means, Thomas
Moore, John Miller, James Middleton, Fielding Middieton,
William Middleton, Charles E. Manning, Sidney Noe,
George Noe, John H. C. Overcamp, Nathan Pharris, Joseph
Perry, Asbury Parsley, Henry Puff, Samuel Quick, George
W. Rogers, Philip Shull, Abram Sago, Mathew Shay, John
Spencer, William Stedman, Frederick Thompson, Joseph
Terry, George Tolson, Raphael Vinecore, Louis Varille,
Thomas B. Wallace, Isaac Williams, William Webb, Benja-
min Webb, Taylor Windsor, John Windsor, John Whitledge,
Robert Wright, John Zinsmaster.

COMPANY G.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain Frederick Brooks.
Captain James E. Loyal.
First Lieutenant Albert M. Healy.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Edward O'Malley.
Sergeant John G. Fraville.
Sergeant Charles Taylor.
Sergeant Frederick Honroth.
Corporal Frederick Troxell.
Corporal Samuel Randalls.
Corporal Charles B. Fetters.
Corporal John H. Graham.
Corporal Frank Read.
Musician Zefra Blum.
Musician Joseph Fox, Jr.
Musician B. Gary Edward.
Wagoner John Mullin.

PRIVATES.

David F. Blair, Ferdinand Belter, Hugh R. Boyd, Thomas
Bott, John Boggs, Charles F. Bates, Anthony Berger, Cor-
nelius Boyd, Eli Burchard, Milton Burnham, George W.
Baily, Neil Conway, Timothy Conway, Thomas Casey,
Frederick Cording, James Drummon, Andrew Dirk, Samuel
Dysinger, James Davenport, David Danser, James Eairly,
George R. S. Floyd, Jerome B. Francis, Joseph Fox, Sr.,
James Farrell, William E. Gary, Jacob Goodfred, George
Goodfred, Abraham Graham, Peter Haggerty, Washington
T. Hudson, Thomas Higgins, Henry Hannasth, Philip
Hinkle, Frederick Joyce, Henry K. Jerome, Patrick King,
William Kimball, John Krebsback, William Lewis, Joseph
Mets, John Murphy, Thomas More, John Maher, Derire
Mongey, John McDonel, John McGreal, Frank O'Neil,
Patrick O' Boyle, Reuben Ratcliffe, Jerry Riley, Samuel
Ratchfend, William S. Roach, Jonathan Shull, John Shan-
non, Owen Sullivan, Patrick Toole, Seraphine Wohlap,
William Wardrip, John Welsh, James Watson, Joseph
Stevenson, John Stevenson, Charles W. Farnum, Henry C.
Gary, Edward S. Hall, David Isgrig, Jasper A. Jones, William
Keepers, Thomas Murphy, Michael Morris, John Masters,
'5

William Miller, Robert Rogers, William Rosenbush, Clark
Stackhouse. Josiah Searles, Andrew Taylor. Charles T. Todd.

COMPANY H.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Robert Cairs.

Captain Daniel C. Collins.

First Lieutenant Nathaniel Wolf, Jr.

First Lieutenant William R. Cox.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Robert W. Reid.
Sergeant Henry W. Neve.
Sergeant Jacob C. Burris.
Sergeant John V. Sanders.
Sergeant Roderick McLeod.
Corporal Jeremiah Warner.
Corpor>al Anthony Morley.
Corporal Austin Stetler^
Corporal John W. Brineger.
Corpoial Preston Nelson.
Corporal William G. Bostwick.
Corporal Whitman S. Green.
Corporal Charles Carroll.
Wagoner Peter McCormick.
Musician Barney Wilkins.
Musician August Amborn.

PRIVATES.

Philip S. Atkins, Frederick Booker, Philip Brennon, Henry
Beckhait, John Cook, Patrick Collopy, Jeremiah Crowley,
Thomas J. Craycroft, John Curran, Lawrence Carroll,
Michael Cary. William Dyer, Michael Dermidy, James
Duno van, James W. Deering, Joseph Doherty, Thomas El-
lis, Beverly Eisenbice, James Fitzpatrick, John Foos, James
W. Floore, Patrick Gallagher, Henry Heinman, John Heen-
an, John Johnson, Stephen Kellesher, Thomas Kelly, James
Kearney, Jacob Lear, Henry Long, Robert Miller, Lawrence
Morgan, Michael Mullen, Thomas Mann, Thomas Murphy,
Henry Medley, Wesley McMurry, Francis McDonald, Pat-
rick McGuife, James Montgomery, Michael Mahan, John
Nevill, George Parin, John Porter, John W. Roberts,
Michael Swinney, John Steelen, James Smith, John Stents,
John Whalen, John Welch, John W. Clarke, Charles Crack-
nel!, John P. Deitrick, John Dwyer, Thomas Dorsey, John
Doyle, Cyrus Jeffreys, James Menaugh, Anthony Mullen,
Charles Shoemaker, John M. Smith, Henry Weam.

COMPANY I.
COMMI.SSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain George W. Conway.
First Lieutenant Charles Obst.
First Lieutenant Frederick Buckner.
First Lieutenant Anthony P. Hefner.
First Lieutenant William T. Morrow.
Second Lieutenant William Troxler.
Second Lieutenant Isaac Everett, Jr.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Emile Wilde.
Corporal William Hartman.
Corporal Henry Lentacker.
Corporal Charles Henning.
Corporal Joseph Pfatzer.
Corporal Christian Haag.
Corporal Samuel Schwartz.

PRIVATES.
Frederick Arnold, John Algier, Jacob Attwejlcr, JoWpi

114

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Amos, Charles Berger, Conrad Beager, Andrew Bauer,
George Bayha, George Bryning, Albert Baker, William F.
Bolkemeyer, John Bowls, Thon:>as Bowls, Lewis Cook, Ar-
mitage Carr, John T. Cunningham, ]ames H. Cowley,
Thomas G. Conoway. George Comstock, Jacob Dries, James
Davenport, Richard Davenport, Daniel W. Evans, B. Ed-
ward, Casper Foil, James Farrel, Louis B. Fuller, Thomas
Gregory, Frank Golquilt, Shelton T. Green, Philip Hans,
Thaodore Heidbring, Jacob Hagar, Charles A. Harvey,
William R. Hudspeth, Joseph Heaky, Henry Jerome, John
Kongka, Sr.. John Kongka. Jr., Arnold Kuss, James Kay,
Henry Mead, Thomas Moris, Charles Mathaes, John H.
Michael, Banjamin March, George Meier, Joseph 1 . Meier,
Thomas D. McLaughlin, James McGuire, William Magowen,
John T. Mark, Henry Miller, William Meier, Albert Nauge-
ster, John O'Haren, Radford M. Osborn, Joseph Obermeyer,
Robert B. Pennington, William Rhein, Peter Reilsburger,
John Reinald, Michael Radenheim, Charles Schrimpf, Bern-
hard Speaker, Vincennes Schrimpf, Joseph Schmidt, Edward
Sulivau, Alvis Stanger, Patrick Stanton, Albert Thorninyer,
William Thompson, James Thomas, Benson Vansandt,
Michael Vain, Thomas Ward, David F. Wright, Jacob
Wirth, Henry Waltring, Frank Weston, William Wardlaw,
George W. Wright, John Warden, George Wichter, John
Welsch.

On alphabetical list of officers, but not on
company rolls:

Captain Stephen M. Gupton.
First Lieutenant William L. Gupton.
First Lieutenant James Gannon.
First Lieutenant Thomas T. Baldwin.
First Lieutenant James E. MuUin.
First Lieutenant Charles Harris.
First Lieutenant Thomas B. Wallace.

THIRTIETH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant J. W. S. Smith.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Milton P. Hodges.

First Lieutenant William B. Craddock.

THIRTY-SECOND KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Surgeon John J. Matthews.

THIRTY-FOURTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

The Thirty-fourth Kentucky Infantry was or-
ganized at Louisville, on September 26th, 1861,
under Lieutenant Colonel Henry Dent, and was
then designated as the First Battalion Louisville
Provost Guards. The authority for its organiza-
tion was received from General Anderson, then
commanding the Department of Kentucky, and a
promise was made to the privates fhat they should
receive twenty dollars per month during enlist-
ment, and perform duty only in the city of Louis-
ville and its immediate vicinity. This understand-
ing remained intact until General Buell assumed
command, when an order was issued that the

Guards should not receive an excess of pay over
other soldiers then in the service ($ 1 3 per month).
The order created much dissension in the bat-
talion, as they had already received two months'
pay at the rate of $20 per month, and an appeal
was made to the Honorable Secretary of War by
Colonel Dent, who decided that General Buell
was correct in issuing the order, but, inasmuch
as the men had enlisted under promise of the
extra pay, allowed all those who were unwilling
to remain in the service at regulation pay to be
mustered out. One entire company (B), and the
larger portion of three others, were discharged
at Louisville, in October, 1862. On the 2d
of October, 1862, the Provost Guard ceased,
and the organization of the Thirty-fourth Ken-
tucky Infantry commenced. In justice to the
Guard, it has been conceded by all that they per-
formed their duty well, and rendered efficient
service during its term of enlistment, and at a
time when the status of the State was in a criti-
cal condition, owing to the rebellious condition
of a large part of her people, growing out of the
indecision in promptly taking her stand for an
undivided Union. The Provost Guard, during
the years 1861-62, had stood guard over one
hundred and fifty thousand prisoners of war and
political prisoners.

The Thirty-fourth infantry was relieved of
provost duty at Louisville, on the 8th day of
May, 1863, and ordered to report to General
Judah, at Bowling Green, Kentucky, where it
remained until July 4th, when it marched to
Glasgow to assist in checking John Morgan in
his raid into Kentucky. It did garrison duty at
Glasgow until the 28th of September, when
ordered to march, via Marrowbone and Burks-
ville, to Knoxville, Tennessee, under command
of General Manson, skirmishing with guerrillas
nearly every day. From Knoxville it marched
to Morristown, where it remained until the battle
of Blue Springs, in which it distinguished itself
by capturing nearly all of Mudwall Jackson's
staff and four hundred and seventy-one of his
command. When Longstreet laid siege to Knox-
ville, General Burnside ordered the Thirty-fourth
to Cumberland Gap from Morristown. After the
siege of Knoxville was raised by General Sher-
man, the Thirty-fourth was ordered to Tazewell,
Tennessee, its colonel being [)laced in command
of a brigade composed of the Thirty-fourth Ken-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

tucky, One Hundred and Sixteenth and One
Hundred and Eighteenth Indiana infantry, the
Eleventh Tennessee cavalry, and the Eleventh
Michigan battery.

On the 24th of January, 1864, the rebel
Colonel Carter attacked Tazewell with about
eighteen hundred men ; in which fight the
Thirty-fourth again distinguished itself for un-
daunted bravery under severe fire. In this en-
gagement, which lasted about three-quart^Vs of
an hpur, the enemy was repulsed with a loss of
thirty-one killed and equally as many more
wounded. On the 26th of January the regi-
ment was again ordered to the Gap, under com-
mand of General T. T. Garrard, where it re-
mained on one-third rations for near three
months, News having been received by the
general commanding that an attack would be
made on the Gap by Generals Jones and Vaughn,
simultaneously, approaching in different direc-
tions, he ordered fifty-five men of the Thirty-
fonrth Kentucky infantry to proceed to Powell
river bridge to prevent Vaughn's forces from
crossing and forming a junction with Jones. The
detachment of the Thirty-fourth arrived at the
bridge just as Vaughn's advance guard were en-
tering it, and repulsed them after a short fight ;
but they were unable to tear up the floor before
the whole force came up. The detachment of
the Thirty-fourth at once took position in a tem-
porary blockhouse, and successfully repelled
five charges of the enemy. Being armed with
Colt's five-shooters, their small numbers were en-
abled, by undaunted bravery and their efficient
arms, to contend with this large force, and com-
pelled them to retire. In this fight all did their
duty as true soldiers, and it would be invidious
to make special mention of any where all fought
so well.

On the 17th of April, 1864, General Garrard
was relieved of the command of the Gap, and
Colonel W. Y. Dillard, of the Thirty-fourth
Kentucky mfantry, remained in command until
the 8th of November, 1864, when the Thirty-
fourth was ordered to Knoxville, which place was
threatened by General Breckinridge, from the di-
rection of Strawberry Plains. The regiment was
ordered to proceed to Knoxville, via Tazewell
and Walker's Ford, a road much infested with
guerrillas. It was reduced to only three hundred
and four men, by the constant and arduous duty

it had performed. After arriving at Walker's
Ford, on Clinch river, it was unable to cross,
owing to the high water and the want of a ferry-
boat; consequently was compelled to return
to the Gap and take the Jacksboro road.
The regiment arrived at Knoxville on the i8th
of November. It remained in that place, on
provost duty, until February 2, 1865, when it
was ordered back to the Gap. On the 20th of
April the Thirty-fourth proceeded up the Vir-
ginia valley, in the direction of Gibson's mills,
where a force of the enemy was reported. On
the 2 2d it was met by a flag of truce, and a
proposition from Colonels Pridemore, Slemp,
Richmond and Wicher, to surrender their forces,
which was at once done, their commands num-
bering two thousand seven hundred and thirteen
men. On the 24th of April the Thirty-fourth
was again ordered to Knoxville, and from thence
to Loudon, Tennessee, where it remained on
garrison duty until the 20th of June, when it
returned to Knoxville for muster-out. It was
mustered out at Knoxville, Tennessee, June 24,
1865.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Henry Dent.
Colonel .Selby Harney.
Colonel William Y. Dillard.
Lieutenant-colonel Lewis H. Ferrell.
Major Milton T. Callahan.
Major Joseph B. Watkins.
Adjutant Charles A. Gruber.
Adjutant Edward G. Parmele.
Regimental Quartermaster David A. Haivey.
Surgeon George W. Ronald.
Surgeon Henry Tammadge.
Assistant Surgeon Hugh Ryan.
.Sergeant-major Henry Sutton.
Sergeant-major Francis M. Looney.
Sergeant-major Andrew Zimmerman.
Sergeant-major Joseph W. Adams.
Quartermaster-sergeant Charles Bardin.
Commissary-sergeant William J. Shaw.
Hospital Steward William Meek.
Hospital Steward Joseph H. Todd.

COMPANY A.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William Y. Dillard.
Captain Charles A. Gruber.
First Lieutenant John C. Slater.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Peter Frickhofen.
Sergeant William S. Edwards.
Sergeant William Himberger.
Sergeant George A. Bowers.
Sergeant Charles Bardin.
Corporal James McElroy.

ii6

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Corporal John Furter.
Corporal Herman Teitze.
Corporal Charles Teitze.

PRIVATES.

Edward L. Brining, Frederick W. Brochelt, Charles Clay,
Andrew Lawson, Fideil Negell, Adolph Oppenheimer, Simon
Oberdorfer, Nicholas Powers, John Shoemaker, George W.
St. Clair, Thomas Atkinson, Jackson Blunk, William Jami-
son, Alexander McFarren, Francis T. Roberts, James Smith,
William Thompson, George Crawley, Ambrose J. Hofman,
Cornelius Sullivan, Frank Laner.

COMPANY B.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Rodolph H. Whitmer.

First Lieutenant Thomas M. Alexander.

First Lieutenant Joseph W. Adams.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John W. Sykes.
Sergeant Henry Tate.
Sergeant Francis M. Martin.
Sergeant Joseph L. Dobson.
Sergeant Thomas J. Craycraft.
Sergeant Andrew Batts.
Sergeant Joseph Hughes.
Corporal William C. Golden.
Corporal Henry Benton.
Corporal Francis M. Sanders.
Corporal George W. Smith.
Musician James L. Ereckson.
Musician Michael J. Flannagan.

PRIVATES.

Stephen Barker, Robert Burns, John Carroll, Henry J.
Chappell, William J. Deguire, Washington D. Drane, Wil-
liam A. Dunn, Emanuel Emrick, William Hall, Gregory
Ham, Samuel J. Howard, John E. Howard, Thomas Jones,
Patrick Knowland, Martin Knox, Benjamin F. Lamb, Peter
Marselles, Huston Martin, Florence McCarty, Charles W.
McKenzie, P. E. C. J. Maxville, John M. Price, James M.
Pritchard, William Smith, German A. Shivers, David Siin-
son, George Staker, John H. Sandefur, Thomas S. Tevis,
Jacob B. Tarlton, Henry C. Urban, William VanRebber,
Cornelius C. Weems, Adam Wehl, Ulrich Becker, Burl M.
Dunn, John Knapp, Lawrence Hannan, Henry H. Simpson,
John W. Darrington, Charles Hughes, Adam J. Tarlton,
John Baker, Eli Decker, Frank Hobbell, Patrick Shea.

COMPANY C.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain William H. Fagan.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant William B. Dearing.
Sergeant Frank J. Brocar.
Sergeant Calender King.
Sergeant Rufus F. Goose.
Sergeant Edward Bullock.
Sergeant J. W. Adams.
Corporal Wesley Brentlinger.
Corporal John B. Henke.
Corporal William D. Hemp.
Corporal Hugh Gavigan.
Corporal Rolen South.
Ccipcr mesjeffiies.

PRIVATES.

Henry C. Alford, William J. Allen, Patrick F. Brown,
Louis Buzan, William Cook, Edward Dangerfield, Edward
Dott, James Dix, Patrick Glendon, Henry W. Harris,
Richard W. Heaton, Edward Hogan, John Hawkins, Louis
Lewallen, John F. Lee, Frederick Munsch, Henry Medley,
Martin Mahan, John Oats, John Odonald, Thomas Oliver,
James L. Russell, Jacob Seibert, Martin Stanfield, James R.
Stout, William Smith, Lawrence Wick, Thomas Wolford,
Charles Hawkins, William M. Harris, Philip Kocher, Wil-
liam H. Russell, Jacob Shaeffer, James Tyler, Frederick
Tucker, Alexander Young, Gabriel Bower, Martin Fury,
Charles T. Reid, Benjamin Seigle, Samuel Tyler.

COMPANY D.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain James P. Tapp.

Captain Joel M. Coward.

Captain Alfred V. D. Abbett.

First Lieutenant George W. Coward.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant William M. Smith.
Sergeant Michael J. Boyle.
Sergeant Alford A. Mason.
Sergeant Franklin Renner.
Sergeant Jesse T. Battle.
Sergeant Lewis Hays.
Sergeant Joseph R. Rain.
Sargeant James M. King.
Sergeant John C. Martin.
Sergeant John T. Shadbum.
Sergeant John .Shele.
Sergeant Benjamin F. Tyler.
Sergeant James M. Leatherman.
Corporal Albert H. McQuiddy.
Corporal Joseph Reading.
Corporal John Risinger.
Corporal Robert Fulford.
Corporal Alphus B. Miller.
Corporal Gibson Withers.
Corporal Francis M. Looney.

PRIVATES.

James R. Bennet, James, D. Connell, Charles J. F. EUi-
cott, Walter T. Ford, James W. Ford, James W. Gatton,
Harman Hallatag, Ralston P. High, Jack Mack, John
Marks, Patrick McCann, William B. McKinley, James Mc-
Cauley, Samuel Parshley, Samuel Rosenthal, Albert Ran-
dolph, Thomas Riffet, Henry Stroker, James R. Tyre, James
Clark, Thomas Conley, James Harmer, Miles Houston, Charles
Litchcock, John Shele, Joseph F. Sachs, Thomas B. Thayer,
Christian G. Weller, Amos H. Byram, Joseph H. Todd,
John S. Williams, Francis M. Brisby, C. M. Chappell,
Thomas McCormick, John B. Wnght.

COMPANY E.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John O. Daly.
Captain Thomas H. Tindell.
Captain Eugene O. Daly.
First Lieutenant John B. Smith.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John Jeffers.
Sergeant Thomas Raymond.
Sergeant Patrick Corrigan.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Sergeant Philip Ernest.

Sergeant Julius Lunenburger.

Corporal John P. Jones.

PRIVATES.

James Cody, John N. Feltes, Samuel Harmon, Edward
B. Miles, John Nicks, Garrett Prendible, Daniel Reardon,
Thomas Riley, John Torphy, Peter Wolf, Jacob Finister,
Abraham Hurl, Patrick O'Donnell, Richard Pugh, Joseph
Reary, Robert Ragan, Clarence Scates, David H. Tate,
George Webber, James Boultinghouse, James Butler,
Michael McCarthy, Michael Murphy, William Miller.

COMPANY F.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William F. Stars.
First Lieutenant John Wood.
First Lieutenant James W. Fowler.

NON-COMMISSIONF,D OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Henry Watson.
Sergeant August Shelby.
Sergeant Henry Burnett.
Sergeant Joseph Seigul.
Corporal Isaac J. Jones.
Corporal James Donahue.
Corporal Jacob Twenty.
Corporal Jacob Wormer.
Corporal George Doctorman.
Corporal Michael Given.
Corporal W. H. Worth.
Corporal William Egelston.
Musician James Armitage.
Musician Darby Scully.

PRIVATES.

Jacob Aimer, William Bollinger, Sibburne W. Bogg, Henry
Bussman, Peter Borten, Patrick Brown, Martin Blumel, John
Brunnon, Lionhart Baumbache, George A. Bowers, Edward
A. Cutsall, Patrick Carroll, George Clator, John Clifford,
Stephen Conelly, John Deth, William Daily, Michael Farthy,
Herman Foss, Michael Francis, Joseph Gassman, Abraham
Graft, John Gurnon, Henry Galliger, Paul Hemmer, Chris-
tian Hartman, John Hofel, Henry Herman, Theodore Hab-
bie, Jasper C. Hunt, Eniks Habbie, Elias S. Irvin, Charles
Jones, Thomas Johnson, John Kunz, August Kummer, John
Linn, Daniel Lapp, Jacob Lance, Joseph Leinhardt, Jacob
Lauffer, Frederick Madden, Thomas J. Mitchel, John Metz,
John Ming, Pierce A. J. Malone, John Maloney, Freley Mil-
ler, John McCann, James McElroy, Patrick Niland, Michael
Ott, Edward Owen, David O'Conner, Dennis O'Brien, Pat-
rick xiedinton, Lewis Snider, August Schioner, Frederick
Stonmeir, Eugene Sullivan, John J. Swope, I^wrence Smith,
Andre .V G. P. Shields, John Summer, Zachariah Taylor,
Herman Tettel, Frederick Welch, Wormley E. Wroe, Wil-
liam Wilson, Oliver Wood, William Weinbeck, John
Wacker, Christian J. Wolf, Francis Vader, Ernst Mettle,
Joseph Stradle, John M. Maddux, Dietrich Mathfield, John
Burger, Joseph Kaughfman, John Kittinger, Thomas J.
Wright, Martin B. Wright, Benjamin Leich.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Christopher C. Hare.
First Lieutenant Henry Watson.
Second Lieutenant John R. Farmer.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant John Shotwell.

Sergeant Hiram Kinman.

Corporal George H. Gate wood.

Corporal Fred. Swarts.

Corporal William B. Foster.

Corporal James Curry.

PRIVATES.

Frank Andy, William Bryant, John Born, Thomas Bramel,
William Chadic, Thomas Cain, John Casey, John Conley,
Jonathan Chessey, Stafford Conley, Michael Coughlin,
Michael Concannon, Robert Doyle, Thomas Adis Emith,
Frederick Eisenneger, Silas Elzy, Joseph P. Eshenbaugh,
Henry Felker, Walter F. Farris, Rufus K. Foster, Thomas
Higgins, WilhamJ. Humble, Richard F. Hamilton, Philip
Hursh, Andy Hamlit, George W. Jackson, Philip Jordon,
Jacob Kizer, John Lendreth, Ancil B. Mclntire, William
McGuire, William Marefield, John Murphy, George Mark-
well, Noah B. Moore, Henry Michall, Isaac Moore, George
Neice, Frederick Niesly, Augustus Odell, James Piatt, Ab-
salom Rose, Jr., William Rickards, Thomas S. Smith, John
Snider, Joseph Sleetmatty, William Strops, John H. Schamps,
Michael Sullivan, James F. Travis, Charles J. Travis, Lycur-
gus Williamson, John W. Yearn, Jacob A. Bell, William A.
Boman, John Crawford, Henry Eckert, John Fisher, John
Goss, John G. Gray, William Hasting, John Johnston,
Marshall Merritt, James Murphy, William M. Robinson,
John W. RatlifT, Emil C. L. Sherer, John Troutman, Gar-
rett Vore, William H. H. Vailes, John Watson, James
Welsh, John J. Young.

COMPANY H.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain Francis A. McHarry.
Captaip Henry Sutton.
Second Lieutenant John M. Williams.
Second Lieutenant John O. Beard.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
First Sergeant Robert' W. Oliver.
Sergeant Bollman M. Stevens.
Sergeant Alonzo G. Moore.
Sergeant Charles D. Ashby.
Sergeant Edward P. Speed.
Sergeant Andrew Zimmerman.
Corporal Lawrence Hagarman.
Corporal William Errick.
Corporal William Gover.
Corporal Sidney Monroe.
Corporal William Blunk.

PRIVATES.

Louis P. Beale, Alexander Bruner, Alonzo Butcher, James
Birdwell, George Coogle, Edward Cotter, John Cready, Wil-
liam Costillo, John Franzman, Thomas J. Fon,John A. God-
dard, Charles Gasser, Clat Johnson, Emil Krucker, George
Kron, George W. Kron, John Leahey, James R. Lamb,
Hiram B. Lamb, Allen Long, Jesse Lafallett, Thomas Led-
wick, Peters Meyers, Philip G. Monroe, George Morrison,
John W. McDaniel, James H. Moore, John Maloney, James
B. Prewitt, James Pauley, Joseph Raubold, Beno Schlesinger,
Isaac Stewart, Wenthrop Simms, Sidney Smith, James M
Speed, William H. Terry, Andrew J. Webb, Peter Crowe,
William W. Duffield, Jerry Hunt, Henry Menny, Olivei
Newell, Benjamin F. S. Osborrf, Samuel Skiles. Jacob Sow
der, Charles Wills, Rudolph Armbruster, James Burnell

ii8

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Elbert Bruner, Joseph H. Drane, |ames A. Coburn, John
Fallow, Jesse Fuque, Xavier Hirschley, William Seller.

COMPANY I.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Milton T. Callahan.
Captain oseph Pickering
Captain anies M. Callahan.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John H. Reesor.
First Sergeant Thomas M. Alexander.
Sergeant Theodore F. Goss.
Sergeant Charles H. Peterson,
Sergeant William G. Baird.
Sergeant William W. Moss.
Sergeant James R. Homback.
Sergeant: Jacob H. Keller.
Sergeant Christopher B. Tharp.
Sergeant William Meek.
Corporal James Gallegar.
Corporal Wadsworth Kindle,
Corporal Theodore Watson.
Corporal William H. Goss.
Corpoial John E. Enlow.
Corporal Blackley W. Jenkins.
Corporal Alonzo Lytle.
Corporal George W. Parris.
Corporal Henry C. Trannum.
Musician Arnold Tharp.

PRIVATES.

John S. Arnold, Peter A. Burba, Samuel T. Burba, Na-
than Bennett, Conrad Brandabery, John W. Cooper. Samuel
F. Drury, Thomas T. Ferrell. Bailey S. Green, William Gip-
son, John Hoke, Charles F. Homback, Andrew M. Hom-
back, Alfred Hornback, James W. Hunt, RichardJ. Hollo-
way, Peter Heinibom, Barnett Hopkins, Norban G. Jackson,
William enkins, Michael Kearney, John Lanin, James W.
Lamb, John Link. George W. Miller, I^vi H. Melton, Ben-
jamin L. Moss. Henry C. Morgan, Thomas J. G. W.
Phelps, John Reynolds, Thomas Reynolds, Henry C. Rod-
effer, Benjamin O. Sympson, Andrew D. Steel, oseph H.
Steel, Adam State, Eli Shively, George R. Tharp, John W.
Waters, William Wood, Henry G. Yates, Anthony Acker-
man, Patrick S. Caher, Solomon Irwin, Squire Lane, Daniel
J. McClure, Samuel D. McCready, Mariano Olivera, David
W. Roach, William G. Stonecypher, Archibald M. Symp-
son, Robert Tuel, David P. Willis, Daniel Kincaid, William
J. Shaw, Philip Glasman, Charles King, James G. Sympson,
Andrew Wolpert.

COMPANY K.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Eli P. Farmer.
Captain James Boultinghouse.
First Lieutenant John Armstrong.

Second lieutenant Fred Wyman (on alphabetical list, but
not on company rolls).

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Christopher C. Dean.
First Sergeant Rodolph H. Whi'ner.
Sergeant Charles S. Baker.
Sergeant David Crull.
Sergeant Abram T. Chappell.
Sergeant George S. Minor.
Sergeant JBmes F. McMahr 1.

Corporal Federick D. Connor.
Corporal Thomas Woods.
Corporal Jacob Beck.
Corporal James W. Wheeler.
Corporal William F. Smither.
Corporal William M. McKim.
Corporal Davis Bumgardner.
Corporal James B. Groves.
Corporal Robert H. Morris.
Corporal George L. McKim.

PRIVATES.

John' J. Arnold, Richard Baker, Joseph Busath, B. F.
Boultinghouse, Franklin ChristofF, George W. Cooper,
Henry Doring, Franklin Drake, John Fennell, John Fey, An-
drew Gump, Samuel G. Hensley, George B. Herbert, Daniel
Hardin, Hugh Hagan, John Johnson, Miles James, Peter
Krensh, William Kershbaum, John Moss, Henry C Reed,
James S. Simler, Alfred Stinson, Franklin Woodward, David
Welsh, Mathew Woods, Thomas J. Wilson, David Wilson,
James Williamson, John Waggle, Patrick Brannon, Nelson
Crull, Marion Eaton, Thomas Fitzgerald, Charles Flood,
Lawrence Hannon, John J. Lang, James W. Lamar, Michael
Morris. John R. McConnell, William Powell, Calvin Samp-
ley, Franklin Snawder, Mathew Smith, John Smith, Stephen
Terry, Addison Terry, Washington Connor, Thomas Dillon,
Isaac Hensley, Samuel G. Hutchison, Curtis Lindsey, Jerry
A. Robison, Daniel Shelley, Peter Snawder, William F.
Warren.

PROVOST GUARD OF LOUISVILLE.
FIELD AND STAFF.

Lieutenant-colonel Henry Dent
Major Selby Harney.
Adjutant Charles A. Gruber.
Surgeon George W. Ronald.
Sergeant-major Henry Sutton.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William T. Dillard.

First Lieutenant Charles A. Gruber.

Second Lieutenant Francis A. McHarry.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John C. Slater.
Sergeant William Ernst.
Sergeant John M. Snyder.
Sergeant William Harper.
Sergeant William H. Miller.
Corporal F. G. Whick.
Corporal William S. Edwards.
Corporal Henry Patterson.
Corporal Joseph Pickering.
Corporal Charles Bardin.
Corporal William Cummins.
Corporal Peter Frickhofer.
Corporal Thomas H. Atkinson.
Corporal Jacob S. Pierce.
Musician Levi B. Bixby.
Musician John Watson.

PRIVATES.

Frederick Ashman, Oliver Allison, Thomas Argin, John
W. Barker, Jackson Blunk, Jacob Crester, William Casey.
Anthony Clarke, James Corcoran, William Cusac, George
Crawley, Charles G. Cushman, John Cook, George Clark,
John Dysinger, Michael Doyle, John Dalton, Jacob Dress,

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

119

Conrad Draul. Joseph P. Estes, Frank Esrich, Henry Eber-
hart, Patrick Flinn, John Fusion, Bernard Flack, Frederick
Frisher, William Griffin, Lewis Gross, Alfred J. Groch, Con-
rad Groth, Franklin Graw, John Hagarman, Laurence Hag-
arman, A. Hodapp, Andrew Height, Thomas Hennessy,
John W. Jacobs, William Jemmison, Anthony Kern, Lewis
Kremer, William Kagle, John Kiser, Joseph Lauterback,
Frank Miller, Henry B. Miller, Michael Murray, William
McMurray, Franklin Melvin, Hugh Moffitt, Daniel Meaher,
Patrick McGoflf, Thomas Malone, Henry Marcely, Michael
McGiemey, Anton MoUain, Philip MoUain, Anthony Mc-
Ginty, James Maher, John J. Miller, Henry Osterman,
Leonard Pairne, Lewis Pickering, Mordecai Pillow, William
Patterson, Alfred G. Putnam, Charles Pickering, George B.
Randolph, Joseph W. Roberts, Francis S. Roberts, Andrew
Riley, Henry Sutton, William Seibel. Samuel Schwer, Joseph
Snell, Frederick Stutzell, George Shower, Joseph Schwartz,
Lewis S. Skiles, Anthony Stormel, Leonard Stelley, Casper
Suiter, John Shoemaker, Charles Seitz, G. H. Timmer,
Charles Tietz, Walter Townsend, Peter Uhl, Jacob Vanan,
George W. White, Thomas Young.

COMPANY B.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William Blood.
First Lieutenant Christopher C. Hare.
First Lieultthant David A. Harvey.
Second Lieutenant Frederick Wyman.

nOn-commissioned officers.
Sergeant Eli Fattner.
Sergeant James W. Fisher.
Sergeant Benjamin Myers.
Sergeant J. R. Farmer.
Corporal J. E. Goldsmith.
Corporal Morris Davis.
Corporal Harrison Bridgft.
Corporal P. H. Yenawine.
Corporal Levi Cole.
Corporal R. M. McClelland.
Corporal Thomas H. Stephens.
Corporal George W. Vreland.

PRIVATES.

John Brady, John C. Boyd, Alexander T. Barker, Neal
Beglot, Daniel Bennett, John Connell, A. J. Craig, Henry
Chappell, James Chappell, Thomas R. Crandell, J. C. Con-
nell, Joseph Carpenter, Thomas S. Chesser, Frank Dittmar,
John Daker, C. F. Dantic, James Easton, William Felker,
John Farris, John Freeman, J. T. Froman, Walton Gold-
smith, William Gable, Weston Graham, Price Graham, John
Green, William Gallaher, John Hazer, Henry Hiser, Henry
J. Holdman, Frank Howell, Henry Hartledge, Joseph Hart-
ledge, Eli Hading, Isaac Holt, William Hobbs, P. M. Horn-
back, George W. Hays, Lewis Hays, Philip Hacker, Adam
Jost, Mathew Lynch, Michael McGrafi", John McDonald,
Warren Morain, Dennis Mitchell, Andrew H. Mitchell, Wil-
liam Mathis, Jonathan N. Marion, William Newman, Frede-
rick Rice, James Raverty, J. L. Ryley, William Scandler,
George Snell, Philip Seller, J. C. Stammell, Peter Snider,
G. L. E. Scherer, Boone Summers, F. V. Stevens, Perry
Snellen, Henry J. Smith, William Thurman, Joseph R. Tid-
ings, Thomas H. Tehan, J. E. Talbert, Robert Villers, Philip
Vollman, William H. Walker, John Young.

Company C was Company F of the Thirty-
fourth Kentucky infantry.

COMPANY D.
commissioned officers.
Captain Lewis H. Farrell.
First Lieutenant James P. Tapp.
Second Lieutenant Joel M. Coward.

non-commissioned officers.
First Sergeant A. W. D. Abbett.
Sergeant James M. Leatherman.
Sergeant James Winn.
Sergeant John Scheie.
Sergeant George W. Coward.
Corporal Alfred M. Hoghland.
Corporal Alpheus B. Miller.
Corporal Joseph R. Cain.
Corporal John T. Shadburn.
Corporal Benjamin S. Tyler.
Corporal John Risinger.
Corporal Thomas B. Weatherford.
Corporal Richard L. Heplar.

PRIVATES.

Richard H. Alpine, Joseph Beger, Timothy Brown, Joseph
Burkhart, William Brown, John H. Bates, Francis M. Bris-
by, James Clarke, Jacob D. Campbell, Thomas Conley,
Isaac Covent, H. C. Conley, George L. Cook, James T.
Carpenter. Duncan Daker, John Daker, Thomas T. Dunk-
ester, Edward Dowler, John Dumpsey, Mathew Daughan,
Peter Feeney, William Fitzhenny, James Farmer, Robert
Fuiford, George Gans, M. Grisel, George Gutgaher, Patrick
M. Gannon, George Gebhart, William A. Green, C. Heckel-
miller, Peter L. Helper, Henry A. Hueper, Robert Hagerty,
Mills Houston, Theodore Holtsclaw, Henry Heart, John
Huddy, Stephen L. Jones, William Y. Jones, Richard Jentzis,
George L. Jones, Hiram Jones, George W. Jones, Francis
Kennedy, Leonard Kopp, James M. King, Thomas Linch,
Francis M. Looney, William W. Martin, William D. Martin,
Albert H. McQuiddy, John C. Martin, Jacob Noss, John
Negson, Bejamin Nett, Arthur W. O'Connor, Thomas
O'Malay, Joseph Parsons, William Ray, John D. Reagh,
William Robinson, Joseph Right, Joseph P. Reading,
Ephraim Rusk, Henry Rimback, Thomao Sanford, Henry
Schafer, rank Steins r, W. L. Smith, Michael Swaney,
Joseph F. Sachs, James Scott, Frederick W. Schneider,
John Scheie, Theodore Swinney, Charles Sinat, Charles
Schwardtner, Patrick Scully, John Tomlinson, Thomas B.
Thayer, Edward Vincore, John Vollmar, William Wilson,
Philip Whalin, Christian G. Weller, Frederick Wolf. Gibson
Withers, John B. Wright, Perry Weatherford, D. R. Way-
land.

COMPANY E.

commissioned officers.
Captain John O. Daly.
First Lieutenant Thomas H. Tindell.
Second Lieutenant Eugene O. Daly.

non-commissioned officers.
First Sergeant William Dougherty.
Sergeant Thomas H. Wenstanley.
Sergeant Charles Miller.
Sergeant Michael Gosney.
Sergeant John B. Smith.
Corporal John Jeffers.
Corporal Jacob Ax.
Corporal Timothy Hogan.
Corporal Patrick Flood.

lao

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Corporal Fdward Robinson.
Corporal Patrick Halpenny.
Corporal ohn N. Felters.
Corporal Peter Gias.

PRIVATES.

James Butler, J. P. Bornthager, James Boultinghouse,
Edward Boultinghouse, Francis M. Boultinghouse, John
Bums, Isaac Bennett, Joseph T. Bright, Conrad Burghard,
Edward Burns, Oscar Cline, John Crawford, William Cos-
tello. Anthony Cliden, John M. Chisenhall, Charles Connell,
John Donahugh, facob Dunel, L. H. Daniel, James Evans,
Philip Ernst. Jacob Ernst, James Enright, .'Andrew Fritz,
Theodore Farren, Henry Fremmen, John Fremmen, Frank
Fremmen, William Fremen, Francis Fark, Jacob Finsten,
Jacob Groby. Thomas G. Gallagher, Anthony Giiffin, Lewis
Gideon, George W. Glenbarker, Patrick Canning, ohn
Guy, J. G. Hall, Richard Henry, Anthony Hoban, John
Houser, David F. Henry, Andrew Hearn, A. Hurl, Thomas
Kent, Andrew Kregel, Lewis Kimer, John Lever, Charles
Lemmer, William Lear, Nicholas Lear, Julius Luenberger,
Gobhtz Lemier, George W. Messenger, Michael Mc-
Donough, Michael McCarthy, John Mills, Edward B. Miles,
David Mercer, John Nix, James Ryan, Robert Ragan,
Patrick Riley, Thomas Riley, John Schigart, Franklin Schi-
gart, William Schork, John Smith, James Smith, Henry
Schikell, Thomas Stanton, Thomas O. Shay, William ShiU
ling, John Shartell, Michael Stitzell, Andrew Scherk, Fred-
erick Sigel, Frederick Ungerman, "Francis Ulrich, Stephen
Vick, William R. Vanover, Charles Webber, Jacob Wisen-
berger, William R. Wheeler, John V. Wheeler, Patrick
Walsh, Christopher Zeigler.

THIRTY-SEVENTH KENTUCKY VOLUNTEER
MOUNTED INFANTRY.

This was organized under Colonel Charles S.
Hanson, in the summer of 1863, and Companies
A, B, and C were mustered into the United
States service at Glasgow, Kentucky, September
17, 1863. Companies D, E, F, and G were mus-
tered-in October 24, 1863, at Glasgow, Ken-
tucky. Captain Stroube's company, originally
raised for the Fifty-first Kentucky infantry, was
mustered-in September 4, 1863, at Covington,
Kentucky, and consolidated with the Thirty-
seventh, forming Company H. Companies I
and K were mustered-in at Glasgow, Kentucky,
December 21 and 22, 1863. Charles S. Hanson
was mustered-in as colonel, December 29, 1863,
and commanded the regiment until the battle of
Saltville, Virginia, was fought, on the 2d day of
October, 1864, when he was severely wounded,
and fell into the hands of the enemy a prisoner
of war. He was afterwards exchanged and
honorably discharged March 6, 1865.

This regiment was composed of the best
material, and though a one-year regiment, bore
as honorable a part in the war as many three-
years regiments, and was engaged in all the battles

occurring in the locality in which it served,
though the records of the regiment only show it
to have been engaged in the battles at Glasgow,
Kentucky; Jackson county, Tennessee; Saltville,
Virginia, and Mt. Sterling, Kentucky. It was
musteied-out December 29, 1864, at Louisville,
the re-enlisted men being transferred to the Fifty-
fifth Kentucky infantry and the Fourth Ken-
tucky Mounted infantry.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Adjutant Caswell B. Watts.

COMPANY E.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William O. Watts.
Second Lieutenant ohn R. Watts.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant George W. Alvin.
Sergeant ohn Dixon.
Sergeant William Knapp.
Sergeant Nathan L. R. Melvin.
Sergeant Charles Walters.
Corporal Levi Gravetre.
Corporal o hn D. Warren.
Corporal Henry E. Sanders.
Corporal Manuel Evans.
Corporal Robert Edmonson.
Corporal Militus . Wilson.
Corporal Mitchell Wright.
Corporal ereniiah F. ei kins.

PRIVATES.

Jacob Bales, Nathan B. Edwards, Green E. Graham,
Thomas Helton, John C. Jenkins, Joseph P. Mattingly,
William N. Miles, William McDaniel, Henry Milligan,
)ames Nelson, Preston Napper, Thomas J. Pepper, William
Perkins, John Perkins, James Peters, John T. Price, Green
B. Robertson, Reuben Ratcliff, James Read, Jefferson
Rhodes, Robert B. Sanders, Tillman H. Sheckles, John
Slaughter, John C. Skaggs, James F. Skaggs, Sidney H.
Stennett, Walter Vessels, John R. Wilson, William Wil-
liams, John Young, Thomas Burrows, John Burrows, Julius
N. Crowley, George M. Emery, George M. French, Oliver
P. Grace, John W. Gill, John Hall, William Jones, Jesse
Jones, Richard Lyons, William Mitcham, James M. Mundy,
Jefferson Morris, Benjamin M. Morris, Jasper C. Roberts,
Pascal Saltsman, John T. Wade, William K. Wade, Wil-
liam B. Whitehouse, Rufus Ackridge, David Brewer, Joseph
Books, Benjamin Brown, John M. Despain, William R.
Faulkner, Wi4fem W. Hunt, Thomas S. Pease, Charles S.
Roiise, H. P. Sympson, Henry Wells.

COMPANY F.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain James H. White.

COMPANY K.
Captain Joseph J. Borrell.

On alphabetical list, but not on company rolls:

Second Lieutenant George W. White.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

121

m- FORTY-EIGHTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Hartwell T. Burge.
Quartermasterjair.es M. Courtney.

COMPANY C.

First Lieutenant John F. Lay.

On alphabetical list, but not on company rolls:

First Lieutenant John F. Lay.

FIFTY-THIRD KENTUCKY INFANTRY.
FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Clinton f. True,
Lieutenant-colonel W. C. Johnson.
Major James G. Francis.
Adjutant Frank D. Tunis.
Quartermaster S. J. Housh.
Surgeon William B. Bland.
Assistant Surgeon Henry C. Miller.

On alphabetical list, but not on company rolls:

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant Mathew Kennedy.

FIFTY-FOURTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Surgeon Frederick C. Leber.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant Benjamin C. Lockwood.

FIFTY-FIFTH KENTUCKY INFANTRY.

The Fifty-fifth Kentucky Infantry was raised un-
der special authority of the War Department, aud
was organized at Covington, Kentucky, in Nov-
ember, 1864. It was mounted, and performed
duty in the counties bordering on the Kentucky
Central Railroad, until ordered on the Saltville ex-
pedition under General Burbridge. On this ex-
pedition It performed good and efficient service*
and was favorably mentioned by the command-
ing general, among other troops of his division,
for gallant bearing in face of the enemy. After
the return from Virginia the regiment was by de-
tail posted in various counties to protect the citi-
zens from depredations of guerrillas, upon which
duty it remained until mustered out at Louis-
ville, on the 19th day of September, 1865.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Assistant Surgeon E. R. Palmer.

COMPANY E.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant James H. White.
Second Lieutenant George W. White.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Charles Walters.
Sergeant Syburn Lain.

Sergeant Wiatt B. Goad.
Corporal Thomas Ford.
Corporal Andrew W. Hester.
Corporal Byron A. Gardner.
Corporal Henry Deaver.
Corporal Joseph B. Tennelly.
Corporal Thomas Birge.
Corporal William W. Tyree.
Musician Leroy D. Livingston.
Musician James B. Waldon.
;V\agoner Richard Moore.

PRIVATES.

Thomas Burros, Wesley Blankenship, Thomas H. Blank-
enship, Thomas C. Buley, Charles E. Clark, Francis M.
Cable, Julius M. Crawley, Lawson Daniels, Abner D. Dud-
ley, George W. Durbin, Thomas Deaver, Amos Englan,
Irvin Frogg, G. W. French, J. W. Gill, G. W, Golley, John
H. Gibson, William H. Wornback, John Harman, Robert
Howell, John H. Johnston, Thomas W. Johnston, WiUianj
Jones, Robert Killian, Richard Lyons, James McCoy, James
A. Merryfield, William A. Mitchum, Haywood M. Moore,
James M. Mundy, Benjamin M. Morris, John Malone, John
Mayfield, Alfred Newton, James J. Newton, Benjamin D.
Orr, Cadd Orms, John A. Richards, Jasper E. Robarts,
Achison E. Robertson, Nathan L. Slinker, Joseph Slinker,
James T. Shoemaker, Pashall Saltsman, Benjamin W.
Spaulding, William Steadman, William Vance, John G.
Wise, James Walls, William R. Wade, Robert Whitlock,
William R. Whitelessee, William F. Wright, John Barnes.
Peter Green, John Hall, John Burris, Lelbond H. Dikker-
son, Jesse Jones, John T. Waid.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Peter S. Jones.

First Lieutenant George M. Harper.

Second Lieutenant John N. Buchanan.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Edward D." Scott.
Sergeant William Austin.
Sergeant Benjamin F. Schole.
Sergeant Charles Koph.
Sergeant Albert Ceaser.
Sergeant Clayton L. Harris.
Coiporal Jacob Axe.
Corporal William Buckley.
Corporal Elias Brown.
Corporal Charles Stickler.
Corporal Daniel Hathaway.
Corporal Conrad Dintleman.
Corporal Daniel Bardwell.
Corporal Frederick Cubbins.

PRIVATES.

Jesse Abbott, Harmon Ashberry, William Brown, William
H. Brown, John Cleary, Patrick Durrill, James L. Davis,
Frederick Ehrempford, Milton H. Gore, Charles Gardner,
John Hegan, Casemer Hillerick, Louis Huber, Adolph
Haze, James W. Jackson, Leman C. Kellam, Jackson Led-
ford, Thomas Ledford, Major E. Lee, Henry C. Lucas,
Peter Moreback, John Messinger, George W. Messinger,
Harrison Miller, Francis Manahan, Frederick Miller, James
A. Matthes, Noah Piercefield, John Shaw, Jacob Smith,
Gabriel Smaltz, Frank Spindler, Frank Snyder, Andrew
Severs, • John Stephens, James Bethuran, Wiley R. Daugh-

122

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

erty, Michael Heltz, Henry Ley, John Massey, William H.
Snead, Edgar Warriner, William H. Hood, Francis M. Mc-
Donald, John Miller.

COMPANY K.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Second Lieutenant Jacob P. Phipps.

On alphabetical list, but not on company rolls :
Captain George Welker.

FIRST KENTUCKY CAVALRY.

PRIVATES.

Robert F. Burton, William Clarke, Walter Large, John
Peryins, William J. Vanhook.

COMPANY F.

PRIVATES.

William Stapleton, Thomas Thompson, John Tombs.
SECOND KENTUCKY CAVALRY.

The Second Kentucky cavalry was organized
at Camp Joe Holt, under Colonel Buckner
Board, mustered into service on the 9th day of
Septeibber, 1861, by Major W. H. Sidell, and
was a part of that gallant band raised by Gen-
eral Rousseau, from which the grand army of
the Cumberland sprung. It marched from Camp
Joe Holt to Muldrough's Hill with General Rous-
seau in defense of Louisville against the advance
of Buckner, and was immediately assigned to
duty with the Army of the Cumberland; it was
in the advance of General Buell's army at Shiloh,
and participated in that battle. The regiment
remained in Tennessee until September, 1863,
when it again returned to Kentucky with Buell's
army, in pursuit of Bragg, and with the cavalry
engaged with the enemy at Chaplin Hills, Ken-
tucky, October 8, 1862. The regiment marched
from Perryville, in pursuit of Bragg, as far as
Mount Vernon, in Rockcastle county, Kentucky,
when the pursuit was abandoned, and both
armies made efforts to reach Nashville first.
From Nashville the regiment marched to Mur-
freesboro, and in the fight of Stone river received
special mention from General Rousseau, com-
manding the division, for gallant and daring
bravery.

The regiment participated in the following
noted battles in which loss was sustained, besides
numerous skirmishes and minor battles incident
to the vigorous campaigns of the Army of the
Cumberland, to which it was attached, viz :
Shiloh, Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga,
Lookout Mountain, and all the battles of the
Atlanta campaign. The regiment veteranized at

Bridgeport, Alabama, March 7, 1864, and the
recruits and veterans were transferred to the
Second Kentucky veteran cavalry.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Buckner Board.

Colonel Thomas P. Nicholas.

Lieutenant-colonel Owen Starr.

Regimental Quartermaster Elias Thomasson.

Regimental Quartermaster William G. Rogers.

Regimental Commissary Edward B. Ayres.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain George W. Griffiths.

PRIVATE.

Blanhart Rees.

COMPANY B.

PRIVATE.

William Brantley.

COMPANY C.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Charles D. Armstrong.

PRIVATES.

George A. Kidd, Samuel J. Pearce, Samuel Strader.
COMPANY F.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Edward J. Mitchell.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John Baker.

First Lieutenant Sanford H. Thurman.

PRIVATES.

Henry F. White, Ewing White, William A. Wallace, John
Slack, James E. Turner, John Vance.

COMPANY H.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Thomas C. Wiley.

First Lieutenant .'\ugustine T. Gulitz.

First Lieutenant George S. Coyle.

PRIVATE.

William Spears.

COMPANY I.

COMMISSIOl^ED OFFICER.

Captain Lovell H. Thi.xton.

PRIVATES.

Andrew J. Smith, Levi S. Slate, Reason M. Slate, Joseph
M. Hunter, William T. McCormick.

COMPANY L.

PRIVATES.

John Allen Jones, John OBricii, James L. Thackston.
CO.MPANV M.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Robert M. Gilmore.

PRIVATES.

Larkin Arnold, William Brown, Isaac Burnett, James

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

123

Broke, James Brock, George Bobbitt, Pleasant Q. Barren
Cyrenius W. Carrier, William Crabtree, James Cox, George
W. Davis, William Edwards, Andrew J. Frogg, Thornton
F. Gaines, George W. Gill, William L. Griffis, Thomas Gar-
rett, Neely W. Hart, Anderson Hunter, Joseph Hatmaker,
William Lawson, William McKenzie, Carroll C. Mercer,
William Mastengill, James Mothers, John H. Meeks, James
Merritt, George Nichols, Henry Price, Samuel Price, William
Price, John A. Rainey, Henry Smith, James Suett, Allen
Sosage, William Todd, Robert Warren, James Waddall,
Emerson Wallace, Isaiah Wright, Jonathan Welsh, Burdine
Young, Martin Dutherage, Martin Hicks, Ezekiel H. Hall,
Curtis M. Shelton, Thomas M. Floyd, William Reynolds,
James Young, John H. Breck, [oseph H. Gridley, William
M. Nichols, William H. Woodall, James Adams, James
Gordon, John B. Miller.

The following names are found in the alpha-
betical list of officers, but they do not appear
among the officers in the regimental roster:

Brevet First Lieutenant Spencer C. Evans.
Second Lieutenant George S. Coyle..

THIRD KENTUCKY CAVALRY.

The Third regiment Kentucky Volunteer cav-
alry was organized at Calhoon, Kentucky, under
Colonel James S. Jackson, and mustered into the
United States service on the 13th day of Decem-
ber, 1 86 1, by Major W. H. Sidell. Immediately
after organization the regiment was engaged as
scouts in Southwestern Kentucky, a section of
the State over which the Confederates then held
control. They were assigned to General T. L.
Crittenden's division, and marched from Cal-
hoon to Nashville, Tennessee, in the month of
March, 1862. From there, in advance of , the
Army of the Cumberland, it marched through
Tennessee to Pittsburg Landing, and participated
in the battle of Shiloh; from there to Corinth
and luka, Mississippi; thence to Florence, Ala-
bama; from there to Athens, Alabama, where
the regiment remained during the summer of
1862. From Athens the regiment marched to
Decherd, Tennessee, arnl from there commenced
the pursuit of Bragg, who had advanced to Ken-
tucky. At New Haven, Kentucky, they partici-
pated in the engagement m which the I'hird
Georgia cavalry was captured. In advance of
Major-General Crittenden's division they marched
from Louisville to Perryville, and in pursuit of
Bragg out of Kentucky, returning to Nashville
and Murfreesboro, Tennessee. The regiment
veteranized at Nashville m March, 1864, having
participated in the following battles in which loss
was sustained, viz: Sacramento, Kentucky; Pea
Ridge, Mississippi; Cormth, luka, Mississippi;

New Market, Alabama; Kinderhook, Tennessee;
Chaplin Hills, Shiloh, Stone River, and Chicka-
mauga, Georgia.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Major W. S. D. Megowan,
Adjutant Zachary L. Taylor.
Chaplain Hartwell T. Burge.

COMPANY A.

PRIVATES.

William Cash, John Hays, Jesse Jennings, Abraham Job,
James Liles, John W. Sterling, John W. Yates, Joseph Hale,
Samuel D, Ingles, Nicholas J. Mercer, Charles L. Robert-
son, John W. Smith, John J. Smith, Jerome B. Smith,
Newton Champion, James L. Driver, Miles Dunning, Wil-
liam Ely, An.hony Gardner, John W. Hodge, Davjd Hall,
John Knalls, Young Long, Benjamin O. Mitchell, T. Zacha-
riah Pryor, John H. Rushing, Rufus M. Stokes, Wiley O.
Thurman, Allred Wilson.

COMPANY B.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Mathew H. Jouett.

PRIVATES.

George W. Short, Henry Uncel, John W. Herrell, Wil-
liam D. Dial, James M. Deamer, William C. Jarvis, Wil-
liam McCormick, Edward R. Rtrtf, James McCormick,
James W. Hammers, John Wesley, Brewer, Peter Carter,
William Cyreans, George B. Hicks, Samuel Krane, Paris
Williams.

COMPANY C.

James W. Lucas, Hiram Shannon, Willis Roach, Henry
C. Staten, Benjamin F. Davidson, W. J. G. Hughes, Lean-
der Duncan, Solon Houghton.

COMPANY D.

PRIVATES.

James Steaward, James T. Buchanan, George Benet, La-
fayette Jimmerson.

COMPANY E.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant Percival P. Oldershaw.

PRIVATE.

Michael S. Lile.

COMPANY F.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant W. H. Burghardt.
COMPANY G.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain J. Speed Peay.
Captain Thomas C. Foreman.
Captain L. L. Drown.
Captain Edward W. Ward.
First Lieutenant William Starling.
First Lieutenant Thomas Coyle.
First Lieutenant John Weist.
Second Lieutenant A. J. Gillett.
Second Lieutenant Garnett Duncan.

124

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Company Quartermaster Sergeant Charles J. Mull.

Sergeant Joseph McCrory.

Sergeant Charles Lentz.

Sergeant John W. Forrester.

Corporal Irvine Shiflett.

Corporal Willis H. Rasor.

Corporal Thomas E. Bicknell.

Corporal Peter Coffman.

Corporal William E. Surman.

Corporal Brutus Z. Tullilove.

Corporal Benjamin R. Myers.

Bugler Philip Brenner.

Bugler David B. Fry.

Farrier Thomas R. Hagan.

Farrier Thomas M. Foote.

Saddler John King.

Wagoner Thomas J. Lear.

Thomas ]. Adams, Frederick Beck, Benjamin Bevin, James
Black, Reuben Blake, James B. Bockin, William H. Bockin,
Aaron B. Carfield, Charles R. Cable, William H. S. Cable,
William Curry, David W. Crutcher, Thomas Coyle, William
H. Cubine, Alonzo Davidson, John W. Ellis, Hastings
Foote, Pleasant K. Gentry, Richard M. Gentry, Zachariah
Green, John Hardy, Michael Haley, John Haley, Robert
H. Haskinson, John R. Hurly. John Hatter, William B.
Hunter, Gustavus Hyde, William Hall, Jackson Isaacs,
Charles W. Jones, Tarlton Jones, William C. Jones, David
B. Kindred, Conrad Kraft, James Lowe, William N. Lake,
Jesse E. Lear, Joseph- F. Mallot, William Moller, Richard
P. Nuckols, Henry Pern, Henry C. Price, George W.
Powell, Freeman F. Runyon, John Ridge, Richard Scott,
Curtis A. Stout, Thomas Salyers, David Snowden, James
Sherwood, Henry Tice, Manlius Taylor, John B. Vanwinkle,
Josephus Wyley, Michael Welsh, Thomas H. Watkins,
George B. Currin, James Lile, Thomas Lafferty, James
Leech, Jr. , William McFellen, George Mouzer, Caleb Rey-
nolds, William H. Renfro, William Taylor, Laine Wether-
spoon, Perry C. Brooks, John W. Bush, W. Boston, Thomas
Crump, Daniel Dobson, Francis Grinstead, James Grinstead,
William Harness, Lorenzo Huff, Isaac Huff, Nathan Mur-
ray, George Waggoner, John Wade, Peter O. I^ech.

COMPANY H.
Private James L. Davis.

COMPANY I.

PRIVATES.

Zachariah Betts, Newton Baltzell, Robert J. Cooley, John
Crawford, Reason Cravens, Philip Daffron, Francis Daffron,
Ahigal Deweese, William N. Evans, L. Gaines, George H.
Gosnell, Joel Gray, James Graham, Abner Hill, William N.
Harding, Samuel Hazel, James R. Johns, Emis Jewel,
Leander Lane, William C. Lane, Horatio G. Lane, William
McCauley, William H, Nail, George H. Nelson, James Pat-
ten, William H. Reed, George W, Sweeney, Isaac School-
field, Ellis Stephens, Amos Smith, William E. Spradling,
John Travis, William T. Thorns, William B. Taggart,
Thomas W. Wood, John Wheeler, Miles H, Watkins,
Richard E. Yeakey, Peter R. Daniel, Stephen F. Grove,
Squire N. Lampton, John L. Oldham, James W. Skipwouh,
Harvey Young, Augustin Gunn, James M. Deweese, Waltion
Harris, James G. Downey.

COMPANY K.
Private William Beard.

COMPANY L.

PRIVATES.

Thomas Shearn, George D. Blake, Sylvester Lay, George
Oliver, Peter Gregory, Asa Williams.

COMPANY M.

PRIVATES.

Charles Cox, James Lond, Jerome Myers, Henry Bernard,
John Longel, James H. Dans, Nelson H. Norton, Thomas
B. Thompson, John Wright, M. W. Davidson, John Bill-
ingsley, Louis Goodlue, Daniel W. Garden, Samuel J. Ew-
ing, Matthew Jenkins, Charles E. Silwell, Jesse Say re, Hiram
A. Pogue, Bradford P. Thornberry, Wallace W. Thornberry,
Samuel D. Thornberry, John W. Atkinson, Andrew J.
Green, Meredith A. Davis, Henry Fox, Alfred Lockhart,
William Parsons, Samuel G. Revel, Calvin York, Jefferson
Gentry, William D. Gentry, William A. Huff, John Riper-
dan, Thomas T. Hicks, William Kelley, Thomas C. Phipps,
William R. Keef, Robert H. Meredith, Andrew J. Alverson,
John D. Bell, Wesley Parsons.

FOURTH KENTUCKY VOLUNTEER CAVALRY.

The following statement of the condition,
strength, and operations of the Fourth regiment
Kentucky volunteer cavalry, from its organiza-
tion to the 6th day of January, 1864, when the
regiment veteranized, is taken from the regi-
mental records, and from other authentic sources,
and is strictly accurate. The Fourth was or-
ganized at Louisville, under Colonel Jesse Bayles,
mustered into service on the 24th day of Dec-
ember, 1 86 1, by Captain Bankhead, and served
as follows: On the 6th day of January, 1862,
the regiment marched from Louisville to Bards-
town, and went into a camp of instruction, es-
tablished at the place by the late General Lytle;
on the 26th day of March, 1862, left Barcistown
for Nashville, Tennessee; on the 8th of April,
1862, marched from Nashville to Wartrace, Ten-
nessee; on the 13th day of July, 1862, marched
to TuUahoma, Tennessee, and remained there
until August, 1862; from Tullahoma marched to
Manchester, Tennessee, and from there to Mur-
freesboro, and thence to Bowling Green, Ken-
tucky, covering the retreat of General Buell; from
the 3d day of September, 1862, until the 9th of
February, 1863, the regiment was engaged in
scouting over the southern portion of Kentucky;
on the 9th day of February, 1863, the regiment
marched for Nashville, where it arrived on the
14th; marched from Nashville for Murfreesboro
on the 1 6th of February; arrived at Murfrees-
boro on the 1 8th of February; on the 27th of

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

125

February marched to Franklin, Tennessee, where
it remained observing Van Dorn and Forrest's
commands, and skirmishmg with them every day,
until the 2d of June, when the regiment marched
to Triune; on the 4th of June returned to Frank-
lin, having several severe engagements with the
enemy on that day and the following; marched
to Triune on the 7th of June, where it remained
until the 23d, being engaged with the enemy on
the 9th and loth; marched with the cavalry
corps in advance of the Army of the Cumber-
land until the 29th of July, when it went mto
camp at Gum Springs, Tennessee, where it re-
mained until the 9th of August, marching thence
by way of Fayetteville, Tennessee, and Hunts-
ville, Alabama, to Maysville, Alabama; on the
27th of August marched to Caperton's Ferry,
Alabama; crossed the Tennessee river on the
ist of September, and proceeded to Valley Head;
on September 3d crossed Lookout Mountain,
and marched through Alpine to Summerville,
Georgia, and returned to Valley Head on the 15th
of September; on the i9tK September the regi-
ment marched for Crawfish Springs, Georgia,
where, on the 21st of September, it was engaged
with Wheeler's command of 7,000 men and 12
pieces of artillery. In this engagement, being
overpowered and surrounded, the Fourth covered
the retreat of the brigade, losing in the engage- •
ment 97 men killed and prisoners of war.

The regiment arrived at Chattanooga on the
22nd of September, and on the 25 th marched for
Bellefonte, Alabama, arriving on the 30th Sep-
tember; left Bellefonte on the 2nd October for
Caperton's Ferry, where it remained until De-
cember 2d, and from thence marched via Chat-
tanooga to Rossville, Georgia, arriving on the 5th
December, being on the extreme outpost of the
Army of the Cumberland. It remained at Ross-
ville uutil the 6th of January, 1864, when it vet-
eranized, being among the first Kentucky regi-
ments to renew their enlistment for three years.

The regiment engaged in over fifty battles and
skirmishes in which loss was sustained, among
the principal of which are the following : Leba-
non, Tennessee; Manchester Pike, Tennessee,
Readyville, near Chattanooga; Jasper, Rankin's
Ferry, Anderson Cross Roads, Mott Creek, Bat-
tle Creek, Tennessee; Stevenson, Bellefonte, Ala-
bama; Sparta, Manchester, McMinnville, Gallatin,
Tennessee; Trenton, Morgantown, Hopkinsville,

Kentucky; Red Springs, Liberty, Murfreesboro,
Franklin, Spring Hill, Brentwood, Lewisburg
Pike, Carter's Creek, Little Harpeth, Columbia,
Thompson's Station, Triune, Middleton, Eagle-
ville, Hoover's Gap, Guy's Gap, Shelbyville,
Decherd, Tennessee; Whitesburg, Valley Head,
Alabama; Alpine, Summerville, and Chickamau-
ga, Georgia.

FIELD AND STAFF,

Colonel Jesse Bayles.
Lieutenant-Colonel Jacob Ruckstuhl.
Lieutenant-Colonel Llewellyn Gwynne.
Major John F. Gunkel.
Adjutant Moses C. Bayles.
Adjutant George K. Speed.
Regimental Quartermaster Charles Kurfiss.
Assistant Surgeon David P. Middleton.
Chaplain Matthew N. Lasley.
Sergeant Major Henry Tanner.
Quartermaste Sergeant Theodore Wergo.
Commissary Sergeant William Butler.
Hospital Steward William Edwards.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS,

Captain Levi Chilson.

Captain William D. Hooker.

Captain Joseph A. Cowell.

First Lieutenant William J. Hunter.

Second Lieutenant James Barnes.

Second Lieutenant Basil N. Hobbs.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS,

Sergeant John J. Collins.
Sergeant Frank Leifferth.
Sergeant Ryland K. Shuck.
Sergeant John W. Burress.
Sergeant James Albertson.
Sergeant Nathan K. Gross.
Sergeant Joseph Dawkins.
Sergeant William Sexton.
Corporal Jordan Brooks.
Corporal Joseph H. Arteburn.
Corporal Dominick Gross.
Corporal Elzy Kennedy.
Corporal Marion King.
Corporal Jacob Welkins.
Corporal William Stephenson.
Corporal John P. Ashby.
Saddler William E. Fleece.
Bugler Christian Essig.
Bugler Frank Brinkman.
Farrier Logan Jeffries.

PRIVATES.

Andrew Beamela, Peter Edwards, No. 2, Eli D. Gardner,
George Graves, William Kerr, George Morris, William Pren-
tis, Joseph Phillips, John J. Smith, William Sands, William
S. Thompson, John Wooley, Martin Young, Cummins Child-
ers, Francis Dononahu, Bartholomew Duffy, Peter Edwards,
No. I, John Heller, James L. Kelley, Jefferson Lowery,
Augustus Mathews, George Myers, James V. Reed, John
Skell, James Smallwood, McGillam H. Watkins. Isaac Wat-
kins, Cornelius M. Woodruff, John Wheeler, Samuel Young,

126

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

John Arterburn, Frank Bonner, John Bonner, David Bonner,
Jordan Brooks, John Boes, Robert J. Collins, Nicholas Cun-
ningham, Jackson Declermin, John A. W. Davis, James Ed-
wards, William E. Fleece, Lawson H. Kelly, John H. Price,
George Rhoe, John C. Schaefer, James J. H. Scon, Simon
Trester, Thomas Young, Samuel Anderson, Christian Fulty,
John Sands, John Butts, Alexander F. Bolin, William H.
Brown, David Collins, Lafayette Collins, James Corden
Thomas E. Crumbaugh, Joshua Devers, William Edwards,
Joseph Fehr, Thomas Figg, Joseph C. D. Gill, William M.
Goldsmith, Joseph Ham, Richard Hall, William Jones,
Joseph King, Michael King, Benjamin Kelly, Thomas Mc-
Manus, William Oglesby, Thomas O'Brin, John Riker, Rob-
ert W. Reed.

COMPANY B.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John Kurfiss.
Captain Adam Rogers.
First Lieutenant Henry Tanner.
Second Lieutenant John Feitsch.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Barney Castner.

Sergeant B. B. Sloan.

Sergeant David Patton.

Sergeant George Snider.

Sergeant Charles Clinton.

Sergeant Jacob Wreterstein.

Sergeant Herry Smith.

Sergeant John H. Brecket.

Commissary-sergeant James C. Phillips.

Corporal William Frix.

Corporal John S. Barkley.

Corporal Andrew Louden.

Corporal Ludwick Black.

Corporal Jacob Fix.

Corporal Claries Lauthard.

Corporal John Weakley.

Corporal Charles Ackers.

Corporal Nicholas Bender.

Bugler William Farrell.

Bugler Peter Phyer.

Farrier George B. Sherridan.

Farrier Peter Smith.

Saddler John Zoll. .

Wagoner Joseph Eckert.

PRIVATES.

Jacob Akes, Martin Belner, Christian Brinkman, Davd
Dirrick, Louis Forcht, John Owens, P. Shuble, Andrew Small,
John Bibbig, Daniel Flood, Charles Forcht, Edward Hem,
John Hoog, Jacob H. Lesstcrofft, Conrad Mening, William
Meyers, Henry Sheard, Casper Schwarts, John Shower, Sr. ,
Henry Shofmaster, Jacob Thornton, Andrew Bach, Frederick
Brown, Matthew Miller, John Phelan, Nicholas .Smith, David
H. Taylor, George Weatherstein, Jacob Walter, Joseph Hen-
eman, Henry Aleyeser, William AUsmiller, Conrad Bader,
August Baker, Gottleib F. Bauer, Frederick Basser, Joseph
Barrel!, Henry Doert, David R. Fenton, Charles Gaillerune,
Alpert Halwax, John Hoerty, Frederick Ludwick, John Lud-
wick, James Lawson, Joseph Marshal, Freling Namick, Ma-
son Parson, Thomas Phillips, John Ruth, Thomas Ridge,
Kaviett Shindler, John Shower, Thomas Steward, Albert
Sanlergilt, Mac. Sensoth, Frank Shier, Gibson Tate, Lewis
Upper.

COMPANY C.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Charles L. Unthark.
Captain Sylvester W. Raplee.
Captain John M. Bacon.
First Lieutenant James O'Donnell.
First Lieutenant William J. Killmore.
Second Lieutenant William M. Nichols.
Second Lieutenant A. G. Rosengarten.
Second Lieutenant James Hines.

NON-COMMI,SSIONED OFFICF.RS.

First Sergeant Squire S. Roberts,

Company Quartermaster-Sergeant George Kipp.

Sergeant Joseph Rickett.

Sergeant Julius C. Sherer.

Sergeant William J. Loder

Sergeant William Stitgee.

Sergeant George A. St. John.

Corporal Thomas Couch.

Corporal John Ford.

Corporal David Gordon.

Corporal Franklin E. Roberts.

Saddler James S. Dikes.

John K. Adams.

Farrier John Metz.

PRIVATES.

Frederick Butcher, Henry Delaney, Anthony Ham, John
Meyer, Lewis" Roberts, Patrick Shudy, Francis J. St. John,
John Zink, Henry A. Crider, James Cassack, Henry Conn,
John B. Dunlap, Edward Demprey, Alex. Goodman, Patrick
Hart, Nicholas Kirin, Daniel Munty, Benjamin J. Nicholson,
Morris Powers, John Stair, William Shriver, Michael Parrel,
Samuel Graham, John M. Gray, James Hislip, Patrick
Haney, John Sullivan, George Chastain, James Chapman,
Charles Gorman, Andy Gross, David Heaver, James How-
ard, Daniel Ham, Patrick Kennedy, Joseph Kipp, Johnson
McConkey, Julian L. Moraldo, Henry Meyer, George Orr,
J., John Sheer, Benjamin F. Sewards, Cornelius Sullivan,
Thomas Sullivan, William Torrell, John Westfall, f.,ewis
W. Woodal.

COMPANY D.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain George Welling.
Captain William J. Barnett.
First Lieutenant Frank N. Sheets.
First Lieutenant John B. Lee.
Second Lieutenant James A. Kemp.
Second Lieutenant John P. Brown.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Joseph B. Brailley.
Sergeant William W. Chalfin.
Sergeant' William isnelling.
Sergeant J ameSl1^'■. Rooney.
Sergeant WaJiJitigtori Reynolds.
Sergeant PhilipT. Chappie.
Sergeant Fratrcis VJ Stephens.
Corporal RttRis Cohgrove.
Corporal Jo^^i F. Donciuster.
Corporal Wfliiam Atcher.
Corporal jSflWard Atcher.
Cprporill faiilflft^S. Goldsmith.
Corporal John C'^^herwood.
Corporal Hercules Km)^3|| ,

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

12^

Corporal William Smith.
Corporal Jesse Brimerr

PRIVATES.

Michael Conner, Silas W. Collier, George T. Goodale,
Peter Glassman, John W. Hagan, Philip Kressel, John Lit-
tle, John Marger, Alfred Shanks, Robert Fleming, John
Westfall, Wm. T. Atcher, Isaac Burch, William L. Branch,
Alfred Cordon, Ausbum Flowers, Nelson Goldsmith,
Thomas Gilbert, James O. Hagan, William J. Hunter,
Absolon Harrison, Thomas Henott, James Jump, Littleton
Lincoln, Adolphus Meyers, Thomas J. Martin, Augustus G.
Myers, Hugh A. Patterson, Adam Phister, Henry Rase,
Daniel Simpkins, William C. Smith, John T. Tanner, John
Travis, Harrison Tanner, William Walden, Samuel Wallace,
James Crillen, John M. Briscoe, William Greenwell, George
Haddox, Joel Harrison, Christopher C. Martin, Kirhfur
Shively, Charles Swiney, Greenup J. Westfall, William
Pierefield, William G. Arthur, Philip Bitman, Levi Brent-
linger, William E. Brunnel, George Cuddlemeyer, Franklin
CoUings, Isaac Douglas, Torrence Davidson, William M.
Edwards, William Foster, Samuel Foster, William Graham,
Harrison Joyce, John James, Andrew Lawrence, William
Medcalf, Christopher C. Martin, Jacob Mcintosh, Alexander
Oliver, John Ranidon, John Read, Jeremiah Steward,
Michael Sago, David Shoplan, Perry Snelling, William
Todd, Edward Welling, John Yeager.

COMPANY E.

COMMISSIONED WFFICERS.

Captain Henry A. Schaeffer.
Captain Leopold Preuss.
Captain James O'Donnell.
First Lieutenant Max Cohn.
Second Lieutenant Henry G. Waller.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Lewis Hunker.
Sergeant Gustav E. Hueter.
Sergeant John Weber.
Sergeant John Vogle.
Sergeant David Wehing.
Sergeant Ambrose Kuni.
Sergeant John Keller.
Sergeant Henry Stoly.
Sergeant John Schnab.
Corporal Henry Deersman.
Corporal John Frank.
Corporal Lewis Gross.
Corporal Henry Fischer.
Corporal John Frank.
Corporal Andy Frank.

PRIVATES.

John Ash, Moses Burig, John Hassing, Francis Hillinch,
Julius Hudle, Adam Loosman, Philip M. Panty, August
Wall, Andrew Weiller, Henry Leeback, Lewis Baty, Ignatus
Bemhard, John Braum, Bartholomew Brander, Henry Doeh-
mann, Peter Funk, Ferdinan Meitt, Frank Littler, Conrad
Routhams, Jacob Rodd, Gotleib Scharott, Lajarus Schaub,
Carl Sivann, John Lissert, Lewis Ampfer, David Engel,
Peter Hensler, Anion Killer, John Long, David Peter, Eber-
han Fraut, George Quillenan, Christian Ehlsheit, John
Krohm/Henry Foeth, Jacob Graff, John A. Knapp, George
Koch, Jacob Kung, Conrad Miller, Peter Rechenan, Adam
Schneider, John Sipple, John Streit, Henry Trout, John
Wasmer, Conrad Weber.

COMPANY F.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Nelson B. Church.
Captain Sidney Lyons.
Captain Basil N. Hobbs.
Captain Spencer Cooper.
First Lieutenant John D. Bird.
First Lieutenant Thomas P. Hamot.
First Lieutenant William G. Milton.
Second Lieutenant Abel R. Church.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant James Wilmoth.
Sergeant James G. White.
Sergeant James B. Johnson.
Sergeant Phillip Reed.
Sergeant William G. Milton,
Sergeant Charles H. Soule.
Sergeant Daniel S. Williams.
Sergeant Thomas Merideth.
Sergeant Martin Wilhelm.
Corporal William B. Sensbaugh.
Corporal James McMahon.
Corporal James Carter.
Corporal James W. Duckworth.
Corporal Robert D. Stevens.
Corporal S. W. Parrish.
Farrier Walthen Bonner.
Farrier John J. Burke.
Saddler John M. Hutchmson.
Wagoner Robert Folis.

PRIVATES.

Arnold Amos, John S. Baker, Henry Blair, Alexander
Dobbins, John Howsley, James S. Lewis, John C. Langly
Abraham Meredith, WiUiam Meredith, Gabriel Reynolds,
Edmonds Reeves, Thomas W. Slaughter, Bradley Sanders,
Thomas Shane, William Wilhelm, Mortimer Gaither, Wil-
liam G. Butler, James K. P. Byland, Martin Dillingham,
Samuel Fife, Malone Hatfield, Lawrence Kelly, Phinis Reed,
Robert Ramsey, Warren Watkins, Thomas Brook, James H.
Brooks, John J. Brooks, William Dorms, WiUiam Murphy,
John McQueen, Dabney Nance, James W. Raymond,
Thomas Williams, James W. Watkins, James Monehan,
Robert B. Beswick, John Cain, Henry Casey, Edward Com-
mingore, George W. Ginnis, Hugh Grey, John Heflerman,
Henry Lewis, James Parrish, William Moore, Bryan H.
Sharp, John Wilhelm, John Womack, Thomas G. York,
Lewis Carroll, David O'Connell.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Casper Blume.

Captain John Sailer. ,

Captain George K. Speed.

First Lieutenant William Shriver.

First Lieutenant William H. McKinney.

Second Lieutenant Thomas Hoffman.

Second Lieutenant Rodolph Curtis.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant George Rothchild.
Sergeant Jacob J. Septig.
Sergeant Philip .Allicurger.
Sergeant Constantine John.
Sergeant Charles Gossville.
Sergeant Leonhard Reider.

128

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Sergeant Henry Deidtrich.
Sergeant Henry Fitch teman.
Sergeant Philip Gutig.
Sergeant John M. Kirck.
Corporal Otto Schneider.
Corporal Henry Schuler.
Corporal Herman Mirers.
Corporal Joseph Koch.
Corporal Joseph Sherer.
Corporal Philip Dill.
Bugler Philip Walter.
Farrier John Muss.
Farrier Jesse Suckland.
Saddler Michael Buchard.
Wagoner Joseph Hergog.

PRIV.^TKS.

Peter Bellner, Mathias Bellner, John Breinig, Henry Blume,
Frederick Erde, John Greenlick, John Koll, Henry Man-
schler, Louis Oppenheimer, Bernhard Slechtin, Casper Seibel,
Carl Sester, Peter Hook, Timothy KoUer, Martin Luty,
Jacob Morelli, Charles Meyer, Vincincis Schaffner, Jacob
Schmidt, Augustus Steel, Christopher Pauer, Robert Breck-
heimer, Peter Austgen, Philip Lum, Charles Luther, John
Fritch, Carl Reder, George Auger, Peter Andy, Andrew
Banks, Peter Detroy, Bernhord Eok, Adam Lany, Paul
Dobyan, Henry Shiver, John Smith, Ignaty Reiter.

COMPANY H.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Patrick W. McGowan.
Captain John F. Weston.
First Lieutenant Isaac Burch.
First Lieutenant Lewis Ryan.
Second Lieutenant John Burke.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Charles Dupre.
.Sergeant James O'Connell.
Sergeant John Murry.
Sergeant William McKinney.
Sergeant Isaac Miller.
Sergeant Felix Dupree.
Sergeant Dennis McCarty.
Sergeant John Hagerty.
Corporal Peter McKnab.
Corporal John Ranan.
Corporal Ludlow Wilson.
Corporal John Shehee.
Corporal William Burke.
Corporal John Burke.
Corporal William Neish.
Corporal Alfred Norton.
Bugler John Duchernne.
Farrier William Routh.
Farrier John Kane.

PRIVATES.

Edward Booth, Thomas Barbour, Patrick Collins, John
Fogart, Daniel Fisher, Thomas Hyens, Thomas Haffer,
James Kenally, Thomas Lovall, Frank McQuinn, Dennis
Means, John O'Sullivan, Charles Quinn, Patrick Russell,
John .Sheridan, James Sumate, James Whaler, Arthur
Whaler, Frederick Zimmerman, Patrick Kelly, Patrick Mo-
rearty, James McCann, John Carr, Martin Ditterly, John
Dunnivan, Patrick Feeley, James Reefe, Adam Kimple,
Patrick McDonough, James Quinn, Frederick Sloane, Mike

Callahan, John Downey, John Dumon, Samuel Day,
Thomas Fehan, John Gannon, Patrick Gagerty, Edward
Hogan, Hugh Keys, Joseph Millott, John McMakin, Daniel
Mailliff, James Mur, John Mannion, Lawrence McGidem,
William O'Hem, James O'Conner, John Powers, Patrick
Qu inn, ames Reese, John Riley, Martin Shell, Patrick Tur-
ney, John Wyman.

FOURTH KENTUCKY VETERAN CAVALRY.

This regiment veteranized at Rossville, Georgia,
in January, 1864, and was then furloughed for
thirty days, at the expiration of which time it
rendezvoused at Lexington, Kentucky, and was
immediately ordered to Nashville, and thence on
foot to Chattanooga, where it was mounted and
encamped in Wauhatchie Valley. Here it re-
mained for some weeks, scouting through that
country for hundreds of miles around. In June,
1864, under command of Major Bacon, it formed
part of the expedition under General Watkins to
Lafayette, Georgia. Whilst there the regiment
was attacked by a greatly superior force, and
was, with a part of the Sixth Kentucky cavalry,
cut off from the balance of the command. Being
hard pressed by the enemy, it fell back, and oc-
cupying the court-house, held it against repeated
and furious attacks of the enemy from 4 o'clock
A. M. to 3 p. M., when the attacking force with-
drew, leaving over one hundred killed and
wounded on the -field, besides a much larger
number of prisoners captured from them while
on their retreat. From Lafayette the regiment
marched to Calhoun, Georgia, scouting through
the country, and constantly skirmishing with
Wheeler's rebel cavalry, and thence to Resaca,
Georgia, constituting part of the small garrison
which held that place against Hood's army for
three days after he had flanked Sherman at
Atlanta. ' Here the regiment, under Colonel
Cooper, was repeatedly complimented by the
commanding general. A part of the regiment,
under Major Weston, made a successful charge
on a rebel fort, causing the enemy to retire.

It marched in advance of Sherman's army to
Gadsden, Alabama, driving the enemy's rear-
guard the entire distance. It then came via
Chattanooga and Nashville to Louisville; • was
there remounted, and^proceeded to Hopkinsville,
driving Lyon's command out of the State, when
it went to Nashville. After the battle of Nash-
ville It marched to Waterloo, Alabama; thence
to Eastport, Mississippi; thence to Chickasaw,
Alabama. After recruiting both men and horses

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

tt$

at this place for some weeks, the regiment joined
General Wilson's command, and was with him
I during his famous march through Alabama and
I Georgia. It drove the enemy out of Mont-
gomery, and held that city for two hours before
any other troops arrived ; thence marching via
I Macon and Albany, Georgia, to Tallahassee,
I Florida, it was finally mustered out at this last-
named place August 21, 1865.

It participated in the following engagements,
in which loss was sustained, viz: Lafayette and
Calhoun, Georgia; Lavergne, Franklin, and
Campbellsville, Tennessee; Russellville, 'Ran-
dolph, Scottsville, CentreviUe, Selma, Tuskogee,
and Montgomery, Alabama, and at Columbus,
Georgia.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Lieutenant Colonel Llewellyn Gwynne-
Major John F. Weston.
Sergeant Major Philip Guetig.
Sergeant Major William H. McKinney.
Sergeant Major William Foster.
Quartermaster Sergeant Ryland K. Shuck.
Commissary Sergeant James E. Phillips.
Commissary Sergeant James W. Looney.
Veterinary Surgeon John K. Adams.
Hospital Steward William M. Edwards.
Quartermaster Sergeant Alexander McCall.
Commissary Sergeant Gibson Tate.
Saddler James S. Dykes.
Bugler Frank Brinkman.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Ryland K. Shuck.
First Lieutenant W. J. Hunter.
First Lieutenant James W. Looney.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant William Sexton.
Sergeant John W. Burrows.
Sergeant Elzey Kennedy.
Sergeant Nathan K. Gross.
Sergeant Joseph Dawkins.
Sergeant James Albertson.
Corporal Dominick Gross.
Corporal Marion King.
Corporal Jacob Wilkins.
Corporal John P. Ashby.
Corporal William Stephenson.
Farrier Logan ] effries.
Bugler Frank Brinkman.

PRIVATES.

Thomas Bassil, Alexander T. Bolin, John Butts, David
Collins, James Cooden, Thomas E. Crumbaugh, Joshua
Devore, Joseph Fehr, Thomas Figg, Joseph C. D. Gill, Eli
D. Gardner, George Groves, William N. Goldsmith, Joseph
Hann, Richard Hall, William Jones, Joseph King, Michael
King, Benjamin Kelly, Thomas McManus, William Oglesby,
Thomas O'Brien, Joseph Philips, Robert W. Reed, Lafayette
Collins, William Edwards, John Riker, John Ar{eburn, Wil-
liam H. Brown.
>7

COMPANY B.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Adam Rodgers.

First Lieutenant Al. D. Hynes.

First Lieutenant James E. Phillips.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant David T. Patton.

Sergeant George Schneider.

Sergeants Charles Lanthart.

Sergeant John H. Bickel.

Sergeant Barney Koster.

Sergeant Henry Smith.

Sergeant Charles P. Clinton.

Sergeant Gibson Tate.

Corporal Joseph Marshall.

Corporal John Schauer.

Corporal Frederick Black.

Corporal Jacob Fix.

Corporal John Weakley.

Corporal Charles Ackers.

Corporal David R. Fenton.

Corporal Nicholas Bender.

Bugler Gotlieb F. Bauer.

Bugler Marcus Seinsoth.

Saddler Conrad Bader.

PRIVATES.

Henry Algier, William AUsmiller, Henry Doerr, Jowph
Eckbert, John B. Hoertz, William Just, Frederick Ludwick,
John Ludwick, Mason Parson, John Ruth, Xavier Schindler,
Frank Stier, Albert Sonderselt, Andrew Small, Lotiis Upper,
John Zolt, Joseph Borrell, August Baker, Frederick Bassa,
Albert Halwax, James Lanson, Freeling Namick, Thomas
Phillips, Thomas Stewart, Theodore Acken, Sebastian Fant-
ner, Philip Ross, JohnShultz, John Zimmer, Henry Lehman,
Mathew Miller, David H. Taylor, George Weatherstein,
Jacob Walter.

COMPANY C.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John M. Bacon.

Captain William J. Hunter.

First Lieutenant Squire S. Robards.

NON-COMMISSIQNED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Franklin E, Robards.

First Sergeant George A. St. John.

Quartermaster Sergeant George Kipp,

Sergeant John Ford.

Sergeant William Stitzel.

Sergeant John K. Adams.

Corporal James Howard.

Corporal John Schur.

Corporal Thomas Couch.

Farrier George Chastain.

Farrier John Metz.

Saddler James S. Dikes.

PRIVATES.

Frederick Butcher, James Chapman, Francis M. Casteel,
Henry Delany, Charles (Jorman, Andy Gross, Daniel
Heaver, Daniel Ham, Anthony Ham, Patrick Kennedy,
Joseph Kipp, John Meyer, Henry Meyer, Johnson Mc-
Conkey, Julian L. Moraldo, Larrence Morgan, George W.
Orr, Benjamin F. Sewards, Frank J. St. John, Cornelius Sulli-
van, Josiah Tron, Levns W. Woodall, David Gorden, Nich-
olas Kirsch, William Sourl.

I30

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

COMPANY D.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William J. Barnett,
Captain John B. Lee.
First Lieutenant William Foster.
Second Lieutenant John P. Brown.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Francis V. Stevens.
First Sergeant William W. Chalfin.
Sergeant Washington Reynolds.
Sergeant Edward Welling.
Sergeant William G. Auther.
Sergeant Philip T. Chappell.
Sergeant William Snellen.
Sergeant William Smith.
Sergeant James W. Looney.
Corporal Hercules Roney.
Corporal William Atcher.
Corporal Edward Atcher.
Corporal Jesse Brimer.
Corporal James S. Goldsmith.
Bugler Taurence Davison.
Saddler Franklin Colling.
Farrier JohnT. Yeager.

PRIVATES.

Philip Birman, William E. Bunnell, Levi Brentlinger,
Samuel Foster, William Graham, Harrison Joyce, Andrew
Lawrence, John Morger, William Metcalf, Christopher C.
Martin, Jacob Mcintosh, Alexander Oliver, John Rardon,
Jerry Stewart, David Shoptaw, Michael Sago, Perry Snellen,
William Todd, John Westfall, George Zetlmaier, Isaac Doug-
las, John James, John Reed, John C. Sherwood, William
M. Edwards, William Foster, Robert Fleming, Peter Glass-
man, George Haddox, Philip Kressell, Grenup J. Westfall.

COMPANY B.

COMMISSIONED OFFCERS.

Captain James O'Donnell.
First Lieutenant Max Cohen.
Second Lieutenant Henry G. Walter.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Ambrose Curry.
Sergeant Henry Stoltz.
Corporal John Adam D. Knapp.
Corporal Henry Diersman.
Corporal John Frank,
Farrier Conrad Weber.
Bugler Jacob Gross.
Saddler Frank Eberhard.

PRIVATES.

John H. Ash, David Engel, Henry Foeth, Jacob Kuntz,
Conrad Mueller, Adam Shneyder, Martin Senn, Christian
Sanner, Henry Traut, John Wassmer, Frank Andy, Moses
Birig, Peter Regenaner, John Shroab, John Sippel, Adam,
Loosmann, Julius Huetlell, Henry Sebach.

COMPANY F.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain Basil N. Hobbs.
Captain Spencer Cooper.
First Lieutenant Thomas P. Herriott.
First Lieutenant William G. Milton.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Daniel L. Williams.
Sergeant Thomas Merideth.
Sergeant Martin V. Willhelm.
Sergeant Charles H. Soule.
Sergeant Elwood Reeves.
Corporal Joseph W. Thomas.
Corporal Bradley Sander.
Farrier Ed. H. Cummingore.
Bugler George W. Grimes.

PRIVATES.

Robert B. Beswick, John M. Buster, Mathew Boneur,
Henry Casey, Hugh Grey, John Heffron, John C. Langly,
James C. Parris, Thomas Sheehan, Bryan H. Tharp, John
Womack, John Willhelm, John Cain, Henry Lewis, Peter
Meridith, David O'Connell, Thomas G. York, Amos Arnold,
Lewis Carroll, Mark Gaither.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain George K. Speed.
First Lieutenant William H. McKinney.
First Lieutenant John N. Kirch.
Second Lieutenant Rudolph Curtis.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Henry Fichteman.
Sergeant George Rothchild.
Sergeant Philip Guetig.
Corporal Peter Andy.
Wagoner Joseph Herzag.
Bugler Jacob Graf.

Andrew Banks, John Byer, Peter Detroit; Bernard Eck,
Adam Lang, Ignartz Reiter, William Schreiber, John Smith,
George Auger, Henry Scherer, John Biming, Henry Blume,
Mathias Bellner, Frederick Erde, John Fritch, John Koll,
Carl Sester.

COMPANY H.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John F. Weston.
Captain Charles H. Soule.
First Lieutenant Lewis Ryan.
First Lieutenant Dennis McCarty.
Second Lieutenant John Burke.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Laurence McGivem.
Sergeant John Hagerty.
Sergeant John Burke.
Sergeant Felix Dupree.
Corporal Daniel Mailiff.
Corporal William Niesh.
Corporal John Kennan.
Corporal Albert Newton.
Farrier Adam Kembal.

PRIVATES.

William Burke, Michael Callahan, John Cline, John Dou-
ney, John Dennin, Daniel Fisher, Patrick Gagerty, Edward
Hogan, John Kane, Hugh Keyns, Joseph Milot, John Mc-
Makin, John Powers, Patrick Quinn, James Reese, Martin
Shell, Patrick Tierney, Samuel Wray, Thomas Feehan,
James O'Connors, William O'Herran, John Reily, John
Wienman, John O'Neil, Thomas Barbour, Thomas La veil.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

131

COMPANY I.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John W. Lewis.
Captain Purnel H. Bishop.
First Lieutenant David Wolff.
First Lieutenant William Harper.
Second Lieutenant Frederick G. Ulrich.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Timothy Kelly.
Sergeant John Allen.
Sergeant George White.
Sergeant Thomas Lynn.
Sergeant Alexander McCall.
Sergeant James McDonald.
Corporal Robert Good.

PRIVATES.

Robert Allin, Eden R. Boyles, Charles Cites, Michael Curry,
MilesjCronin, Edward Donohoo, John Frederick, Andrew Far-
rell, Patrick Feagan, J. Holerin, Joseph Holt, Martin Lavel,
Philip Molin, Emmiel Miller, David Macon,' James Murry,
George W. Neil, George W. Rieter, William Richie, Michael
Rigney, Patrick Riley, Peter Riece, Patrick Shay, yohn Sparks,
David Shields, Daniel Stanford, Chailes Sile, Charles UWch,
Michael Wilett, William Watson, Jacob Young, W. H. Car-
son, Samuel Davidson, Patrick Heden, William Harris, Jacob
letter, Henry Krieder, James Molbry, Michael Shay, Ran-
dolph Walters, Patrick Welch, John Dunn, Peter McCor-
mick, John Pigott, James Renolds, James Wilson, Thomas
Ford, Edward D. Hines, Balzer Huglin, Richard H. Holi-
way, John W. Jacobs, James Peven, Frederick Steven , Ste-
ven Wick, Henry Wagner.

COMPANY K.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant George Koch.
First Lieutenant Purnell H. Bishop.
First Lieutenant William W. Chalfin.
Second Lieutenant J. W. Faust.

NON COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant John Blake.
Sergeant Jacob Gerlock.
Sergeant Jacob Stiener.

PRIVATES.

David Blake, Horace Donahue, John E. Gosnel, Peter
Gerhart, Amos Gulie, John Geriting, Lewis Knuckles, John
Longfield, Michael O'Marron, Morris Oxley, William A.
Smith, Charles Steir, John Tharp, Jacob Dearshuck, Thomas
J. Head, Ernot Krotrusky.

COMPANY L.

COMMISSIONED OFMCERS.

Captain William E. Brown.
First Lieutenant James Albertson.
Second Lieutenant Robert A. Edwards.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant James A. Henstes.
Sergeant Robert A. Coffey.
Sergeant John T. Adair.
Sergeant John Hurt.
Sergeant James S. Woods.
Sergeant Harrison L. Howell.
Sergeant Evander M. Davis.
Sergeant William Odenu.

Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Corporal
Corporal
Corporal
Corporal
Corporal
Corporal

Frank T. Self.
John B. Rodgerman.
James Ammerman.
Melvin P. Self.
Elisha Anderson.
Boxter S. Russell.
John Thomas.
Henry Shoemaker.
Theodore Shonefildt.

PRIVATES.

fames W. Adair, Andrew Briggs, James Baker, George
W. Bullock, Francis M. Bullock, William Boggs, Hezekiah
Binson, Benjamin Cupsey, Jackson Craig, Eppi M. Canup,
William R. Coffey, James M. Coffey, James M. Cash,
James M. Carhs, David D. Duncan, John Duncan, David
Draper, Joseph Gallener, William Harris, Burrill Harris,
George J. Henlings, Robert G. Hodge, Nobly H. Harris,
Nicholas Hoy, George Henson, James B. Hamlin, John W.
Jones, Theodore Kehren, William Kallahar, George F.
Louder, John Long, John P. Lyng, Thomas J. Langly,
James S. Maohn, William McGuire, Squire Mardis, Chris-
topher Phaender, Evander M. Paine, John W. Radcliffe,
William Smith, Benjamin Stubberfield, Caleb Serber, Frank
Trapp, Henry Uttei;?, William Underwood, Burton W.
Williams, George Yager, Francis M. Canup, John Byer,
Lepposon A. Dye, Conrad Deitz, Edward Hays, Amos
Landman, Michael McCann, Andrew J. Hammone, John H.
Ralston, Washington M. Stewart, Rolla H. Vauter.

In alphabetical list of ofificers, but not in com-
pany rolls:
Captain Nelson B. Church.
Second Lieutenant J. W. Faust.
Assistant Surgeon David P. Middletcn.

FIFTH KENTUCKY CAVALRY.

The Fifth was organized at Camp Sandidge,
Gallatin, Tennessee, under Colonel* David R.
Haggard, and .mustered into the service ]Vtarcb
31, 1862, by Major W. H. Sidell, United States
mustering officer. It was raised in the southern
portion of Kentucky, and was composed of those
sturdy yeomanry who have always been distin-
guished for their patriotism and the love of jus-
tice and liberty. During the organization they
labored under many disadvantages, owing to the
frequent mvasions of the enemy into the district
where it was recruited. It was mustered into
service with seven hundred and eighty-nine
men, and was placed upon duty during the active
campaigns of General Buell, and participated in
all the early engagements in Tennessee, and by
their soldierly conduct won the esteem of the
commanding general. The regiment participated
in the following battles and skirmishes in which
losses are reported, viz: Burksville, Kentucky;
Gallatin, Tennessee ; Monroe's Cross Roads,
North Carolina ; Louisville, Georgia; Adairville,
Georgia ; Millen's Grove, Georgia ; Sweeden's

«3«

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Cove, Tennessee, and Sweetwater, Georgia. It
was mustered out at Louisville, May 3, 1865.
The veterans and recruits were ordered to be
transferred to the Third Kentucky Veteran Cav-
alry.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Oliver L. Baldwin.
Lieutenant-Colonel Isaac Scott.
Major James L. Wharton.
Surgeon Hugh Mulholland.
Surgeon William Forrester.
Commissary Patrick M. Conly.
Hospital Steward William A. Derrington.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant James V. Conrad.
COMPANY C.

PRIVATES.

William T. Vigle, James W. Harman.
COMPANY D.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant Edward Davis.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Corporal Bethel A. Buck.

PRIVATES.

John Ramin, James T. Buck, John J. Chilson, Philip
Daily, William R. TuU.

COMPANY E.

Private John J. Burger.

COMPANY F.

PRIVATES.

David Willan, William L. Avery, William Burk, John P.
Bunch.

COMPANY H.
Private Henry W. Smith.

COMPANY I.
Private John Irvine.

COMPANY K.
Private James R. Himes.

COMPANY L.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Christopher C. Hare.
First Lieutenant Amos M. Griffen.
Second Lieutenant James R. Farmer.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Hiram Kinman.
Sergeant John Shotwell.
Sergeant John Young.
Sergeant Simon P. Atkinson.
Sergeant Frederick .Swartz.
Sergeant Frederick Phieffer.
Sergeant Nathan Morrow.
Sergeant Samuel T. Sills.
Corporal Thomas Bramel.
Corporal John Murphy.

Corporal Frederick Eisenminger.
Corporal John W. Ratliff.
Corporal Cornelius O'Neal.
Corporal Jesse Beene.
Corporal Rufus R. Foster.
Corporal William Bryant.
Corporal Thomas Swift.
Musician John Watson.
Farrier G. L. Emil Shercr.
Farrier John Borne.
Wagoner John Casey.

PRIVATES.

James K. Bryant, William Bonum, Nathan Carlisle, Jon-
athan Chesser, William Chaddic, Thomas Caine, Robert
Doyle, Silas Elgy, William B. Foster, Henry Felker, George
Fisher, John G. Gray, John Gass, William J. Humble, Andy
Hamlet, Philip Hurt, William Hastings, George W. John-
son, John Johnson, Philip Jordan, George W. Jackson,
Jacob Kizer, John Landra, James Murphy, Henry Michael,
Isaac Moore, James McKeig, William Merifield, George
Niece, Frederick Nicely, Augustus Odcell, William Purzell,
James Piatt, Absalom Rose, Mike Sulivan, William
Stross, Joseph Streetmatter, George W. Turner, Charles J.
Travis, James T. Travis, John Troutman, W. H. H. Vails,
Garrett Vores, James Welch.

On alphabetical list, but not on company roll:

FIELD AND STAFF.

Major and Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel Charles A. Gill.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Samuel G. Gill.

Assistant Surgeon Charles H. Stocking.

SIXTH KENTUCKY CAVALRY.

The First battalion of the Sixth Kentucky
cavalry was organized at Camp Irvine, Jefferson
county, under Major Reuben Munday, and was
mustered into the United States service December
23, 1 86 1, by Major W. H. Sidell. This battalion
comprised five companies, and was commanded
by Major Munday until August, 1862, when
companies F, G, H, I, K, L, and M were re-
cruited and the consolidation effected. Previous
to the consolidation the First battalion was as-
signed to General George W. Morgan's division,
and did important service with that command in
obtaining and occupying Cumberland Gap. Be-
ing the only organized cavalry in the division,
the duties assigned it were arduous and of great
importance. When the Gap was evacuated in
1862 by General Morgan, this battalion formed
the advance or covered the rear, as occasion
demanded, through Eastern Kentucky to the
Ohio river, contending with the enemy every
day. When the consolidation was effected,
Colonel D. J. Hallisy was commissioned colonel,
and the regiment assigned to the cavalry divis-
ion of the Army of the Cumberland, and by its

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

13'

efficiency and discipline and gallantry won dis-
tinction in every engagement. It is to be regret-
ted that the officers of this command failed to
furnish a full history of all its operations, as it is
justly entitled to a reputation among the first for
bravery, discipline, and dash in the Western
army. The regiment was engaged in the follow-
ing battles in which loss was sustained, viz:
Tazewell, Tennessee; Cumberland Gap, Powell
River, Tennessee; Perry ville, Kentucky; Cowan's
Station, Tennessee; Lipsey Swamp, Alabama,
and the early battles fought by Generals Buell
and Rosecrans in Tennessee.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Assistant Surgeon Charles B. Chapman.
Chaplain Milton C. Clark.
Regimental Quartermaster George Sambrock.
Adjutant William A. Stumpe.

COMPANY E.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant Henry Tachna.
COMPANY F,
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant Daniel Cheatham.
COMPANY H.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant William Murphy.
COMPANY I.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant Samuel W. Crandell.
Second Lieutenant James G. McAdams.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Jefferson Smith.
Sergeant William L. Crandell.
Sergeant Benjamin F. Mann.
Sergeant James Lander.
Sergeant Hiram Cure.
Sergeant Henry Johnson.
Sergeant William T. Druin.
Sergeant J oseph Rice.
Sergeant James T. Hall.
Sergeant David M. Williamson.
Corporal George W. Tucker.
Corporal Joel C. Lusk.
Corporal Thomas T. Cook.
Corporal David G. Buster.
Corporal Charles W. Poor.
Corporal John H. Meanelly.
Corporal James W. Houk.
Corporal John C. Hendrickson.
Corporal Charles R. Moary.
Corporal Williamson Spiers.
Corporal Isham Landers.
Wagoner Burvvell Edrington.
Wagoner Chalen Underwood.
Wagoner Alfred Burrus.
Farrier William H. Johnson.

Farrier Natiian Warren.
Saddler William Cox.

PRIVATES.

Berry Co.>c, Nathan Cox, Washington M. Heron, Henr>
T. Huddleston, Charner Johnson, John H. Knapp, John
Mann, John A. Mann, Richard F. Nunn, Joel Noel, Abra-
ham Rodes, John Shipp, Richard T. Woolridge, James E.
Williamson, James W. McDaniel, John Adams, William J.
Bright, Weldon Huddleston, Robert Herron, Pierce Keneda,
John R. Lawrence, Jesse Morris, John F. Williams, Zach-
ariah Williamson, Richard Williams, Johnson Watson,
Alfred J. White, Jacob Cox, Michael Conner, Albert
Feather, Henderson Gar.ier, James L. Grinstead, Abraham
Jones, Stephen Jones, James Parker, Joseph Slinker. John
Tucker, Franklin Baldwin, Squire M. Cox, John Dabny,
George Dabny, Elijah B. Herron, John Hanrahan, Joseph
W. McDaniel, John T. Minor, Francis M. McDaniel,
Thomas Shipp, William Wooley, Daniel B. Woolridge,
James H. Williams, Samuel Brown, James Carlile, John Cox,
Andy B. Cox, Benjamin Dabny, Charles Dawson, Henry H.
Geddis, James Monroe.

COMPANY L.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Otto Ernst.

First Lieutenant Charles A. Archer.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Henry G. Klink.
Sergeant John G. Tucker.
Sergeant John R. Fields.
Sergeant Louis Meier.
Sergeant Stephen S. Dooley.
Sergeant Stephen Risse.
Sergeant Joseph Simms.
Sergeant Isham D. Scott.
Sergeant William Hill.
Sergeant William Wheat.
Corporal William B. Crump.
Corporal John M..Roe.
Corporal Jacob Logsdon.
Corporal Joshua B. McCobbins.
Corporal David A. Chapman.
Corporal William E. Bybee.
Corporal Frederick Reusse.
Corporal Robert A. Miller.
Corporal Preston B. Roe.
Corporal William T. Coomer.
Corporal William C. Fox.
Corporal Ezekiel Witty.
Farrier John S. McFarling.
Farrier John W. Woods.
Saddler Thomas McDonald.
Wagoner David Singleton.

PRIVATES.

John Beek, C!harles Bender, William H. Burge, Johc
Clopton, Benjamin P. Dawson, Christopher C. Freshe,
Robert A. Gibson, William D. Graves, Charles Hohman,
Burrel T. Hurt, Magnes lestaedt, Jacob M. Long, Isaac A.
Oliver, James C. Page, William H. Purkins, Berry Reed,
Ezekiel Roe, George A. Roe, Lorenze Sohutzinger, Joseph
R. Shipp, Francis Watt, Even Shaw, WiUiam Tolbert.
William H. Collins, Gustavus Hurst, John D. Mosby, ]ohr
Meninger, Alexander Talbert, William K. Withrow, Joht
C. Hammontree, Chester Murphy, Anton Blattler, Fredericl

134

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Base, George C. Coomer, George W. Defevers, Pharaoh C.
Everett, James Highland, John Johnson, James B. Loyall,
IshamT. Withrow, James D. Ward, Henry C. Allen, Eli
Babbitt, Thomas J. Brown, John M. Brown, Joseph N.
Byram, John Burke, George Blell, Nelson Bacon, William
H. Brown, James Coomer, John C. Duff, John Gibson,
John M. Gibson, Bushrod B. Ritter, Isaac W. Roe, John T.
Russell, Philip E. Hammontree, James E. Welsh, John T.
Wheat, Henry M. Wheat, Richard H. Kessler.

COMPANY M.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Robert H. Brentlinger.
First Lieutenant George Williams.
Second Lieutenant George W. Richardsou.
Second Lieutenant John Fowler.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Jonathan McKelvey.
Sergeant Frank Gnau.
Sergeant John J. Huff.
Sergeant George M. Kepple.
Sergeant Charles A. Fishback.
Sergeant William T. Payne.
Sergeant William A. Taylor.
Sergeant John Cook.
Sergeant Pharaoh C. Everett.
Sergeant William R. Campbell.
Sergeant Martin A. Jeglie.
Corporal James Brown.
Corporal Owen McGee.
Corporal John Pickett.
Corporal Preston Noland.
Corporal Samuel E. Fox.
Corporal William Bettis.
Corporal Adolph Hines.
Corporal James W. Reed.
Corporal William A. Russell.
Wagoner Richard L. Dillingham.
Wagoner Lawrence Mc Taggart.
Farrier Michael Melvin.
Farrier Benjamin Few.
Farrier George Walden.
Bugler Samuel M. Woolsey.
Bugler Richard Baner.
Saddler Martin V. Shuman.
Saddler Henry A. Loyd.
Saddler Charles Simmersback.

PRIVATES.

William AUshite, Charles E. Abbey, Elim H. Button, Na-
than Culp, Charles R. Crouch, Patrick Carstillo, Isaac W.
Carpe, Daniel Huntsinger, George W. Hardin, Jacob Hentz-
leman, James W. Hendricks, Joseph K. Holloway, Smith
Hitchcock, Jonathan James, Solomon Klut, William Lush,
Peter Meng, William Maher, Daniel McCauley, Gabriel
Randolph, Joseph Rhinehart, William Swall, Isaac Smith,
Charles Sawney, Nelson Taylor, George Walker, Angels
Easum, Richard Miller, John Meek, John S. Perkins, Albert
Vicken, William R. Wilson, William C. Rogers, Charles
Ackerman, Wesley Anderson, Jacob Buck, Edward Beck,
William Derringer, Benjamin Bevin, James Farnham, Frank
Findzell, Joseph M. Hester, John Hulsey, John Haag,
Joseph Hogg, Willis W. Hale, George Jefferson, James Kess-
ler, James Meeks, James J. Mordock, James Maloiie, David
McCann, Aaron W. Pickett, Peter Reeves, George R. Ridge-
way, Washington D. Slater, Wallace Sevunse, Burton R.

Tucker, John Elsworlh, Jacob Garrett, Lewis Hartman, Ed-
ward Hall, Thomas Knapp, John Sperceful, Andrew J.
Stuart, Samuel Turner, John A. Seidman, James Downey,
Mathew Lmdsay, Peter .McBride, William B. Schardine.

SIXTH KENTUCKY VETERAN CAVALRY.

The Sixth Kentucky cavalry veteranized in
January, 1864, at Rossville, Georgia, and re-
turned to Kentucky on the furlough of thirty
days allowed by the War department, at the ex-
piration of which it returned to Chattanooga,
Tennessee, and was assigned to the Third brig-
age. First division, commanded by General L.
D. Watkins. From Chattanooga it marched to
Wauhatchie, Tennessee, and remained near two
months, and then marched to Lafayette, Geor-
gia ; thence to Calhoun, Georgia, and Resaca.
From Resaca marched with the advance of Gen-
eral Sherman, by way of Dalton and Snake
Creek Gap, to Gadsden, Alabama, where, the
horses giving out, ihz regiment returned to
Louisville, Kentucky, to be remounted. From
Louisville, after being remounted and equipped,
it was ordered to Nashville, Tennessee, and par-
ticipated in the pursuit of General Lyon through
Kentucky ; after which it marched to Waterloo,
Alabama, at which point, the cavalry being reor-
ganized, this regiment was assigned to General
Croxton's First division of General Wilson's
corps, and marched to Chickasaw, Alabama ;
from there marched with General Wilson through
Alabama. Leavmg the main command at
Montevallo, the Sixth proceeded to Tuscaloosa,
where it met the enemy in force, and was en-
gaged in a severe battle. From Tuscaloosa it
marched by way of Newnan to Macon, Georgia,
rejoining the main command of General Wilson.
From Macon it marched to Louisville, Ken-
tucky, where it was mustered out on the 6th day
of September, 1865, having participated in the
following battles, viz: Lafayette, Resaca, Snake
Creek Gap, Georgia; King's Hill, Tuscaloosa,
Alabama ; Nashville, Tennessee ; Summerville,
Georgia, and Hopkinsville, Kentucky.

In alphabetical list, but not on rolls:

Regimental Commissary Joseph Hogg.

SEVENTH KENTUCKY CAVALRY,
COMMISSIONED OI'FICER.

Captain Charles L. Schweizer ("declined accepting").

EIGHTH KENTUCKY CAVALRY.
FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Benjamin H. Bristow.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

135

PRIVATE.

William W. Loy.

NINTH KENTUCKY CAVALRY.

The following statement of the condition,
strength, and operations of the Ninth Kentucky
Volunteer cavalry, since its organization, to the
nth of September, 1863, is taken fiom the
regimental records, and from other authentic
sources.

This regiment was organized at Eminence,
under Colonel Richard T. Jacob, and mustered
into service on the 2 2d day of August, 1862, by
Major L. Sitgraves. After it was mustered-in it
inarched to Crab Orchard, Kentucky, two com-
panies being detached as a body-guard to Gen-
eral Nelson. These two companies participated
in the battle of Richmond, Kentucky, and after
that the regiment marched from Lexington to
Louisville, covering the retreat of the Federal
forces before Kirby Smith. After two weeks'
stay at Louisville the regiment marched in ad-
vance of Buell's army toward Perryville. At
Taylorsville Colonel Jacob was ordered to take
one-half of the regiment and march to Shelb/
viile, with instructions to report to General Sill;
Lieutenant-colonel Boyle, with the remainder of
the. regiment, still remained with General Buell's
army and participated in the battle of Perryville.
The portion of the regiment under command of
Colonel Jacob was assigned to General Kirk's
brigade, and marched from Shelbyville to Frank-
fort. At Clay village the regiment came up with
Scott's rebel brigade, and after a severe engage-
ment defeated them, with the loss of a few killed
and many prisoners. On the following Monday
this portion of the regiment, m advance of Gen-
eral Sill's division, drove Scott's cavalry out of
Frankfort and took possession of the city, and
were skirmishing with the enemy all the follow-
ing day.

From Frankfort it marched towards Harrods-
burg, and met the enemy in force at Lawrence-
burg, where, in a desperate hand-to-hand fight,
the enemy was forced from the field. In this
engagement Colonel Jacob was severely wounded,
and was compelled to relinquish his command
to Captain Harney. Four days after this fight the
regiment was again united, and, under command
of Lieutenant-Colonel Boyle, engaged in the pur-
suit of Bragg, and after his retreat beyond the
Kentucky line the regiment was stationed on

the Tennessee border to protect the State against
the frequent incursion of the rebels, and was
daily engaged with the enemy, capturing many
prisoners. Colonel Jacob rejoined the regiment
in December, 1862, and they remained on the
border until July, 1863, when they were in the
pursuit of Morgan through Kentucky, Indiana,
and Ohio, and participated in the fights at Buff-
ington Island and St. George's Creek, Ohio,
where Major Rue, with a portion of the Ninth,
Eleventh, and Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry cap-
tured Morgan the 26th day of July, 1863. The
regiment then returned to Eminence, Ken-
tucky. It participated in the following battles
and skirmishes, viz: Richmond, Clay village,
Frankfort, Lawrenceburg, Perryville, Harrods-
burg. Horse Shoe Bend, Marrowbone, Kentucky,
Buffington Island, and St. George's Creek, Ohio.
It was mustered-out at Eminence, Kentucky,
September 11, 1863.

FIELD AND STAFF,

Lieutenant-Colonel John Boyle.

Adjutant Frank H. Pope.

Regimental Quartermaster Charles A. Clarke.

Regimental Quartermaster W. Rector Gist.

Regimental Commissary Edwin ]. Clark.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant Thomas P. Shanks.
First Lieutenant Frank H. Pope.
Second Lieutenant Alfred C. Morris.

COMPANY C.

Second Lieutenant Edward S. Stewart.

Second Lieutenant John C. Jackson.

Brevet Second Lieutenant C. Harrison Somerville.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFCERS.

First Sergeant Phineas H. Barrett.

Quartermaster-Sergeant Michael Minton.

Com.missary-Sergeant Thomas Case.

Sergeant Henry E. Darling.

Sergeant George Harbeson.

Sergeant Jehiel H. Hart.

Sergeant Thomas B. Duncan.

Sergeant James A. Harbeson.

Corporal Justin M. Nicholson.

Corporal Foster O'Neill.

Corporal Cyrus Thompson.

Corporal Lee Withrow.

Corporal John M. Bean.

Corporal James Carrico.

C'orporal Joseph A. Walter.

Corporal James McCarthy.

Farrier George G. Shafer.

Farrier Isaac Graham.

Wagoner John G. Wenderheld.

Saddler John W. Bradburn.

136

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

PRIVATES.

James Adams, James W. Armstrong, William B. Arterbrun,
Brown Anderson, Eli Bohannon, Robert E. Bradburn, Dan-
iel Bolin, Harvev -N'. Cutshaw, William Cutshaw, Andrew
Carrico, Hiram Elkins, James F". Eppihimer, Martin V. Gore,
John W. Gresham, James Gaylord, John R. Green, Richard
E. Green, Barney Hamilton, George W. Ham, Eli Hilton,
John Humphries, William Hildebrand, Marshall Jameson,
John Jones, Benjamin G. Kendall.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain John D. Gore.

PRIVATES.

Henry Crutchett, Henry H. Childers, Anderson Doss,
Coon Hih, Samuel Hutchison, James Hibbert, Christian
Herzeick, John Johnson, Christian Kremig, James Lynnett,
Richard T. Laurence, Daniel Livingston, Stanton Mitchell,
Edward Phillips, Jame C. Pierce, George W. Shepler, Chris-
tian Schmitt, John Starr, James Williams, John Welles.

TENTH KENTUCKY CAVALRY.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Joshua Tevis.
Quartermaster George G. Fetter.
Assistant Surgeon Alfred T. Bennett.

ELEVENTH KENTUCKY CAVALRY.

This regiment was recruited in the fall of 1862.
Captain Milton Graham opened a camp at Har-
rodsburg, and companies A, C, D, and F were
recruited from the counties of Mercer, Washing-
ton, and Madison, and reported at rendezvous
about the nth of July. On the 22d of July his
camp was removed to Frankfort, Kentucky, in
consequence of the invasion of the Stateand the
difficulties attending the mustering, armmg, and
equipping recruits at the former place. On ar-
riving at Frankfort the recruits were ordered to
report to Major A. W. Holeman, and during
their stay company B was recruited, and from
Frankfort marched to Louisville, Kentucky, and
encamped at the fair grounds, and were engaged
in drilling, recruiting, and picket duty until the
2 2d of September. While at the fair grounds
companies E, G, H, and I were recruited, and
the whole command was mustered into the
United States service on the 2 2d day of Septem-
ber, by Captain V. N. Smith. The regiment re-
mained in Louisville during the invasion of
Bragg, and, after the reorganization of Buell's
army, was assigned to Dumont's division, and
marched to Frankfort, where it remained for sev-
eral weeks scouting. At this point Lieutenant-
colonel W. E. Riley was commissioned and
assumed command of the regiment, and marched
to Bowling Green, and thence to Scottsville,

Kentucky, and Gallatin, Tennessee. At Galla-
tin the regiment remained several weeks on gar-
rison duty.

On the 25th of December, 1862, reported to
General Reynolds and received orders to march
to Glasgow, where it remained several weeks,
and then returned to Gallatin. From Gallatin
the regiment returned to Kentucky, and was
constantly engaged in scouting until July, 1863,
when it was in the pursuit of Morgan in his raid
through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, and was
present at the capture of the whole force at
Buffington Island, Ohio. Colonel Riley having
resigned, Major Graham assumed command of
the regiment. From Cincinnati the regiment
marched to Ni.cholasville, and engaged in the
pursuit of Scott's rebel cavalry to Somerset, and
from there marched with General Burnside upon
his East Tennesee campaign, and was in all the
engagements incident to that campaign. The
regiment was engaged actively with the enemy
for several months in the fall of 1 365, and sus-
tained heavy losses in killed and prisoners. In
an engagement on the 28th of January, 1864,
near Sevierville, Tennessee, Major Graham was
severely wounded, and Captain Slater assumed
command of the regiment, and returned, to
Knoxville. On the 4th of February the regiment
received orders to rendezvous at Mount Sterling,
Kentucky. At this point the Third Battalion,
which was recruited in the fall of 1863, under
command of Major W. O. Boyle, joined the
regiment. The regiment, having been remounted
and equipped, reported to General Stoneman,
and marched for Nashville, Tennessee, and
thence to Chattanooga and Atlanta, participat-
ing in all the engagements of that campaign.
Lieutenant Colonel Alexander having resigned
in August, 1864, Major Graham was promoted
Lieutenant-Colonel, and the regiment, having
again returned to Kentucky, was engaged in
scouting, and succeeded in capturing about one
hundred prisoners of Jesse's command near New
Liberty, and from there was ordered to Lexing-
ton, to prepare for General Burbridge's raid on
Virginia.

At Lexington Colonel Holeman resigned,
Lieutenant-colonel Graham was commissioned
colonel, and Major Boyle Lieutenant-colonel.
The regiment was in the first engagement at
Saltville, Virginia, and acquitted itself with great

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

137

credit. After this raid the regiment returned to
Lexington, and, after two or three weeks' rest,
was ordered to join General Stoneman in his
campaign through East Tennessee and Western
Virginia. On this campaign, which was in De-
cember, 1864, the regiment suffered terribly,
having many officers and men frost-bitten and
rendered unfit for service.

The regiment, after the battle at Saltvilie, re-
turned to Lexington, and was again ordered to
join General Stoneman in his campaign through
Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina
to Atlanta, Georgia, where it was at the time of
the surrender of the Confederate army. From
there it returned to Louisville, and was mustered
out on the 14th of July, 1865, the recruits and
veterans being transferred to the Twelfth Ken-
tucky cavalry.

It was engaged in the following-named battles
in which loss was sustained, viz: Cassville,
Georgia; Dandridge, Tennessee ; Dalton, Geor-
gia; Macon, Georgia; Marion, Virginia; Marys-
ville, Tennessee; Philadelphia, Tennessee; Knox-
ville, Tennessee, and Hillsboro, Georgia.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Colonel Alexander W. Holeman.
Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald J. Alexander.
Major William O. Boyle.

COMPANY C.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant Charles H. Edwards.
COMPANY E.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Frederick Slater.
Captain Edward H. Green.
First Lieutenant Robert Q. Terrill.

Second Lieutenant John H. Stone [on alphabetical list,
but not on rolls].

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant James M. Steele.
First Sergeant Lewis Bienkamp.
Quartermaster-Sergeant John .Anderson,
Commissary Sergeant Washington Stark.
Commissary Sergeant Caswell Huffman.
Sergeant Lawrence Han.
Sergeant William H. Connell.
Sergeant Dunn R. Stage.
Sergeant Solomon Huffman.
Sergeant James W. Armstrong.
Sergeant James H. Bailey.
Sergeant Isaac N. Thompson.
Sergeant Bartlett Veglet.
Corporal William H. Hensley.
Corporal Surge J. Walker.
Corporal Samuel H. Webber.
Corpora] Hugh McHugh.

Corporal William Schwagmier.
Corporal David Writer.
Corporal Christian Seidel.
Corporal Thomas Lamkin.
Corporal Andrew M. Swift.
Corporal Leander Ruble.
Saddler Christopher Ryner.
Farrier Edward Chesworth.
Bugler Henry D. Mallory.

PRIVATES.

Thomas }. Bailey, William Carbaugh, John Cooper,
Thomas Carmichael, Robert Dickey, Andrew J. Dalson, John
Fitzpatrick, Rudolph Fisher, Elias C. Graves, Aaron B.
Henry, Henry Lincomp, John Love, Josiah C. Powell,
Daniel Stewart, Levi P. Trester, George Trester, Frederick
Thalke, John Tracey, Henry UUman, Watstein Writer,
Robert J. Bennett, Robert T. Day, George N. A. Gathman,
John M. Griffin, Michael Mundary, Henry McDonald,
Frederick Steinback, Jarah Teaney, James Vahe, John
Whiteford, William McMurray, David Powell, William
Peek, George White, Jacob Bailey, James Carlin, William
Caldwell, Henry Clenn, Henry Dulveber, Robert H. Griifin,
Hugh Grieley, Henry Harker, Martin H. Henderson,
Thomas Hensley, Franklin Johnson, James Kennedy,
Malaka Lafttas, Nathan Manning, David Milboum, Fred-
erick Nutmier, Frederick Natte, John Quade, Joel Roberts,
William F. Smith, William Teaney, Frank Tourville, John
C. West, Henry Winter.

COMPANY G.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Joseph Lawson.

First Lieutenant Allen Purdy.

First Lieutenant Joseph M. Willerman.

Brevet Second Lieutenant John H. Skinner.

NON-COMMI.SSIONED OFFICERS.

Quartermaster Sergeant Tennis W. Wade.

Commissary Sergeant August Wadrecht.

First Sergeant Earnest C. Laurence.

Sergeant Joseph S. Boggs.

Sergeant Robert Taliaferro.

Sergeant Joseph Hannan.

Sergeant Amen H. Motley.

Sergeant George R. Evans.

Sergeant Charles Mortier.

.Sergeant William E. Thomas.

Corporal John Morgan.

Corporal William Florah.

Corporal Hugh Ross.

Corporal Patrick Mooney.

Corporal Joel W. Rice.

Farrier George Crocket.

Saddler James R. Jleff.

Bugler Thomas H. Lawson.

PRIVATES.

John Ames, Thomas E. Livezey, Alexander Mulbery,
Gran Nutting, Lewis Phelps, Joseph Smith, John Waldro,
Edward L. Bradley, Bennett Corte, Joseph Downard, David
L. Edward, Sr., George Hacksteadt, Adam Kiger, William
J. Laffling, Cornelius McKinney, Jesse Angleton George
W. Codrin, Henry Cotman, William Duffy, Joseph Edwards,
John Edwards, William Fuller, Thomas Fuller, George S.
Gilmore, Samuel Hollensworth, Henry C. Hill, Stephen
Hurt, Ale.\ander James, James W. Lunsford, William J.

138

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Laffling, William McLaughlin, Edward McCann, Shower
Nelson, William Phelps, Joseph C. Parris, Conrad Parr,
Charles J. Stalker, George W. Scaggs, William F. Spades,
James Weathertoii, Robert Watterman, Alexander Wallace,
John Baker, Oliver Gibson, George Hudson, James Hicks,
George F. Jennings, John Lewis, Charles McCarey, John
Scaggs, John Tyrus.

COMPANY H.

COMMISSIONED OmCERS.

Captain George H. Wheeler.
First Lieutenant Daniel E. W. Smith.
Second Lieutenant George W. Taylor.
Second Lieutenant B. H. Niemeyer.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Aylett R. Smith.
Sergeant James W. Staples.
Sergeant Albert T. Smith.
Sergeant James Heflin.
Sergeant William A. Bryant.
Sergeant Sanford R. Bryant.
Sergeant William V. Hare.
Sergeant Aylett R. Owens.
Corporal Charles L. Harding.
Corporal John Willis.
Corporal Parkison Bradford.
Corporal Benjamin F. Estep.
Corporal James Smith.
Corporal Albert S. Taylor.
Bugler Alexander Hay.
Saddler Richard Glover.
Farrier John Henry.
Farrier Robert C. Wilson.
Wagoner Daniel H. Wilson.

PRIVATES.

William J. Allen, Nettie J. Brumfield, John W. Brumfield,
Frederick J. Bryant, George Holeman, James W. Mansfield,
Patrick Nolin, Joseph J. Ross, George A. Reeves, Andrew J.
Webb, William Brown, Frank Clark, George Housefield,
George W. Knizley, W. M. Morris, Robert H. Mullen, Noble
Mitchell, Frank Mulholan, Patrick Rynes, Robert T. Smith,
George Armstrong, Jesse P. Brumfield, Archibald W. Burriss,
Vincent T. Biggerstaff, Robert Baldwin, John H. Bode, Wil-
liam H. Brown, Almon C. Clark, Peter Conner, David L.
Dennis, Charles Dawson, Joseph S. Dodd, Richard W. Dale,
Ablisom Elkins, Michael Glea.son, George Glove, Richard P.
Holeman, William E. Howard, Jesse Hail, Francis H. Hol-
liday, William H. Heflin, Charles C. Hewitt, Harrison Hay-
den, John Joice, James A. Kirk, William D. Kidd, James
Long, Simeon B. Leech, Marcus M. Lawrence, Henry Mil-
ler, John R. Mitchell, David McConol, David Maines,
James Molbon, Joseph Power, George W. Rudy, Erasmus
Rodman, Rodger Rynes, Thomas J. Smith, Joseph Stiltz,
William Smithers, William C. Spencer, James Sturgeon,
John W. Seli, George W. Taylor, Ransom S. Wilshire,
George W. Whitehures, Alford M. Weston, George Weitzel,
William S. Burd, Elijah Burnett, John Bingham, John Bald-
win, John Chapman, Henry Courcer, Wesley O. Carter,
Harby Davison, Patrick Fagen, William J. Gill, Thomas G.
Lawrence, Christopher C. Moles, Tyre S. Reeves, James A.
Self, John J. Sweezee, Ernest Slade, Thomas Shaley, John
Wilshire.

In alphabetical list, but not on rolls:

First Lieutenant P. W. Hall.

Second Lieutenant Louis Bergman (transferred to com-
pany C, Twelfth Kentucky cavalry).

Captain Robert Karnes (captain company C, also of D,
Twelfth Kentucky cavalry).

Major William Mangan (captain Company K, Twelfth
Kentucky cavalry).

Captain A. C. Morris.

Captain Thomas B. Strong.

Second Lieutenant Rufus .Somerly.

Captain Charles L. Unthank.

TWELFTH KENTUCKY CAVALRY.
FIELD AND LINE.

Major William R. Kinney.
Second Lieutenant John H. Stone.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Thomas J. Cherry.

COMPANY D.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant William K. Wallace.

BATTERY A, FIRST KENTUCKY ARTILLERY.

This battery was organized in the month of
July, 1861, at Camp Joe Holt, Indiana, by Cap-
tain David C. Stone, and was mustered into the
United States service on the 27th day of Sep-
tember, 1861, at Camp Muldrough Hill, by
Major W. H. Sidell. This battery accompanied
General Rousseau from Louisville to Mul-
drough's Hill early in the fall of 1861, and con-
stituted a part of that gallant band who interposed
between Buckner and Louisville. It was as-
signed to the Department of the Cumberland,
and was distinguished for gallantry, discipline,
and soldierly bearing, and in the early engage-
ments in Tennessee won the praise of the De-
partment commander. It veteranized at Nash-
ville, Tennessee, in February, 1864. After the
defeat of the Confederate forces under General
Hood, in December, 1864, the battery was
ordered to Texas, where it remained until Oc-
tober, 1865, when, being ordered to Louisville,
it was mustered out November 15, 1865.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain David C. Stone.
First Lieutenant John H. Mellen.
First Lieutenant Robert A. Moffet.
First Lieutenant William H. Sinclare.
First Lieutenant John H. Landweher.
Second 1-ieutenant George W. Clark.
Second Lieutenant William K. Irwin.
Second Lieutenant Frederick R. Sanger.

NON-COM.MISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John M. Beard.
First Sergeant Upton B. Reaugh.
Quartermaster Sergeant Richard Catter,

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

139

Quartermaster Sergeant Albert St. Clair.
Quartermaster Sergeant Charles McCarty.
Quartermaster Sergeant John Mendell.
Quartermaster Sergeant Covington O. West.
Sergeant John W. Hall.
Sergeant Deroy Love.
Sergeant Francis Grunee.
Sergeant John H. Leach.
Sergeant Joseph H. Browing.
Sergeant Martin Guiler.
Sergeant Jacob Kennett.
Corporal James Humphreys.
■ Corporal Sebastian Amling.
Corporal Boler Raney.
Corporal William Harvey.
Corporal Eli LcJy.
Corporal Charles Rogers.
Corporal John Rice.
Corporal Henry B. Noel.
Corporal \Villiam M. Gray.
Corpc*lri Charles A. Collins.
Corporal Richard Janice.
Corporal Charles H. Scott.
Corporal Henry F. W. Vaskuhl.
Corporal Leander B. Lawrence.
Corporal William Lewis.
Bugler Samuel A. Auld.
Artificer J ohn E. Hall.
Artificer Andrew Thompson.

PRIVATES.

William Allen, William Ball, John D. Barnes, Thomas
Barnes, David Burdine, Isaac Bell, William Brister, Fred-
erick Buckholt, Green Breden, Andrew Crohan, George W.
Carroll, James M. Curry, Philip Catron, William H. Dooly,
John Debouid, Paul L. Denning, John Ebbs, Joseph A.
Evans, John J. Estes, Joseph Endurlin, Francis M. Fox,
Sebastian Gruniisen, Lewis Green, Bernard Garry, Cornelius
S. Hislop, Lawrence E. Hands, Stephen A. Harper, Lafay-
ette Hurt, Thomas Hampton, Henry H. Haggard, Jacob
F. Hoover, Frederick Hiltser, Columbus Hays, Michael
Isler, William H. Jones, Henry G. Jiles, William Jones,
John Johnes, Levi King, John Kneasa, Otto Kleins-Schmit,
John S. Light, Samuel L. Long, Ernest Lambert, Jesse D.
Little, David Lanigan, Theodore Morrison, John Miller,
Nathan J. Moore, John T. Murray, William Masters, An-
toine Muler, William H. Meece, James McCabe, Charles J.
Mathews, William Martin, Reuben Payne, Elias Pea, Daniel
S. Purdy, Martin Ranch, Warner Richards, John Roberts,
John C. M. Redman, Eustachius Reis, John Richardson,
Daniel C. Scully, Robert Stewart, James H. Street, Greenup
Sparks, Thomas B. Sevill, Charles Stephens, John C. Smith,
Peter Slathter, Charles Smith, Francis M. Smith, Levi M.
Taylor, Samuel M. Thompson, Hugh L. Thompson, Asberrv
H. Thompson, Patrick Ward, William J. Wren, Benjamin
F. Withers, George W. White, Reuben Wooddon, George
Woods, William F. Wallace, John W. Warner, Thomas
Adkins, George Bancroft, John Beatty, William Bingham,
Frank Bainlee, Joseph Briswalder, Josiah H. Bagby, John
M. Burton, Christian Bothman, Peter Boohn, William
Boohn, Joseph Backman, Daniel Coackly, Edward M. Clark,
Patrick Curran, William H. Chaddock, Pearson Crouch,
Cyrenius Childers, David Collins, John Dorington, George
Daugherty, William Driscoll, William Dye, Thomas Dick,
William Everett, Robert Elmore, George Fells, Patrick Faha,
John R. Ford, Philip Flood, Daniel C. Friels, Jefferson L.

Fields, Richard Ghiles, Henry H. Gwin, Thomas Harper,
Daniel Hild, Moses R. Hancock, Charles Hite, Henry
Hayse, Benjamin Holt, John W. Johnson, Lord W. Joyce,
Herman Kellehals, William J. Kerr, Jeremiah Lochery,
James Lindseyc Flotus V. Logan, George W. McQuigg,
John McKenzie, John Moylan, Perry Moore, Patrick Mc-
Call, William Matthews, William Manning, Lloyd Morrison,
Waller W. Miller, William MuUins, George W. McDonald,
John M^tin, James B. Nenelly, Marcus D. L. Osburn,
Charles R. Oliver, Henry T. Powell, James L. Parrish,
John McKinney, William Quinne, William S. Roberts,
Maurice E. Reece, Francis B. Reece, Anthony Razor, Wil-
liam R. Razor, John Hubee, Benedict Stubla, Patrick
Shaaha, Richard A. Spurreer, Thomas Smith, Allen M.
Smith, James M. Smith, Howell M. Smith, William C.
Smith, George H. Smith, Joseph Sewell, Hillery Sells, Wil-
liam Story, Andrew Sells, William Sterling, George Sparrow,
Jesse Seward, Richard Thomas, James Vertrees, Pleasant
Walker, Jeremiah Walker, Nathaniel Walker, John A. Wal-
lace, .Mfred W. Wright, Moses H. Wilson, William H.
Wren, John S. Williams, Alonzo C. Yates, James H. Wal-
lace, Warren Benge, John Coffman, David Dally, David
Ford, Samuel Kephart, James Marshall, Frank Miller, Wil-
liam Malcolm, John Norton, Eugene K. Raymon, John
Spires, Samuel Schuff, Leroy Whitus, William S. Wilhite,
William B. Yates, William Cummins, Thomas Cummins,
John Durbin, Charles Faller, Frederick Goff, Joseph Jack-
son, Andrew Landwehr, David W. Murray, Joseph Ottman,
John W. Reynolds, David Reckter, William Stewart, Nicho-
las Stonefelt, John W. Sparks, William McK. Thompson,
Walton A. Tillett, Edwin Dundon, John W. Gans, Daniel
W. Burton, John Cochran.

BATTERY C, FIRST KENTUCKY ARTILLERY.

Battery C was organized at Louisville in Sep-
tember, 1863, by Captain John W. Neville, and
was mustered into the United States service, for
one year, on the loth day of September, 1863,
by Captain W. B. Royall, United States muster-
ing ofificer. Being raised for the one-year service,
this battery was assigned to the Department of
Kentucky, performed much valuable service,
and participated in many skirmishes and en-
gagements; and, as there were but few batteries
in the department, the marches performed were
long and arduous. It re-enlisted for three years
at Lebanon, Kentucky, in February, 1864, and
was ordered to Arkansas, where it participated in
several engagements. It returned to Louisville,
where it was mustered out July 26, 1865.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John W. Neville.

First Lieutenant Hugh S. Rawle.

NON-COMMISSIQNED OFFICERS.

Quartermaster Sergeant Thomas S. Russell.

Sergeant George b. Brown.

Sergeant Edwin W. Gould.

Sergeant Spencer H. Segroves.

Sergeant Lowdy Howard.

Sergeant William B. Bryson.

140

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Sergeant James E. Hensley.
Corporal John Wilson.
Corporal James E. Dolton.
Corporal William H, Travis.
Corporal Jerome Newton.
Corporal John M. Pearman.
Corporal Charles Troll.
Corporal John A. Irvin.
Corporal Jesse Morris.
Corporal Finis E. Winders.
Corporal Josephus Bellows.
Corporal Moses Matthews.
Corporal Thomas J. Simmons.
Artificer Henry C. Simpson.
Artificer John C. Mann.
Blacksmith John W. Gorrity.
Wagoner James Duke.
Cook James Dorrity.

PRIVATES.

Charles Bradas, Albert Brown, Thomas Blair, James M.
Beech, James Clarke, James R. Clarke, James B. Chambers,
Martin S. Davis, Johnson Defriend, William Goodrich,
Larkin L. Hensley, Daniel D. Howard, Franklin Harrod.
William H. Hewlett, William Jones, Paul Landem, Patrick
Moore, Thomas Morgan, William Miller, Daniel Pruce,
Michaelberry Stephens, John W. Smith, John A. Stowers.
John Travis. David E. Tatnm, Joseph L. Tombison, Samuel
M. Wittiion, Charles Wilson, George W. Allen, William G.
Alfrey, John W. Black, Riley A. Barker, John Bickell, Wil-
liam Brasselle, William P. Brasher, Harrison Bernett,
George W. Brown, Samuel Cooper, Thomas J. Cate, Ster-
ling M. Chambers, John Co.x, Hiram Dulaney, Henry P.
Edwards, Thomas Galloway, Jesse A. Ghormly, William P.
Garr, Daniel T. Henderson, George T. Hern, William Hart,
Samuel Hardy, John C. Hughes, George W. Hughes, Caleb
Ingram, Nicholas Losser, Johnson Lelbetter, Richard N.
Lyons, Henry N. Lanes, Jeremiah Loutch, Joseph Loving,
Joseph McMillan, John Moore, John S. McDonald, Samuel
McGee, John Nouse, Thomas O'Brien, Henry Pruett, Joel
S. Poore, Robert PuUam, John Pullam, Richard P. Redding,
Edward Riley, John Henry Richie, John Summers, Moses
A. Sweaton, John Spillman, James Spain, Charles Sheffield,
James L. Taylor, John A. Unckleback, John Varable,
Thomas J. Wright, Charles W. Wood, James M. Winston,
Franklin B.Adams, John H. Benningfield, James M. Bow-
len, John C. Comer, Daniel Floui, Joseph M. Hough, Lewis
W. King.

ROLL OF VETERAN BATTERY C.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

First Lieutenant Hugh S. Rawls.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant James E. Hensley.
Quartermaster-Sergeant'Charles Troll.
Sergeant Thomas J. Wright.
Sergeant Spencer H. Segroves.
Sergeant William B. Bryson.
Sergeant Lowdy Howard.
Corporal John N. Pearman.
Corporal Thomas J. Simmons.
Corporal J esse C. Morris.
Corporal Finis E. Winden.
Corporal Moses Mathews.
Corporal Thomas O'Brien.
Corporal Jeremiah Loutch.

Corporal John W. Black.
Artificer Henry C. Simpson.
Artificer John C. Mann.
Artificer Caswell H. Barnhill.
Wagoner Johnson Letbetter.
Cook James Dorrity.

PRIVATES.

William Alfrey, George W. Allen, John Bickell, William
P. Brashear, Harrison Barrett, George W. Brown, James
Burton, Hiram Brassalle, Samuel Cooper, Thomas J. Cate,
John Cox, William H. Coon, James Duke, Robert Edwards,
Robert W. Field, Thomas Galloway, Jesse A. Ghormley,
Edwin W. Gonld, Daniel T. Henderson, George T. Hern,
John A. Irvin, Caleb Ingram, Nicholas Losson, Richard N.
Lyons, Joseph McMillan, John Moore, John S. McDonald,
Samuel McGee, John Nouse, Jerome Newton, Henry Pruitt,
Joel L. Poore, Edward Riley, John Richie, Thomas S. Rus-
sell, Richard, P. Redding, John Summers, Moses A.
Sweaton, John Spillman, James Spain, Charles Sheffield,
James L. Taylor, John A. Unkelback, John 'Varalle, Charles
W. Wood, William P. Garr, Riley A. Barker, Henry P. Ed-
wards, John C. Hughes, William Hart, Samuel Hardy,
Frankliu Adams, John H. Benningfield, Sterling M. Cham-
bers, Henry N. Laws, Robert Pullam, Joseph H. Leaptrol,
Wash E. Maytor.

BATTERY E.

This battery was organized at Louisville, Ken-
tucky, in September, in 1863, under Captain
John J. Hawes, and was mustered into the
United States service, for one year, at Camp Nel-
son, Kentucky, on the 6th day o( October, 1863,
by Captain R. B. Hull, United States Mustering
Officer. It performed garrison duty at Camp Nel-
son and Camp Burnside for several months; and,
in February, 1864, re-enlisted for three years. It
was at Le.xington, • Kentucky, in June, 1864,
when the city was attacked by John Morgan's
forces, and by a few well-directed shots succeed-
ed in driving them from the city. It remained
at Lexington, Kentucky, until November, 1864,
when it received orders to march to East Ten-
nessee, and join General Stoneman in his expedi-
tion against Saltville, Virginia. This Battery
participated in the battle of Marion, Virginia, on
the i8th of December, 1864, and on the 21st of
December, in the capture of Saltville. After the
capture of Saltville, all the guns of the Battery
were destroyed and the men mounted and re-
turned to Lexington, Kentucky, by way of Pound
Gap and Mount Sterling. This expedition was
one of great severity, many of the men being
being badly frost-bitten, but enduring the cold
and fatigues with marked courage and patience.
From Lexington it marched to Camp Nelson,
where it remained until ordered to Louisville
for muster-out, August i, 1865.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

141

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICEKS.

Quartermaster Sergeant Frank King.
First Sergeant Thomas Murray.
Sergeant Robert Lay.
Sergeant Adison L. Norris.
Sergeant Blanton Frazier.
Sergeant Charles W, Toulmin.
Corporal Henry Schwink.
Corporal Milton S. Morgan.
Corporal Robert S. Harrison.
Corporal David E. Crist.
Corporal Pleasant M. Gwin.
Corporal Pascal Ragal.
Corporal George P. Bolin.
Corporal John Tompkins.
Corporal Thomas Wallace.
Buger Edgar Wagner.
Bugler William Sawter.
Artificer Malcom McCoig.
Artificer Ferdinand Holhouse.
Artificer John Feeway.
Wagoner John O. Smith.

PRIVATES.

Newton Anderson, Michael Bradon, John S. Brooks,
James T. Brock, William M. Baker. Peter F. Baker. Jesse
Baker, Hiram W. Butcher, Samuel M. Butcher, George
Brewer, Andrew Cordell, Hiram Carlory, Elijah Clark, John
B. Correll, John Corruth, Clinton Coombs, Alexander Coombs,
George Clouse, Lafayette Douglass, William Deavin, JohnR.
Elder, William H. Franklin, Lafayette Gibson, Larkin Gib-
son, William C. Gibson, Daniel Heapley, Edward Hyde,
James Hood, Augustus Herring, James Hall, Runinions S..
Jones, William M. Jones, Samuel T. James, George Kirkland,
Robert L. Kilpatrick, Jeremiah Landres, George Mclvan,
James McAllen, David McKusir, Granvill A. McCoy, Henry
Messer, John Manyrum, Henry C. Musgrove, Edward
Miller, James B. Nelson, William Patton, James W. Rey-
nolds, Frank Rehberger, James M. Russell, Farris Roberts,
Michael Sullivan, Benjamin Swadener, Jeremiah Spencer,
Isaac P. Smith, John M. Stewart, Elijah W. Shay, Ed-
mund Tyler, Drury Talbot, Richard Thomas, William C.
Vanover, George W. Williamson, Thomas Withers, Jasper
Yarbrough, [ames Anderson, Thomas Anderson, Jesse L.
Baker, David Baker, Charles A. Carpenter, Thomas Doolan,
Gabriel Daugherty, Robert E. Depew, Otho T. Davis, John
Feeway, John W. Graves. Alfred A. Gambrel, Thomas
Hayes, William A. Hunt, Robert Hamner, James Howell,
James W. Jones, Robert Johnson John F. Knoble, Eli N.
Langley, Wilson M. May, Jacob Myers, William Morgan,
Pleasant Morgan, Charles McGuire, Robert Nutt, John
Ruprecht, Patrick Short, John Vaughan, James Woods,
William Wallace, Robert C. Burritt, Daniel Clark, Thomas
Garrett, Jeremiah Herbert, John Toohey, George Barrix,
Samuel P. Depen, George Frazer, Otto Gire, James Munroe,
Joshua Vaughan, John R. Walker, William A. Whitney.

On alphabetical list, but not on roll :

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Second Lieutenant William Lanigon.

FIRST INDEPENDENT BATTERY.

On alphabetical list, but battery never organ-
ized :

Captain Daniel W. Classic.

BATTERY D.
COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant Thomas Garrett.
LOUISVILLE OFFICERS IN INDIANA REGIMENTS.

Jeffrey Rogers, second lieutenant, Twenty-first infantry.

Andrew Carle, second lieutenant, company A, Twenty-
third infantry.

John F. Leonard, first and second lieutenant, company A,
and captain, company D, Fiftieth infantry.

Charles M. Bingham, second heutenant, company M,
Thirteenth cavalry.

ENLISTED MEN FROM LOUISVILLE IN INDIANA
REGIMENTS.

Joseph Smith, Theodore Nelson, William H. Howard,
company B. Thirteenth infantry.

Gottlieb E, Fiber, corporal, company E, Thirteenth in-
fantry.

Thomas J. Muir, company C, Seventeenth infantry.
John Bottem, Charles Richter, company D, Seventeenth
infantry.

Corporals Henry Paulson, Charles Andean, and Henry
Hohman; Michael Calahan, Michael Cavanaugh, Michael
Curran, Obin Cushell, John Davis, Anthony E^gin, John
Farihan, Patrick Gleason, George Jericho, Joseph and
Charles Kane, Patrick Keeran, Owen King, Dennis Larvln,
Christian Mangold, James McDonald, John McFadden,
Daniel O'Brian, John Martin, Thomas Ryan, and Edward
Keyes, company F, Seventeenth infantry.

Ernest Franks, company K, Seventeenth infantry.

Benjamin Moore (veteran), company E, Twentieth infantry.

Corporal Henry F. Shafer (veteran), company H, Twen-
tieth infantry.

Samuel McCarty (veteran), company K, Twenty-first in-
fantry.

Corporals Jacob Boss and Edward Dunleith; Charles
Ackerman. Martin Adams, Benjamin Albert, William
Amther, Michael Bowler, John C. Cline, Michael Connell,
Jacob Hass, John Hartwitz, John Hanky, George Henry,
Andrew Hedley, Geo.ge Kantlinger, George Keck, Bernard
Kelley, Nicholas Leffler, Lewis Maybold, William H. H.
McPheison, Patrick McHugh, August Mikel, Lewis Mikel,
John R. Muir, Edward Reffolt, Cornelius Riley, George
Rich, William Rinbolt, John Rowen, John Rusch, George
A. Rucker, Jacob Scherrer, Peter Schuler, Joseph Seleick,
George Thormyer, Joseph Werdic, August Williamking,
company G, Twenty-second infantry.

Andrew Carroll, company F, Twenty-sixth infantry.

Charles Granger, company K, Twenty-sixth infantry.

Frederick Daner, Frederick Beck, company I, Thirty-third
infantry.

John Coleman, company B, Thirty-fifth infantry.

Nicholas Mangin, company D, Thirty-fifth infantry.

Charles Young, company E, Thirty-fifth infantry.

George Metter (veteran), company H, Thirty-eighth in-
fantry.

George A. Barth, company I, Fortieth infantry.

Charles Witmore, company C, Second cavalry.

William Brown, company K, Second cavalry.

Henry Hart, company I, Forty-seventh infantry.

George H. Tope, company C, Forty-ninth infantry.

William Metts, company A, Fifty-second infantry.

Thomas C. Vaughn, company B, Fifty-second infantry.

James M. Pake (veteran) company F, Fifty-third infantry.

Hugh Higgins, company C, Seventieth infantry.

142

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

John Bennie, company B, Eighty-third infantry.

William M. Black, company H, Eighty-fifth infantry.

James Higgins, company A, Anthony Thevenm, company
E, Ninetieth regimerft (cavalry).

Lafayette Cook, company F, Ninety-first infantry.

Harvey R. Currier, company I, One Hundred and Twenty-
eighth infantry.

Company Commissary Sergeant David Mercer, company
L, Thirteenth cavalry.

William W. Davis, Pat O'Conner, company M, Thirteenth
cavalry.

Josiah D. Ripley, company C, One Hundred and Fortieth
infantry.

George Matters, company A, One Hundred and Forty-
third infantry.

John Gross, company D, One Hundred and Forty-third
infantry.

William Arens, William Ely, Charles King, Leopold
Lenzinger, Benjamin F. Tanner, company A, One Hundred
and Forty-fourth infantry.

yoel M. and Newton J. Conn and Richard B. Hawkins
(Westport), company B, One Hundred and Forty-fourth in-
fantry.

Corporals Sanford M. Jewel and Henry Gilespy; James F.
Key, William B. Lewis, Barney Ouley, Joe H. Pope, com-
pany G, One Hundred and Forty-fourth infantry.

Frank McConley, company B, One Hundred and Forty-
fifth infantry.

Corporal Charles G. EUis, company K, One Hundred and
Forty-fifth infantry.

Sergeant William H. H. Cole, company B, One Hundred
and Fifty-first infantry.

Daniel Butler, company G, Christopher Thomas, John Wil-
kenson, Thomas Wills, Twenty-eighth United States
colored troops.

James Goren, company H, Twenty-eighth United .States
colored troops.

David Rasine, Second battery (also second lieutenant
Second Missouri light artillery).

Conrad Endlecoffer, Tenth battery.

Corporals Joseph H. Snyder, Albert Clow, James McGuire,
Christopher Staub, Emsley Jackson, Thomas M. Johnson,
Henry Ruth, George Smiter, Twelfth battery.

THE STATE MILITIA.

Besides the large contingent which Jeflerson
county put regularly in the field and which was
mustered into the service of the United States.
was a large number who were only enrolled in
the State Militia, but were temporarily subjected
to the call of the Federal commanders, and who
served for short periods in sudden emergencies,
as when Louisville or its railway communications
were threatened by the enemy. Among them
were many who also served in the Kentucky
forces in the Federal service, as will be observed
by the correspondence of names in a large num-
ber of cases; butsome left their homes and bu-
siness only for these brief terms of service, upon
the call of the United States officers, and without
leaving the State in whose militia alone they

were enrolled. The compiler of this work hesi-
tated to give these rosters a place in the military
history of the county, on account of the very
short service of the officers and men whose
names they present — in many cases not exceeding
a week or ten days; but, being assured by those
who personally knew of their experience in the
field, that it was often exceedingly useful to the
Union cause, and well deserves commemoration,
he decides to include the lists in the roll of honor.
The following are believed to comprise all the
companies from Louisville or Jefferson county
that are noticed in the Adjutant General's report
for the war period:

ANDERSON GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier
General Anderson, from September 17 to Sep-
tember 27, 1 86 1.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Theodore Harris.

First Lieutenant William F. Wood.

Second Lieutenant A. N. Keigwin.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant J. S. Hill.
Sergeant William T. Duncan.
Sergeant A. T. Spurrier.
Sergeant William H. Manning.
Corporal George T. Kage.
Corporal C. L. Blondin.

PRIVATES.

William Austin, F. Brooks, Milton Burnham, William
Brentlinger, H. Bellcamp, M. C. Clark, W. L. Chambers.
William Cotter, Charles Cooper, J. F. Cook, J. L. Dallott,
James Donally, J. H. Davis, James Flannagen, Charles H.
Hart, R. C. Hill, ]. F. Harvey, P. Hogen, B. W. Hurdic,
John Martin, William Macguire, James E. Mullen, T. T.
Mershon, Frank Macguire, C. S. Miller, John B. Martin,
William M. "Nicholls, Andrew Nickols, James Raery, K.
Rhinelander, George B. Roach, P. W. Richards, John Reihl,
R. Ramsey, Albert St. Clair, George Webster, J. B. Wood,

THE GILL RIFLES.

Called into United Slates service by Brigadier
General Anderson, from September 18 to Sep-
tember 28, 1861 :

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Edward St. John.

First Lieutenant John F. Ditsler.

Second Lieutenant J. C. Russell.

First Sergeant W. H. Bartholomew.

Sergeant Joseph Smith.

Sergeant W. L. Stratton.

Sergeant John Vetter.

Corporal J. B. Vice.

Corporal William Roach.

Corporal T. G. O'Riley.

Corporal John Cookley.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

raiVATES.

F. Besser, R. Babett, jobn Blotz, ArnioM Dierson, Gotlep
Drieher, Henry Fink, Philip Fried. Jacob Holing, John
Hinkle, Frank Henlove, Philip Hotop, F. J. Jagle, John
Keller. Robert Kritser, H. McCool, Richard McGuire, Pat
O'Riley, F. Stingle, Charles Stetzer, Frank Severt, J. J.
Swope, A. Smith, Michael \A/"atson.

AVERY GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 17 to September

28, 1861:

coMMrssiONED offici:bi&.

Captain John Metcalf.

iiecond Lieatenant Jacob Hess.

NON-COMMISSIONRD OFFICERS.

Sergeant E. Balstein.
Sergeant Frank Guan.
Corporal P. Wise.
Corporal G. Sanger.

PRIVATES.

J. Bentz, Michael Conner, D. Clark, M. Daly, C. Graiff, P.
Geiss, B. Hessinger, G. Howland, Peter Kuhn, John Kin-
caid, Joseph Kincaid, Joseph Probst, M. Reuter, R. Regan
M. Sengal, E. Scanlan, J. SneO, James Whalen, J. Walton.

LOUISVILLE GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 21 to October i,,
1861:

COMMESSIOIirE'B OFFICSBS.

Captain Fred Buckner.

First Lieutenant A. BingswaH.

First Sergeant John Rtdtaly.
Sergeant John Haur.
Sergeant B. Schikenger,
Sergeant L. Kaunnese,
Corporal Albert Pfeffer.
Corporal John Zimmer.

PRIVATES.

John Aeppele, John Handle, C. Clark, O. Doussoner, W.
Eminger, O. Fishback, Martin Haag, S. Kapp,, Mathias
Koechle, Joseph Kamp,, John Luiz,, John OefalJeir, Charles
Rohus, John Selgaret, John ZoHeir.

TOMPKINS ZOUAVES.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 17th to September

29, 1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFTCEKS..

Capiaict Rohen Mills.

First Lieutenant Charles A. Gruber.

Second Lieutenant C. H. Summervile.

NON-COMMISSIONEJD' OFFXCEBvS.

First Sergeant Joseph McClory..
Sergeant W. A. KeUcer.
Sergeant John Weist.
Sergeant Garnet t Duncan.
Corporal J. W. P. Russell.
Cocpcual C, 'WnateEsteine.

I PRIVATES.

John Austin, T. J. Adams, T. .Anderson, G. Brown, T.
Brannin, F. Blumensteihl, J. Briswalder, T.J. Carson, Wil-
ham f'urry, William Driscolls, F. Dye. E. O. Dailv, Otto
Dolfinger, C. M. Dermott. Adam Eichert. F. Escherich, H.
Fuller, F. Gilcher, W. Graffney, William Hare, William
Kellum, John Kerr, J. Low, J. Malone, Barney McMahon,
William McKinney, C. J. Mull, Martin Middleton, R. Nut-
tall, C. Powell, George Powell, H. Ratterman, G. A.

I Schimpff, J. Scheble, J. Schulten, William Surmons, C. A.
Strout, Gibson Tate, John Taber, John Winter, John

! Westan.

TOMPKINS ZOUAVES.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, October 3d to October 19,
1 861:

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.S.

Captain Robert Mills.

First Lieutenant C. H. Sumerville.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John W. Winter.
Sergeant E. O. Daily.
Sergeant J. W. T. Russell.
Sergeant William Kellum.
CoirpoiraL R. NmttalL

PRIVATES.

John Austin,, T. J. Adams, George Brown, Joseph

"Brishaver, F. Bloomenstul, Daniel Clark, Michael Dailey,
facob Em wain, H. Fuller, George Gossman, Thomas Hol-
Ibran, W. A. Kelker, William Linch, George Middleton,
Martin Middleton, Barney McMahon, George Powell, G. A.
Schimpff, Edwin Scanlan, William Woodfall, Robert Wright.

AVERY HOME GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 21 to October i,
1861:

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant Samuel L. Adair,
Second Lieutenant Peter Leaf.

NOM-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

S«rg:eanitl Frank Ress.
Sergeant Henry Routtinibraslb.
Sergeant John Leaf.
Corporal William Roth.
Corporal Martin Deidley,
Corporall Jofiuiii FlMfeirer.

PRIVATES.

W. J. Adama, Pfeter Bontrager, Frank Bronger, Charles
Cleveland, Thomas Cherren, James Cotter, Frederick Elbert,
John Geist, Nicholas Glomen, Joseph Gnowl, Jacob Heirth,
Henry T. Martin, James J. Norman, James H. Norman,
Henry Oterman, Worden J. Quick, C. Stone, John A.
Stone, Henry Shane, Peter Shuck, Jacob Vauan, Albert
Yonker.

JEFFERSON GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 17th to September
22, i86r.

144

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain J. F. Huber.

First Lieutenant D. W. Henderson.

Second Lieutenant Edward Merkley.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICEKS.

Sergeant W. E. Benson.
Sergeant J. L. Byers.
Sergeant Lewis Miller.
Sergeant W. P. Hampton.
Corporal E. G. Stout.
Corporal Charles Pring.
Corporal Robert Bebee.
Corporal Simon Berg.

PRIVATES.

Aaron Bacon, William Bergman, Owen Conley, James
Clarke, Duncan Daker, John Daper, John Hawkins, John
Hogan, Vincent Kriess, John Long, A. Lederman, John
Maurer, John Meyer, G. Munsenheim, Henry T. Martin,
Peter Phiester, Samuel Retwitzer, Stephen Schmitt, Charles
Schusler, Henry Snender, Anton Schack, Lewis Streng, John
M. Vaugaan, John Weinhoff, Fred Webbe, G. Werner.

NATIONAL GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 20th to September

29, 1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain A. C. Semple.

First Lieutenant E. G. Wigginton.

Second Lieutenant J. M. Semple.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant W. A. Bullitt.
Sergeant W. W. Gardner.
Sergeant J. Barbaroux.
Corporal H. Thompson.
Corporal Robert Vaughan.
Corporal James Milliken.

PRIVATES.

James Ainslie, C. Aulsbrook, V. R. Bartlett, J. B. Banys,
C. Clark, R. M. Cunningham, S. F. Dawes, A. L. Dwyler,
William Drummond, H. Dupont, A. Day, G. H. Detchen,
Joseph Gleason, U. B. Gantt, H. B. Grant, S. K. Grainger,
Edward Gary, James Gary, Henry Gary, G. A. Hull, A. G.
Hodges, J. Hornrice, H. T. Jefferson, C. K. Jones, lavez
Kirker, I. H. Martin, G. S. Moore, G. McCormick, J. C.
Nauts, R. L. Past, J. H. Ponier, William Padden, M. T.
Ritchey, Eugene Reilly, James Ruddle, George A. Sweeney,
Charles Semple, 1. Schirck, J. Sommerville, T. W. Spill-
man, G. J. Vail, G. F. Wood, J. T. T. Waters, Z. W.
Wood.

PRENTICE GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, from September 2 2d, to
October 6, 1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Edward S. Sheppard.

PRIVATES.

George W. Barth, Robert Catlmg, Robert Latimer, Charles
Leterlee, James Marshall, J. L. Richardson, William Smith,
Sidney Smith. Daniel Stevens.

NATIONAL GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 17 to September

27, 1861 :

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain B. Hund.

First Lieutenant L. Schweizer.

Second Lieutenant A. Mehrle.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John Sembaugh.
Sergeant Peter Linden.
Sergeant Charles Weidman.
Corporal Gottfried Miller.
Corporal Charles Guetig.
Corporal Osker Fluhr.
Corporal William Branmiller.

PRIVATES.

H. Bremer, William Babsky, John Dockweiler, E. Emig,
J. T. B. Emig, Charles Elt, Fz. Flaig, Charles Hilzil. A.
Heimerdniger, J. Holyer, G. Kraut, T. Klotter, William
Knoller, George Klotter, A. Kueny, V. Losch, B. Moritz,
John Nichter, T. Mevan, C. Oelman, T. Reichett, P. Rosch,
L. Rhein, Phihp Sensbach, J. Sihale, A. Schanlin, N.
Uhrig, Fz. Uhiig.

BOONE GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson September 17th to September
30, 186 1 :

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Paul Byerly.

First Lieutenant James Forgarty.

Second Lieutenant J. R. Boone.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant John Hughes.
Sergeant Charles Wolf.
Sergeant William Woodfall.
Corporal W. H. Evans.
Corporal John Akin.

PRIVATES.

Michael Calloghan, Henry Doorman, Martin Enright,
Patrick Flaharty, Henry Fisher, Jacob Hart, James Hart-
nell, Edward HartnelS, John Insto, Thomas Jeffrey, An-
thony Kirn, Edward Legoe, John McMahon, Peter Moore,
William O'Harra, Paul Reis, Gustoff Radeloff.J. W. Smith,
Hamilton Sago, Michael Sago, William Seibel, J. W.
Taylor.

HAMILTON HOME GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 1 7th to September

28, 1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain F. M. Hughes.

First Lieutenant G. W. Conaway.

Second Lieutenant D. Abbott.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Ranson Delano.
Sergeant T. B. Hays.
Sergeant Peter Klink.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Sergeant Thomas Rowlang.
Corporal George Mattern.
Corporal Andrew Hund.
Corporal William Fagan.

PRIVATES.

B. Britton, F. Byer, M. Bush, C. Goodhautz, George Heartz,
George Henry, C. Heeb, W. C. Irvine, H. Martin, J. Myers,
Daniel Powell, George Powell, J. Riley, Frederick Rupp, S.
Reister, Charles Sauer, Granville Sinkhorn, Theodore Stalk,
Frank Smith, William Sauer, Charles Wagner, I. Williams,
Silas W. Young.

DENT GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, October 17 to October 28,
1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Jesse Rubel.
First Lieutenant J. R. White.
Second Lieutenant W. H. Fagan.
Third Lieutenant Sim. Leatherman.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Brad. Dearing.
Sergeant Charles Winkler.
Sergeant William Hammon.
Sergeant John Bodkins.
Corporal E. Winkler.
Corporal C. A. Olmstead.
Corporal J. Leatherman.

PRIVATES.

Henry Bull, Charles Cook, Jacob Campbell, Frank Elex-
man, William Floor, John Floor, George Figg, Jacob Fritz,
J. H. Frautz, William Floether, John Gaus, Alford Hoffeldt,
Ernest Hausman, Henry Hipper, Albert Hollenbach, Dallis
King, George Kuntz, William F. Kelly, Toney McGentry,
Robert Murray, Michael McMahan, Robert Marshall,
Michael O'Connor, George Rost, J. T. Randolph, John
Rodeke, Lewis Smith, John Smith, Adam Shear, Joseph
Shad, Henry Shaffer, E. Sweeny, William Shane, Constant
Tro.xler, R. A. Wright, Riley Willson.

SEMPLE's BATTERY.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September i6th to September
27, 1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Joseph B. Watkins.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant George Bernard.
Corporal Charles Willis.

PRIVATES.

William Arthur, Lewis Bouwin, Henry Burnett, Felix
Dupre, Charles Deal, John Felt, James Kendall, Andrew
Kendall, Andrew Lawrence.

semple's battery.
Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, October 3d to October 30,
1861.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Major Joseph B. Watkins.
»9

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant George Bernard.
Second Lieutenant Charles Willis.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant William Arthur.
Sergeant' James Loyal.
Sergeant Henry Burnett.
Sergeant George Morgan.
Corporal John Botkin.
Corporal B. F. King.

PRIVATES.

Michael Connell, Philip Chapel, James Cook, James A.
Chappell, Charles Deighl, Henry Deal, Thomas Dupre, A.
C. Ewing, Alexander Eliot, James Foster, John Fravel,
James Horine, Peter Jacob, P. Kelly, George Kountz, Green
L. Key, Andy Lawrence, J. H. Lapp, B. F. Metcalfe,
James McKnight, P. G, Monroe, M. J. Miller, S. L.
Nichols, J. J. Policy, C. B. PoUey, Alonzo Rawling, J. W.
Ridgeway, T. S. Royalty, J. D. Skinner, A. J. Wells.

FIRST WARD HOME GUARDS,

Called into United States service by Briga-
dier-General Anderson, September 17 to ' Sep-
tember 28, 1 86 1.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Major A. Y. Johnson.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain J. D. Orrill.

First Lieutenant Edward Young.

Second Lieutenant J. A. Weatherford.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant J. C. Cassilly.
Sergeant J. E. Hyburger.
Sergeant William N. Sinkhorn.
Sergeant A. Brown.
Corporal J. H. Davis.
Corporal B. E. Cassilly.
Corporal J. Murdivilder.
Corporal P. M. Dougherty.
Musician Bullitt Clark.
Musician Julius Carpenter.
Musician Matthew S. Steward.

PRIVATES.

J. B. Alford, George H. Alexander, John Burkhardt, Wil-
liam Boldt, J. W. Bryan, John Bradbum, Charles Boldt,
Otto Brohm, L. H. Beeler, Samuel Conley, W. N. Crooks,
M. Eaglehooff, L. Fisher,. Lawrence Giles, Joseph Gross, H.
H. Hancock, Jerry Hollensead, J. D. Hodgkins, John Hite,
Patrick Haws, George H. Kise, Jr., F. Kocksburger, L.
Kirchler, J. D. Kircher, Charles Kirfus, J. L. Lee, John
Lloyd, Christ Murton, James Maxey, C. C. Owen, W. B.
Rammus, W. H. Ryan, J. Richards, M. Rapp, F. Ran,
John Sass, J. D. Strawsburg, F. F. Smith, WilUam Shirley,
Joseph Stokes, J. L. Spangler, Joseph Trainor, A. Webber,
William Wilson.

DELPH GUARDS.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain John Daly.

First Lieutenant Thomas TindelL

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
First Sergeant A. Hodapp.

146

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Sergeant T. H. Winstonly.
Corporal Jacob Ack.
Corporal George Sheffler.
Corporal Granville Cock.

PRIVATES.

A. Achers, W. S. Edwards, A. Fritz, John Field, George
Gassman, John Gould, Timothy Hogan, G. W. Hancock,
James Jeffrey, Andy Kreigle, N. W. Miller, William Nich-
wish, Stephen Norman, James White, John Zeusmaster.

CAPTAIN miller's COMPANY.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Sherman, as guard to bridges on Leba-
non Branch railroad, September 17 to October
16, 1861:

COMMrSSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Irvine Miller.

PRIVATES.

Thomas Allen, J. W. Allen, James Borney, B. ). Bean,
W. Barnes, Samuel Barnes, B. T. Barnes, Richard Burnes,
J. W. Bumes, Vincent Botts, J. W. Clarkson, Jeremiah
Cape, Martin Delaney, William P. Dougherty, Martin Flinn,
T. A. Hill, F. M. Hare, David Hamilton, James Hall, An-
thbny Hughes, William Hill, Patrick Kirlty, Louis Lastie,
H. A. Lloyd, James Leslie, L. G.'Moberly, Thomas Madow,
Robert Montgomery, Thomas F. Newton, George A. Pra-
ther, Patrick Ryan, I^e Rosenham, Charles W. Smith,
William Sputtsman, A. J. Trisler, J. R. Waters, Neal
Waters, Perry Watson, Henry Watson, James Allen.

CAPTAIN miller's COMPANY.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Sherman, to guard bridges on Lebanon
Branch railroad, October 17 to November 21,
1861:

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.
Captain Irvine Miller.

PRIVATES.

Thomas Allen, James Allen, Lawrence Anderson, Sanford
Bums, Richard Bums, Samuel Barnes, B. T. Barnes, Wick-
liffe Barnes, John Carlisle, Jerry Cape, William Dougherty,
Martin Delaney, P. Doyle, Stephen Essex, John P. Fox,
Henry A. Floyd, Anthony Hughes, David Hamilton, James
Hall, Frank M. Hare, Michael Hughes, John Hughes,
Patrick Keitty, Lewis Leslie, James Leslie, Thomas Marlow.
Robert Montgomery, T. F. Newton, William Prutsman, Lee
Rosenham, A. J. Trisler, Henry Waters, James R. Waters,
Perry Watson, Henry Watson, Noel Waters.

CAPTAIN I. miller's COMPANY.

Guarding bridge over Beech fork, Lebanon
branch railroad, November 2 2d to November
30, 1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain Irvirie Miller.

PRIVATES.

Daniel Burns, R. Bums, J. Carlisle, P. Doyle, Henry De-
feam, Stephen Essex, Anthony Hughes, Michael Hughes,
Daniel Keif, Thomas Leslie, William Pmtsman, James
Ready, Noel Waters.

CRITTENDEN UNION ZOUAVES.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 17th to various
dates in September and October, generally Sep-
tember 27, 1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Second Lieutenant E. M. Terry.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant W. T. Stokes.
Sergeant William S. Parker.
Sergeant John Steele.
Sergeant L. A. Curran.
Corporal R. H. Spaulding.
Corporal Edward H. Dunn.
Corporal D. G. Spaulding.

PRIVATES.

H. C. Anderson, W. R. Beatty, Alonzo Brown, J. J. Balm-
forth, Charles L. Cassady, W. H. Cornell, John Fisher,
James Ferguson, E. P. Fountain, J. D. Grimstead, James P.
Hull, F. H. Hegan, C. M. Johnson, F. Kulkup, Alexander
Knapp, W. G. L. Lampton, John H. Lampton, W. Maimer,
J. T. Miles, Ewin Martin, B. M. Mandiville, Jacob F. Mef-
fert, William G. Needham, D. W. Newton, G. W. Newton,
Thomas D. Parmele, Alfred Pirtle, C. Robbins, W. D. Spald-
ing, Thomas P. Shanks, Frank Smith, George K. Speed, J.
G. Spalding, E. D. Taylor, J. M. Terry, J. W.Terry, W. B.
Whitney, Nat. Wolfe, Jr., Joseph G. Wilson.

villier guards.
Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 18 to September
28, 1861:

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Joseph Haveman.
First Lieutenant Keal Weaver.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant William Miller.
Sergeant George Hackmier.
Sergeant Jacob Becker.
Corporal Frank Underiner.
Corporal Charles Hostatter.
Corporal John Weaver.

PRIVATES.

Ambrose Arnold, Jacob Baken, Henry Dutt, William Ep-
pert, Anderson Frank, Jacob Fishback, Amele Hostutter,
Stephen Hoselback, Michael Ishminger, Michael Leonard,
Paul Lewis, Marshall Merit, John Neist, Frederick Nicely,
Rhenard Phlentz, Conrad Stilvy, Leon Sims, Peter Smuh-
nach.

DUPONT ZOUAVES.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 1 7 to September
30, 1861 :

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain James R. Noble.
First Lieutenant William Crull.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant John Donnelly.
Sergeant P. Foulk.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Sergeant D. CruU.
Sergeant S. M. Gupton.
Corporal F. Brocar.
Corporal L. Knoblock.
Corporal T. Conklin.

PRIVATES.

L Brentlinger, William Brown, Thomas Brentlinger,
John CruU. S. Curran. S. Burning. W. Davis. F. DeUz R
Earnest.]. Fowler. P. Flood, J. Hasson, H. Keys- ^, .
liam Lehr. J. Latterly, C. Manning. S. Manning, ] McCa^-
vey J McGraw. D. Mercer. T. Riley, M. bhely, W.
Stiniker. J. Worth. T. B. Wallace. T. B. White.
EAST LOUISVILLE GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September iSth to October
I, 1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain David Hooker.

First Lieutenant William McNeal.

Second Lieutenant John Collins.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Elias Childers.
Corporal Charles Smith.
Corporal Henry Thomas.
Corporal Minton Michael.

PRIVATES.

John Childers. Davis Childers. Peter Edwards. James Ed-
wards Louis Gody. Joseph King. George Morns, l^hn Mc-
ZZ. Nathan Prentice, Andrew Parrall, Zeb. Shy^W.lham
Sexton. Stephen Skinner, Nathaniel Stenson, JohnTherman
Samue Tigue, James Thomas, Charles Thomas, Joseph
wTst Mac Whatkins. Joseph Watson. Hugh Watson. W.l-
liam Wood.

HALBERT GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, October 9th to October 20,
1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William H. Maglerney.
First Lieutenant Henry J. Smith.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Charles G. Bauer.
Sergeant Nicholas Shuman.
Sergeant Frederick Schweitzer.
Corporal John Buck.

PRIVATES.

William Bolt, George J. Bauer, John Estell, William
Fretman. William Farrell, John Feddell, WUham Gregory,
Helry Hite, John M. Latterlo, Joseph Rastatter, Algy
Pusl7josephichweitzer, Henry Schoeffell, George Stark.
William Tate. Jacob Walter. Henry Williams.
THURSTON GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September 17 to September

28, 1862.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain J esse T. Hammon.

First Lieutenant John Ewald. |

Second Lieutenant Fred. Von Seggern.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant Fred. Miller.
Sergeant John Beck.
Sergeant Robert Lechlider.
Corporal Adam Rush.
Corporal George Hilett.
Corporal Philip Ramer.
Corporal Henry Shear.

PRIVATES.

John Base, Conrad Base, Conrad Bender. Conrad ]. Ben-
der. Joseph Busatb, John Doetenbier, Mike Dohl. Jacob
Delman. Dan. Eberback. Thomas Enright, Charles Erte
John Eberback, Frank Fisher, George Fisher, Jacob Gehart.
Jacob Greenvald, Tony Hafner, John Hardsman, Martin
Hansemiller, Jacob Iniger, Mike Jacob, Henry Kruse. Mike
Kruse, Baldwin Kramer, Andy Krebs, Henry Kimpel. Frank
Kerns George Kossell, John Leffert, Charles Mann, August
Nold, Henry Newmire, Mike Pracht. Henry Poleman.
George Stoepler, lohn Shealer, John Struss, Charles Smith,
Pruno Swender, Henry Wertz. Andy Zimmerman.
FRANKLIN HOME GUARDS.

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, September i8th to Septem-
ber 28, 1861:

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain William Elwang.
First Lieutenant P. Emge.
Second Lieutenant H. Canning.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Sergeant P. Marker.
Sergeant Pelter Peter.
Sergeant C. Stege.
Corporal John Hem pie.
Corporal G. Marker.
Corporal Joseph Taufkirch.

PRIVATES.

D. Benter. T. Bornschein. B. Bienser. L^ Buehler

. Dorneck, William Dummeyer, Derbacner.

lohnEller Eirch, Flentchbach. Peter Fueks.

';etrrG-s;n, C. Gerringer, Henry Holtze. Carl Hub.her.

Huber. Henry Heilman. P. Juts. J. F Kosiol. L.

Lapp W. Landwehr, F. Lottig. J. Miller. J. Meier. A^
Mu'ckebauer.J. Pance. M. Ries. John Sackstetter. Jacob
Sackstetter V. Stein, Frank Schaffer. J. Schaffer, -

IchmUt J. Schreck, Frederick Schopflin, Fred Schwenk.
John Trebing, W. Weber.

SECOND WARD RANGERS-

Called into United States service by Brigadier-
General Anderson, ^tember 18 to September
28, 1861.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First Lieutenant Charles Summers.
Second Lieutenant E. D. Prewitt.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant Andy Kreutzer.
Sergeant Charles Speaker.
Corporal Henry Kane.

148

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Corporal William B. Grable.
Corporal William Shanks.

PRIVATES.

Theodore Akin, George Bremer, Samuel Clark, James
Corrigan, Ferdinard Compton, James Connell, William Cas-
sell, Clemance Emhoff, Ben Fincer, Fred Fromer, Daniel
Grable, George Grable, Henry Shebley, William Stargs,
Benjamin Stumble, George Tiller, Cyrus Grable, John
Hordting, John Heddinger, James Hockersmith, James
Howell, A. Hughes, John T. Hensley, Martin Jeglie, David
Johnson, Philip Kener, John Livingood, Thomas McDaniel,
George Milligan, M. L. G. McPher^on, Thomas McDer-
mitt, William Murrell, Lloyd Redman, Thomas Swaney,
Philip Suprodd, James R. Watts, John Weis, Henry Wolf,
E. Wetterham.

LOUISVILLE MEN IN THE SOUTHERN ARMY.

The best efiforts of the compiler of this work
have failed to supply its readers wirh a roster or
detailed history of any of the Confederate com-
mands raised in this city; but by the kindness of
Colonel John D. Pope, of the Attorney's bureau
in the Louisville and Nashville railway offices,
we are favored wth the following statement :

Two companies, averaging one hundred and
fourteen men each, were recruited in Louisville,
at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson streets, at once
upon the outbreak of the war, under command
of Captains Benjamin M. Anderson and Fred
Van Osten. On the 20th of April, 1861, they
left by steamer from the foot of Fourth street,
with a Secession flag flying, for New Orleans. At
Owensboro a third company, commanded by
Captain Jack Thompson, was embarked on the
same vessel. From New Orleans the companies
were ordered to Richmond, and were there organ-
ized as the Third Kentucky Battalion, with An-
derson as major.

Only three days after the departure of the first
Louisville companies, two more, averaging one
hundred apiece, raised in the city, under the au-
spices of Blanton Duncan, and one of whose com-
manders were Captain Lapaille, departed on the
Louisville and Nashville railroad, under orders
for Lynchburg, Virginia. At Nashville it was
joined by a company from the southwest part of
Kentucky, headed by Captain, afterward Colonel
Edward Crossland, and another from Callaway
county, led by Captain Brownson. From Lynch-
burg these companies were ordered to Harper's
Ferry, where they formed another Kentucky Bat-
talion, with Blanton Duncan Major.

On the same day, April 23, 1861, and on the

same train, went another Louisville company,
commanded by Captain John D. Pope, and num-
bering 114 men, and one from Scott county, mus-
tering 122, and under Captain Desha, son of ex-
Governor Desha, of this State. They reached
Harper's Ferry in due time, and were organized
as rifle companies, forming the Second battalion
of Kentucky sharpshooters, under Pope, now
promoted to major, and were assigned to the
brigade of General Bartow, who was killed in the
first battle of Manassas.

An independent Confederate company was
also raised in Louisville by Captain Fitzhugh;
and upon its arrival in Virginia, and after the
battle just named, the several majors of the
Kentucky battalions petitioned the War Depart-
ment at Richmond for consolidation of their
commands into a regiment. The request was
granted, and the regiment formed accordingly,
with all the Louisville companies aforesaid in it,
and Richard H. Taylor, now chief of police in
that city, as colonel, William Preston Johnson,
lieutenant-colonel, and Edward Crossland, major,
all the majors of battalions having mutually
agreed to retire from the contest for position as
field-officers. The First Kentucky infantry regi-
ment, in the Confederate army, was thus formed.
The former majors returned to the line as cap-
tains. Colonel Taylor was presently breveted
brigadier, and subsequently made full brigadier-
general. The original enlistment of the men
was for one year; and at the expiration of that
period they declined to re-enlist as a regiment.
All, however, both officers and men, it is believed,
entered other commands in the Southern army,
and served until released by sickness, wounds,
or death, or by the close of the war. Colonel
Pope's last service, before the end came, was in
the Trans-Mississippi department, under General
Holmes.

THE MILITIA OF 1880.

This record may appropriately be closed
with some notice of the mihtia of Louisville and
of the county at large, in which old soldiers of
both armies in the late "unpleasantness" — men
who wore the blue, and those who wore the gray
— cordially unite. It may reasonably be sup-
posed, in view of the large number of ex-soldiers

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

149

resident in Louisville, that the city would have a
numerous and efficient militia; and this supposi-
tion is found to answer to the facts. The time-
honored and battle-scarred Louisville Legion is
maintained, in name at least, to the number of
six companies, and forms the First Battalion of
infantry of the Kentucky State Guard. There is
also a good company of light artillery, with a full
equipment of guns and other materials of war.

At the encampment of the State Guard at
Camp Blackburn, Crab Orchard, July 19 to 26,
i88o, Company A, of the Legion, and also Com-
pany F, were each awarded the first prize of
$100, offered by the State to the best drilled in-
fantry company in the Guard. The second
prize, $50, was awarded to Company D. Com-
pany E, of the Legion, received the prize of $50
as the best drilled cavalry company in the Guard.
The Louisville battery received a $50 prize as
the best-drilled section of artillery in the State.
Company F, of the Legion, was also one of two
companies receiving the State Guard flag, valued
at $150, as the company best in discipline, sol-
dierly conduct, and attendance, when compared
with the total aggregate present.

Adjutant and Inspector-General J. P. Nuckols,
in his Report for 1880, includes the following
account of an inspection of the Legion on the
23d of February, of that year:

The inspection was held on Broadway, between Third and
Fourth streets, and was preceded by a review. . . The
field and staff consisted of the major commanding, first
lieutenant, acting adjutant; one assistant surgeon, one assist-
ant quartermaster, rank first lieutenant; one sergeant-major.
The battalion is composed of four companies — "A, B, C,
and D" — and is armed with the breech-loading Springfield
musket, caUbre 50, model of ^873. I found the pieces gen-
erally in good condition ; two ejector springs did not work
well, and would not probably extract the shell. The gun is
an excellent model, but, like all other breech-loaders, has
some dehcate parts, and needs to be handled and treated
with care. The pieces were presented with steadiness and
accuracy. The accoutrements are of black patent leather,
wiih white webbing cross-belts. Several cartridge-boxes
were minus the wooden blocks. I regretted to see this, as a
cartridge-box is not fit for use without this perforated block.
The uniform of this battaUon is of dark blue cloth, and con-
trasts handsomely with the white belts and patent leather.
The first sergeants of all the companies are conspicuous for
steadiness and accuracy in marching. The four companies
of this battalion make a soldierly appearance, are well organ-
ized and equipped, furnished with overcoats, knapsacks,
haversacks, and canteens. Perhaps not quite enough atten-
tion is paid to the arms by the men individually. An armorer
may be very well, but every soldier should know the exact
condition of his gun, and be held responsible for its perfect
cleanliness. This battalion should by all means have an en-

listed band. A drum and fife corps, composed of two musi-
cians from each company, instructed in its duties, would be
far preferable to hiring an immense brass band for special
occasions, at a heavy cost, uninstructed, and awkward at
that.

Company of cadets, commanded by Major J. M. Wright,
is composed of boys, apparently from thirteen to eighteen
years old. It is an independent body, and is the outgrowth
of that passion which boyS and young men have for the pos-
session of arms. It is well drilled, and under admirable
discipline. They are furnished by the State with what is
called the cadet needle-gun, which is of the model of 1866,
is of delicate structure, and not valuable, except for purposes
of instruction. The accoutrements are of the old United
States patterns, clumsy and unsightly. Notwithstanding,
this company Is fast coming to the front, and will at no dis-
tant day press the best companies of the Legion to the wall.

Louisville Light Artillery.— Present one platoon, com-
manded by First Lieutenant Owen Stewart. The pieces are
3-inch steel rifle, and showed on this occasion to good ad-
vantage— the guns, carriages and caissons having been
recently painted. The equipments are complete and well
preserved.. It is not to be expected that with horses picked
up for the occasion the platoon cQuld well execute move-
ments in the mounted drill ; but in all that pertains to the
school of the battery or platoon dismounted it showed to ex-
cellent advantage. The men are well-uniformed, soldierly in
appearance, and proficient in sabre exercbe.

During the year 1880 one mfantry company,
made up of boys under eighteen years of age,
was organized and mustered into the Kentucky
State Guard as company F of the Louisville
Legion, and the company of cavalry was organ-
ized in the county at large, and mustered as
company E, of the same battalion. The Legion
then consisted of five cohipanies of infantry and
one company of cavalry, the former holding arms
and equipments, the property of the State, as fol-
low: Three hundred and twenty Springfield
breech-loading muskets, 320 sets of accoutre-
ments, 200 overcoats, 200 blankets, 200 haver-
sacks, 200 knapsacks, and 200 canteens, besides
camp equipage. The cavalry ha^ 26 sabres.
The roster of the Legion, by the report of the
adjutant-general of Kentucky for 1880 was as
follow :

FIRST BATTALION — LOUISVILLE LEGION.

FIELD AND STAFF.

Major John B. Castleman.

Adjutant and First Lieutenant Kenneth McDonald.

Quartermaster and First Lieutenant A. M. Cunningham.

Assistant Surgeon B. J. Baldwin.

Chaplain, Bishop T. U. Dudley.

Sergeant-Major Thomas J. Wood.

Quartermaster Sergeant R. Weissinger.

COMPANY A.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain George K. Speed.

ISO

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

First Lieutenant ]. D. Wilson.
Second Lieutenant Vernon Wolfe.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant C. F. Grainger.

Sergeant H. E. Senteney.

Sergeant J. P. Barbour.

Sergeant Edward Ornisby.

Corporal D. J. Davis.

Corporal W. W. Beeler.

Corporal R. C. Judge.

PRIVATES.

R. T. Allen, C. S. Bibb. B. J. Baldwin, J. A. Batsford,
E. P. BaUford, W. C. Churchill, E. E. Colston, H. C.
Dembitz, F. S. Finnie, E. A. Fusch. W. H. Fosdick, J. B.
Halloway, J. B. Hutching. F. M. Hartwell, H. McK. Jones,
A. H. Kent, J. Lehman, D. B. Leight. W. L. Loving, ]. P.
Monroe, C. R. Mengel, J. E. McGrath, W. G. Munn, J. E.
O'Neil, H. H. Purcell, R. C. Price, W. M. Robinson, W. C.
Read, W. D. Roy, J. B. Smith. S. W. Shepherd, Jr., C. W.
Sisson, C E. Swope, T. P. Satterwhite, Jr., J. A. Sage, G.
A. Sykes, R. M. Sheppard, A. L. Terry, O. W. Thomas, Jr.,
W. F. Uslick, W Von Borries, O. C.Wehle, B. L. Woolfolk.
J. A. Warren, W. M. Warder.

COMPANY B.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain W. O. Harris.

First Lieutenant B. A. Adams.

Second Lieutenant W. L. Jackson.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant W.J. Hunt.

Sergeant E. W. C. Humphrey.

Sergeant James P. Helm.

Sergeant John Barrett.

Corporal H. C. Smith.

Corporal J. S. Beeler.

Corporal George Caspari.

Corporal Grant Green.

PRIVATES.

C. W. Adams, W. J. Allen, L. R. Atwood. J. S. Bamett,
W. McD. Burt, C. R. Barnes, J. W. Beilstein, M. Belknap.
Paul Booker, E. S. Brewster, J. P. Burton, D. H. Cheney.
H. F. Cassin, E. S. Coghill, D. M. Davie. H. B. Davison,
J. A. Davis, A. Ellison. Jr., James Floyd. J. A. Gray. D. W.
Gray. W. P. Griffith. J. U Hazlett. A. P. Humphrey. J. B.
Hundley, E. W. Hemming, R. C. Isaacs, W. P. Jobson, S.
R. Knott, W. T. Knott, William Lee, John Marshall, S.
McDowell. E. H. Owings. S. Pardon. G. K. Peay, J. S.
Peay. J. C. Russell, W. P. Semple. A. L. Shotwell. J. F.
Speed. Jr., F. E. Tracey, L. Von Borries. J. N. Wallwork.
J. H. Ward. H. W. Wheeler, M. B. Wise, D. M. Wood,
H. M. Young. C. H. Zook.

COMPANY C.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER.

Captain J. H. Leathers.

First Lieutenant D. F. C. Weller.

Second Lieutenant A. H. Jackson.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant E. A. Goddard.
Sergeant W. J. Garrett.
Sergeant E. Marshall.
Sergeant L. Miller.
Corporal A. F. Moore.

Corporal J . F. Dobbin.
Corporal G. E. Bly.
Corporal A. W. Elwang.

PRIVATES.

J. M. Adams. Frank Baker, E. Bryan, T. L. Burnett, Jr.,
J. M. Bomtraeger, C. G. Baurmann, W. R. Benedict, J. C.
Clemens, T. Carroll, W. Chambers. I^ J. Crowley, R. M.
Cunningham. L. B. Doerr, A. J. Mwang, W. E. Fowler,
\\'illiam Francke, H. B. Fitch. J. T. Gaines, C. H. Hewitt,
J. A. Holman, C. W. Johnson, C. H. Perkins, S. E. Jones,
L. B. Kirby, T. E. Kohlhass, C. H. King. A. G. Link, G.
M. Lemon, B. K. Marshall. H. W. Middleton. L. J. Moor-
head. W. B. Ming. J. W, McDonald. Roy McDonald. J. C.
McComb, E. H. Paine. H. R. Phillips. C. E. Powell. C. E.
Riley. W. M. Raiblc, A. L. Semple. W. B. Sale, J. F.
Stults, Jacob Smith, H. Schimpeler, John Storts, Jr., A.
Van Vleet. H. T. Warden. N. J. Windstandley.

COMPANY D.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Eugene Brown.

First Lieutenant Guy C. Sibley.

Second Lieutenant W. A. Hughes.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Sergeant J. M. Sohen.
Sergeant ]L. F. Kaye.
Sergeant J. T. Gamble.
Corporal J. C. Hughes.
Corporal G. L. Travis.
Corporal H. C. Qement
Corporal T. B. Moore

PRIVATES.

J. M. Armstrong. M. 3. Barker, A. Brandies, J. C. Burnett,
Ben Clark, L..R. Courteuay, J. W. Davidson, F. C. Dickson,
J. L. Gamble, R. C. Gray, J. A. Ferguson, George Felter,
J. P. Hunt. Green HoUoway, L. W. Homire. T. C. Hobbs.
W. H. Hyde. S. M. Huston, W. B. Kniskeen. W. E. Kaye.
A. Kaye. W. B. Keslin, Jr.. J. P. KeUey. L. S. Kornhorst.
j. D. Langhorne. Robert Lewis, W. L. Lyons, T. W. Mul-
likin, J. H. Murphy, J. M. Murphy, C. C. McCarthy, A.
Mead, T. C. Stokes, T. P. Shepherd, Frank Semple, H. M.
Samuel, L. D. Tucker, Burton Vance, J. R. Williamson,
John Rothgurber, M. Ryan. W. B. Rowland, Alexander
Jackson, W. D. McCampbell.

COMPANY E* (cavalry).

Company organization and muster-rolls not

reported.

company f.

Commissioned officers, 3; non-commissioned
officers, 7; privates, 46; total, 56.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain J. M. Wright.

First Lieutenant J. Speed Smith.

Second Lieutenant H. C. Grinstead.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant W. O. Bailey.
Sergeant J. M. Wintersmith.
Sergeant George W. Wicks.
Sergeant Victor McPherson.
Sergeant M. V. Joyce.
Corporal Alexander N. Griswold.
Corporal E. S. Wright.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

151

PRIVATES.

T. C. Allen, J. G. Cooke, J. V. Cowling, W. Davis, J.
Davidson, J. S. Dean, S. J. Dean, E. Eacher, W. Edmunds,
R. E. Gilbert, Fulton Gordon, Charles C. Grant, Henry W.
Gray, W. E. Gleason, George Griswold, C. L. Hamilton
J. Hamilton, E. N. Harrison, O. Hooge, E. Q. Knott, w!
Mandeville, W. Mayers, A. S. McClanahan, D. McComb,
H. McDonald,- E. T. Mengel, F. T. Meriwether, J. W.
Milikin, W. Miller, W. W. Morris, H. Murnan, C. Nelson,
C. A. Parsons. J. F. Rees. T. M. Sehon, T. Sherley, G. W.
Smith, D. Stuart, J. W. Warder, Henry West, M. West,
William Weaver, T. Wintersmith, W. W. Swearingan, H.
McGoodwin, W. W. Grinstead.

There was also in existence the Louisville
Light Artillery, holding for the State four 3-inch
rifled cannon, and 50 each of sets of accouter-
ments, overcoats, blankets, knapsacks, haver-
sacks, and canteens. Its roster was as follows :

LOUISVILLE LIGHT ARTILLERY.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain E. H. Moise.

First Lieutenant Stewart Owens.

First Lieutenant T. S. Evans.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Sergeant W. K. Evans.
Sergeant G. S. Bowman.
Sergeant C. B. Bly.
Sergeant Oscar Davis.
Sergeant J. H. Mansir.
Sergeant J. M. Fults.
Corporal V. S. Wright.
Corporal T. P. Helm.
Corporal A. E. Mayers. .
Corporal W. A. Elwell.
Corporal E. B. Bodaker.

PRIVATES.

N. P. Avery, Julius Blatz. G. W. Clarke, W. P. Clarke,
A. W. Caldwell, W. P. Dobson, D. Y. Fowler, A. F.
German, G. W. Griffith, C. F. Huhlein, J. Hollingsworth,
J. Heffernan, J. O. Haddox, E. H. Hopkins, J. D. Kirby.
Haden Miller, M. G. Munn, J. W. McCleery, A. V. Old-
ham, G. G. Palmer, R. D. Skillman, D. F. Stephen, J. W,
Stewart, ]. J. Sweeney, Henry J. Stuby, L. B. Smyser, H.
C. Thornton, George E. Tuck, J. H. Vanarsdale, J. B. Wat-
kins, M. J. Weisen, W. P. Watson.

The History of Louisville.

CHAPTER I.

THE SITE OF LOUISVILLE.

The Louisville Plain— The Louisville Site Described— Its
Primitive State— The Spldid Trees— The Ancient Course
of the Beargrass— Corn Island— Its Remarkable History-
Sand, Rock, and Goose Islands— Willow Bar— The Old-
time Ponds— Reminiscences of Them— Their Extinction-
The Sand Hills— Dr. Drake's Remarks Upon the Site of
Louisville.

THE LOUISVILLE PLAIN,

occupying by far the finest plain in the north-
ern and western parts of Jefferson county, is
about twenty miles in length and six miles in
breadth, lying immediately along the south shore
of the Ohio river, without the intervention of
hills and bluffs. The capability of the plain, by
indefinite expansion of the city's site, to contain,
if need be, ten millions of people, is thus evident.
Mr. James Parton, in his article on the city of
Cincinnati, published in the Atlantic Monthly for
June, 1867, asserts that the so-called Queen City
occupies the only site on the Ohio river where
one hundred thousand people could live together
without being compelled to climb very high and
steep hills. But Mr. Parton, it is clear, had
never visited Louisville, or chose to ignore his
visit or the existence of the city. In no direc-
tion, indeed, except to the northward, has either
Nature or political geography interposed a prac-
tical limit to the territorial growth of the chief
city by the Falls of the Ohio.

Much of the surface of the Louisville plain
consists of a clayey soil, of no great thickness.
Underneath this is a substratum of sand, of
thirty to forty feet depth. The hydraulic lime-
stone and other rocks, with their characteristic
fossils, within this plain and in the bed of the riv-
er, have been sufficiently considered in our chap-
ter upon the Topography and Geology of Jeffer-

son county. Attention may just now be fitly
called, however, as it has been called in other
publications hitherto, to the superb facilities
which the concurrence here of sand, clay, and
hydraulic limestone offers for the ready, cheap,
and abundant manufacture of brick and ce-
ment; while the magnesian limestone, which also
abounds in this region, is justly well reputed as a
workable and durable building stone. The char-
acteristic element of these rocks, too, adds im-
measurably to the fertility of the arable lands up-
on the plain.

THE LOUISVILLE SITE.

The part of this noble plateau occupied by the
city of Louisville, in this year of grace 1882,
is about five and three-fourths miles in length,
from that part of the modern bed of the
Beargrass which lies close upon the east cor-
poration lines, to the river bend at West Louisville;
and three miles in greatest breadth, from the river-
bank to the south side of the House of Refuge
grounds. (It is just 2.73 miles, according to City
Engineer Scowden, from the river to the House
of refuge.) The city occupies, in round numbers,
fourteen square miles. Its elevations and depres-
sions are now very slight— much more so than
in the early day, as we shall presently explain.
The general level of the site is only from forty-
I five to fifty-five teet above low water at the head
i of the Falls, and seventy to seventy-five feet
' above low water at Portland ; but this is quite
1 enough, as the recent flood (of February, 1882)
has demonstrated, to assure the whole city, ex-
cept a narrow breadth of buildings along the
i river, from damage by the highest floods in the
I Ohio known to recorded history. The site may
i be said to be, on an average, five hundred feet
I above the level of the sea, with the hills or knobs

154

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

in the vicinity averaging a height of two hundred
feet more.

The geological character of the I>ouisville site
does not differ greatly from that of the larger
plain upon which it is situated. It is a diluvial
formation of surface clay, sand, and gravel, rest-
ing upon the limestone of the Silurian basin and
the Devonian formation above. This easily sug-
gests to the scientist that here is the bed of a
very ancient and somewhat extensive river-lake
or estuary. The beds of clay and gravel here
vary from twenty-five to seventy five feet in
depth.

ITS PRIMITIVE STATE.

When the gallant Captain Thomas Hutchins,
erstwhile of His Britannic Majesty's Sixtieth regi-
ment of Royal Foot, and by and by to be first
and only "Geographer of the United States,"
made the earliest chart of the Falls and vicinity in
1766, and likewise when Clark came with his
band of colonists a dozen years later, the view
which met their eyes on the Kentucky shore was
one which the rise of a great city, and even the
change of nature's arrangement of land and
water here, make difficult indeed to realize. The
map of Hutchins's shows no human habitation or
clearing about the Falls; for such there were
none. All except the space occupied by greater
or smaller sheets of water was dense woods, as
his map indicates. Here grew the oak in sev-
eral interesting varieties, the walnut and the
hickory, the mighty poplar and the sycamore or
buttonwood, the maple, wild cherry, hackberry,
locust, buckeye, gum, and, in brief, almost if not
quite every forest tree known to the deep woods
of Kentucky. Colonel Durrett, in the Centen-
nial Address already cited, enumerates the fol-
lowing veterans of the forest primeval that have
survived the destroyer Time and the greater
destroyer Man: "An oak in the backyard of Mr.
Bottsford, on Chestnut street, another in that of
Mr. Lindenberger, on Fourth, and a honey
locust in front of the residence of Mr. Brannin,
on Broadway, have come down to us from the
olden times. In the yard of Mr. Caperton, the
old Guthrie residence on Walnut street, there is
the branchless trunk of a noble beech which died
a few years ago, which stood there when Louis-
ville was first settled; and in Central Park are a
few hoary sentinels which have watched over us
for a century."

BEARGRASS CREEK.

Some of the noblest of the forest monarchs
stood upon the long tongue of land or peninsula
between the former course of the Beargrass and
the Ohio. There is some reason, which the ex-
cavations made for the ship-canal have tended
to confirm, to believe that a still more ancient
bed of this creek carried its waters yet further
down, perhaps to disembogue them into the
river at some point below the Falls. But it is
within the memory cf many now living that the
stream, after joining its several headwaters near
the present city limit, flowed thence in a westerly
course, in a channel still to be recognized in
places, one to two miles further, gradually ap-
proaching the river until it entered the Ohio
about half a block below the present foot of
Third street* So lately as 1844 it was necessary
to reach the river from any of the streets east of
that by bridges across the Beargrass, which were
thrown over at Clay, Preston, Brook, Second,
and Third streets. The point made by the
creek and the river formed one of the best
landings on the city front. The Cincinnati
mail-boats then, and for many years before, as
now indeed, made that their point of arrival and
departure; but they had to be reached by the
Third-street or other bridge. Finally, the incon-
venience and loss caused by this large occupation
of valuable territory by the Beargrass became so
pronounced that the diversion of its current was
virtually compelled. This was easily accom-
plished by means of an embankment of less than
half a mile, sending its waters by a short and
straight channel into the river almost exactly at
the northeastern corner of the city.

In the earlier days the mouth of Beargrass, so
near the head of the Falls, offered a spacious,
safe, and convenient harbor for the primitive
craft that came down the river. It figures fre-
quently in the narratives of the olden time, and
this locality seems at first to have been known
indifferently as " the Falls of the Ohio " and
•'the mouth of Beargrass." It is not improbable
that the situation of the former mouth of this
otherwise insignificant stream was an important
element in determining the original settlement
and the rise of a town at this point.

• See Hobbs's fine Map of Louisville, appended to the
City Directory of 1832.

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

*S5

CORN ISLAND.

A little below the old mouth of Beargrass, not
far from the foot of Fourth street, began an-
other of the famous physical features of this lo-
cality, which has now disappeared, except at low
water, when the stumps of the fine trees that
once covered it can still be seen. This was the
historic Corn Island, of which somethmg will be
said hereafter. It lay in a long and narrow
tract, pretty close to the shore, from a little be-
low Fourth street to a point about opposite to
the foot of Thirteenth. According to the scale
of Hutchins's map, which shows the island, it
was about four-fifths of a mile long by five
hundred yards in its greatest breadth. Besides
heavy timber, tt had a dense undergrowth of
cane, which the Clark colonists were obliged to
clear away for their cabins and their first corn-
crop. This done, however, they had access to
a rich, productive soil, which soon yielded
abundant returns for their labor.

Mr. Hugh Hays, in an interesting letter to the
Courier-Journal a few months ago concerning
Corn Island, gives the following as from the
mouth of Sandy Stewart, the well-known "island
ferryman" of three-quarters of a century ago:

Without any interruption from Indians we landed on
this island June 8, 1775. The scenery at this time was beau-
tiful, and such as the eye of civilized man scarcely ever gazed
upon. Here was the broad and beautiful Ohio, sweeping on
down her peaceful shores in silent grandeur and flowing on
for hundreds of miles to mingle her waters with old ocean.
The odors of the wild flowers — the hawthorn, the honey-
suckle, the jessamine, the rose, and lily; the green forest,
where the axe was a stranger, in all its native beauty, filled
up the background. The feathered tribe, from the eagle to
the linnet, the sea-gull and the crane, sweeping over the
Falls, turning up their snowy wings glittering in the sunlight;
the buffalo, the bear, the deer lying under- the trees in warm
weather, perfectly serene, as they were strangers to the sound
of the rifle and so unacquainted with man that their tameness
astonished me. This spot in the wilderness seemed a very
Eden; and as I had no Eve to be tempted by the serpent, I
resolved to take up my rest here, and never from this isle de-
part. Here will I be buried.

According to Mr. Hays, who visited the island
in 1832 to attend a camp-meeting, it then com-
prised but about seventy acres, which were still
heavily timbered. Of the small stream of water
(yet apparently larger than the Beargrass), which
Hutchins exhibits as coursing through the middle
of the island, he says nothing; nor are we aware
that anybody has ever recorded recollections of
what appears upon the Captain's map to be a
knoll or hill at the extreme southwestern end.

Mr. Hays writes that in 1824 a powder-mill was
put up on the island and blown up six years later,
killing several employees ; that about this time it
became celebrated for " its barbecues, picnics,
bran-dances, camp-meetings, fish-parties, etc.," in
which many of the first people in the town partic-
ipated; and that about 1840 the heavy timber
was cut, and then the island began to lose its
surface soil and gradually disappeared. Corn
island is now but a famous name in history. It
was owned by the Hon. John Rowan, whose
heirs, grimly remarks the venerable Hays, still
own its rocky bottom.

The following notice is given to Corn Island
in the Louisville Directory for 1844-45:

This small island, at the Falls, is rendered interesting only
from the fact of its having served as a dernier resort for the
early settlers, when too hotly pursued by the Indians. At
the present day it is the general resort of old and young who
are fond of angling. The first rudiments of the very intri-
cate science of worming a hook or pulling up at a nibble are
here learned. The island is covered with trees and sur-
rounded by quarries of limestone, which are not now used.

OTHER ISLANDS IN THE OHIO.

Sand, Rock, and Goose islands were in the
stream then and for untold ages before, substan-
tially no doubt the same as now. But there is
at present one remarkable feature on the river
front that was not then, and is indeed the growth
of quite recent years — the now familiar Willow
Bar, sometimes called Towhead Island, at the
upper end of the city. It is a long, narrow
tract, completely covered at high water, but at
other times to be observed as stretching from
just below the mouth of Beargrass to just below
Campbell street. It has pretty nearly the dimen-
sions of the older Corn Island, being three-
fourths of a mile long by five hundred feet in
largest width. Although one of its characteristic
growths gives the island its name, it is chiefly
covered with cottonwood trees, some of them
nearly three feet through. Colonel Durrett gives
the following account of its genesis:

The growth on this island clearly indicates how it rose
from the water, and which are its oldest and newest parts.
On its edges where there is always water nothing but willows
appear ; and this was the growth observed by our oldest in-
habitants when the island first began to appear above the
water. Willows first appeared on a sand-bar, and when once
established they caught the sediment suspended in the waters
made muddy by floods, and rapidly built up the island. So
soon as the soil rose high enough to be part of the year
above water the cottonwood began to grow. And now that
the soil is almost above overflow other trees are beginning to
grow; such as sycamore, hackberry, and ash. The sedi-

156

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

ment now being caught from the floods hy the dense growth
on this island must soon raise it entirely above overflow,
and then a still greater variety of trees will no doubt soon
spring up.

THE OLD-TIME PONDS.

No fact of the early time, probably, is more
familiar than the abundance of small lakes or
ponds upon the primitive site of Louisville, and
indeed upon the entire Louisville plain, from
Beargrass to the Salt river, of which the "Pond
Settlement " is still a reminiscence. A few of the
old ponds are also still to be seen beyond Broad-
way, in the south part of the city. But in the
old days they were found, larger and more nir-
merously, much nearer the river, and all along
the town-site. The upper or " second bank " of
the river had a slight slope to the southward ;
and the soil being sufficiently tenacious to pre-
vent the water from escaping, it made much of
the ground swampy, and in some places col-
lected more largely in ponds. One of them was
very well called the " Long Pond," since it
stretched from the point where now are the cor-
ners of Sixth and Market streets to the Hope
Distillery site, about Sixteenth street — a. distance
of nearly a mile. For many years after it was
drained, traces of it were still to be seen, as in
an alley running from Seventh street, between
Market and Jefferson. Mr. Casseday's History
has spme pleasant reminiscences of it:

In the winter, when it was frozen over, this little lake was
the scene of many a merry party. On the moonlight even-
ings, numbers of ladies and gentlemen were to be seen skim-
ming over its surface, the gentlemen on skates and the ladies
in chairs, the backs of which were laid upon the ice and the
chairs fastened by ropes to the waists of the skaters. And
thus they dashed along at furious speed over the glassy sur-
face ; beaux and belles, with loud voices and ringing laugh —
and the merriment of the occasion was only increased when
some dashing fellow, in his endeavors to surpass in agility
and daring all his compeers, fell prostrate to the ice, or broke
through into the water beneath.

Gwathmey's or Grayson's pond was the one
upon which the old Grayson mansion, still stand-
ing near St. Paul's church, looked down from its
eminence on the bank. It reached in a rather
long ellipse from Center street, just back of the
First Presbyterian church, along Green and
Grayson to a point near Eighth street. The
water of this pond w'as supplied by springs, and,
being always clear and pure, it was much used
for baptisms by immersion, for whose spectators
the turf-covered, slopmg banks offered superior
facilities. It ,was also excellently stocked with

fish, which were carefully guarded by its owners.
It was surrounded by some of the loftiest, finest
trees upon the Louisville site.

The writer of a brief history of Louisville, in
the City Directory for 1844-45, has the follow-
ing entertaining paragraphs concerning this and
another pond :

There are some amusing reminiscenes of Grayson's Pond.
We have it from a citizen who well remembers the outlines of
this pond. Great numbers of tortoises or small turtles were
found about this pond. Thither also came to enjoy its
luxuries large flocks of geese and ducks. The battles between,
these different tribes are described as being very amusing.
The turtle would take to the water and scull along very
silently, and settling beneath the surface, await the approach
of the duck; at a sudden he would seize the duck by his feet
and draw him under water. The struggle generally resulted
in favor of the feathered combatant, who, on regaining the
surface, wotild set up such shouts as to collect the whole
flock around him in a grand congratulatory quacking con-
vention.

This pond, well shaded by the native forest-trees, became
a favorite resort of many, to while away the hours of a sultry
day on its banks. It was always clear, and had a sufficient
depth of water, the dryest season, to swim a horse in.

Another pond at this period (1800), and a very disagree-
able one, was to be met with at the intersection of Third and
Market streets, extending along Third street to nearly op-
posite the site of the present post-office [Green street]. A
tannery on Third street, which discharged its waste water
into this pond, rendered it at times nearly impassable, except
by mounting a fail-fence, which enclosed the lot where the
White mansion now stands. The wagons from the country
often stalled at this point.

Still another was on Market street, from Third
to Fifth ; another on Jefferson, near Fourth ; and
many others were scattered far and near over the
watery tract. Indeed, Mr. Casseday, writing in
1852, says: "A map of the city as it was sixty
or even thirty years ago, would present somewhat
the appearance of an archipelago, a sea full of
little islands."

Some of the ponds, as part of those last named,
had only water in them after rain, perhaps only
after heavy rain; and the consequence was that
they were usually in various stages of stagnation-,
or dryness. They abounded in ironweed and
other characteristic vegetation. A vast amount
of malaria and miasm was engendered by them ;
fever and ague, with more deadly ills, and finally
a more terrible pestilence in 1822-23, made life
a burden in Louisville a large part of the year;
and it early came to bear the name of "the
Graveyard of the Ohio." So great was the
affliction resulting from them that in 1805 the
General Assembly gave formal authority to the
trustees of the town to remove "those nuisances

// 1 I '

I ')i^'^./i

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

157

lin such manner as the majority of them should
prescribe." The legal authority was ample and
'the spirit of the citizens was willing; but the
public purse was weak, and it was long before
Ithe '^nuisances" were abated. After the strange
jepidemic of later years the Legislature, at the
jurgency of the local Board of Health, sanctioned
[the raising of the sum of $40,000 by lotteries for
draining the Louisville ponds and those between
I them and the Salt river. The work was mostly
[done on the town site, but those below town had
to wait for more recent appropriations, which
' finally shut up most of their holes of death.

In the filling of the ponds certain moderate
I eminences, here and there about town, came
I excellently well into play. They were of clean,
I wh: - sand, than which no better material, prob-
I ably, could be found for making fills in the
basins of stagnant or other ponds. By their use
I a double purpose was subserved, in the reducing
of useless knolls and the filling of harmful hol-
lows.

DOCTOR drake's REMARKS.

The famous Dr. Daniel Drake, for a time a
resident of this city, in his great treatise on the
Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of
North America, published in 1850, thus deals
with the 'location of Louisville :

The site of the city itself was swampy, with shallow ponds,
and although more than seventy years have elapsed since the
commencement of settlement, specimens of both may be
seen within two miles to the south and west of the city quay,
for the draining of which a trench has keen dug. Even the
streets of the southern suburbs show a soil retentive of moist-
ure and disposed to swampiness, while the surface is so level
as to lender all draining difficult. To the southeast of the
city the creek called Beargrass descends from the highest
lands, and being joined by streams svhich originate on the
plain, flows to the north along the base of the low hills, until
it reaches the new bottom, when it turns to the west and,
like a narrow canal, makes its way for a mile nearly parallel
to the river, which it finally joins at the middle of a northern
margin of the city. The water in the eastuary of this creek
is generally foul and stagnant ; and the slip of bottom be-
tween it and the river is sometimes overflowed. A quarter
of a mile from the mouth of Beargrass, opposite the lower
part of the city, is the head of the Louisville & Portland
Canal, which, after running two miles, enters the Ohio be-
low the Falls* The bed of the canal is in solid rocks, the
removal of which has given it high and strong banks ; but
on each side, and especially between it and the river, after
the first mile from its head, the bottom is so low as to be
subject to anuual inundation. On this bottom, immediately
above the junction of the canal with the river, stands the old,
declining village of Shippingport. Below the junction, on a
bank so high that even its most depressed portions are in-
undated by the gieatest floods, is the newer and more grow-

ing town of Portland, in the rear of which, to the south,
there are many small ponds and swamps, situated on the
upper terrace.

The city has since, under the guidance of in-
telligent and efficient Boards of Health, bravely
reformed nearly every element of bad sanitation
provided by the physical geography of the site ;
and it now, as we shall fully show in a subse-
(^uent chapter, enjoys perhaps the lowest death-
rate of any city of more than one hundred thou-
sand inhabitants in the world.

CHAPTER IL

BEFORE LOUISVILLE WAS.

i773_The Beginnings— Genealogy of the Bullitt Family
—Captain Thomas Bullitt— The Surveying Party— Han-
cock Taylor— Bullitt at Old Chillicothe— The Voyage—
The Survey— Did Captain Bullitt Laif off a Town?— So-
dowsky,.or Sandusky— Connolly's Grant— Connolly— The
Warrenstaff (Warrendorff) Patent— Colonel John Camp-
bell. 1774— Boone and Stoner at the Falls. 1775— More
Surveys and Locations— The Hites and Others in this Re-
gion. 1776-77— Gibson and Linn's Voyage to New Or-
leans—The First Cargo from New Orleans to Pittsburg.
i778-!-The Beginnings of Settlement— Sketch of George
Rogers Clark— His Campaign in the Illinois— The Fam-
ilies with Clark— The Roll of the Pioneers— The Hites and
Johnston— MiUtary Preparations— Departure of Clark's
Expedition. The Settlers in 1779— The New Immigration
—The Old Survey and Map— The Popes— Colonel Bow-
man's Expedition— The First Birth in Louisville — The
Boones at the Falls— An Amusing Story- The Cold
Winter.

The history of Louisville, not as a name, but
as a place for the residence of civilized and
white man, begins nearly eleven decades ago, or
with the year of our Lord 1773. We find no
evidence that a village, or a village site, to be
known by the royal name of the "City of Louis,"
was laid off or recognized at the Falls of the
Ohio prior to the act of the Virginia Legislature,
passed in May, 1780, which, as we shall pres-
ently see more fully, expressly and in terms "es-
tablished a town by the name of Louisville."
But the fact of a previous survey at the Falls,
and of a subdivision of some kind into village
lots, may be regarded as equally well ascer-
tained.

THE BULLITT FAMILY.

The family of Bullitt is associated with the
earliest settlement of Louisville and Jefferson

'58

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

county, and has been continuously represented
there from that time to the present.

This circumstance, taken in connection with
the fact that Captain Thomas Bullitt led the first
party who made an attempt at exploration around
the Falls of the Ohio, will excuse a sketch of the
family rather more extended than the scope of
this work ge^rraily permits.

The facts -elating to the origin and ancestry
of the family are obtained from a sketch pre-
pared by Colonel Alexander Scott Bullitt, which
is without date, but was found among his papers
at his death in the year 1816.

The first known ancestor of the family of Bul-
litt was Benjamin Bullett (so spelled at that
time), a French Huguenot, who resided in the
province of Languedoc, and who, at the age of
twenty-five, left France to escape the persecu-
tions which followed the revocation of the Edict
of Nantes. He landed in Maryland in the latter
part of the year 1685, and purchased lands near
Port Tobacco, Charles county. He died in the
year 1702, leaving one child, a son, Benjamin
Bullitt, then but two years of age. He resided
in Maryland with his mother until he became of
age, when, having sold his patrimony, he pur-
chased lands and settled in Fauquier county,
Virginia, where, in 1727, he married Elizabeth
Harrison, of that county. By her he had five
children — Joseph, Elizabeth, Thomas, Benja-
min, and Cuthbert. Joseph died a bachelor.
Benjamin was killed in an engagement with the
Indians shortly after Braddock's defeat. Eliza-
beth married a Mr. Combs, and left a numerous
family.

Thomas Bullitt, the survivor who visited the
Falls of the Ohio in 1773, was born in 1730, and
died at his home in Fauquier county, Virginia,
in February, 1778, at the age of forty-eight years.
He was never married, and left his estate to his
brother Cuthbert.

Cuthbert BuUitt (second in descent from the
original ancestor) was born in 1740, and was
bred to the law. In the year 1760 he married
Helen Scott, of a wealthy family, in Prince Wil-
liam county, to which he removed, and in which
he resided until his death. He pursued the
practice of law with considerable success until he
was appointed a judge of the supreme court of
Virginia, in which office he died in the year
1790. He left six children. The only son, who

settled in Kentucky, was Alexander Scott Bullitt.
He (third m descent from the original ances-
tor) was born in the year 1761 or 1762. He
came to Kentucky in 1783 and settled first
on Bull Skin, in Shelby county, but believ-
ing that he was too far removed from the Falls
of the Ohio, he purchased the farm "Oxmoor,"
in Jefferson county, about eight and one-half
miles from Louisville, on the Shelbyville turn-
pike, where he lived until his death, on April 13,
1 8 16. He married Priscilla Christian in the fall
of 1785. She was the daughter of Colonel Wil-
liam Christian, who settled in Kentucky in the
spring of 1785 and was killed in an engagement
with the Indians April 9, 1786, at the age of
forty-three years. Her mother was Annie Henry,
a sister of Patrick Henry. They left two sons,
Cuthbert and William Christian Bullitt, and two
daughters, Helen and Annie. These are now
all deceased, and with the exception of Helen
(who was Mrs. Key at the time of her death)
have left descendants, a. number of whom still
live in Louisville and Jefferson county.

The distinguished merchants, Cuthbert and
Thomas Bullitt, who settled at an early day in
Louisville, and who owned a large survey of
about a thousand acres, running back from
Broadway and embracing what is now the most
fashionable residence part of the city, were de-
scendants of Benjamin Bullitt and nephews by
the half-blood of Cuthbert Bullitt.

CAPTAIN BULLITT.

The principal name associated with the first
movements in this locality looking to the perma-
nent settlement of the whites is that of Captain
Thomas Bullitt, of this family, as is recited
above. He was a gallant soldier of the French
and Indian wars, who had particularly distin-
guished himself in the expedition against Fort
Du Quesne. He was a company commander in
Colonel George Washington's own regiment,
and fought with it on the fateful field of Brad-
dock's defeat, and in several other engagements.
He was, says Collins, a man of great energy'
and enterprise, as he showed on several import-
ant occasions. He was an uncle of Colonel
Alexander Scott Bullitt, a delegate to the con-
vention which framed the constitution of Ken-
tucky, President of the Senate and of the second
Constitutional convention, and first Lieutenant-

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

159

Ijovernor of the State, and long a resident of
Ifefferson county, and from whom the adjacent
county of Bullitt is named. Colonel Bullitt's
liescendants are still among the most prominent
[residents of the city whose distinguished fore-
Irunner he was. The Captain is mentioned in
ithe writings of General Washington, who knew
Ihim well, as a skilled and judicious surveyor, en-
tirely to be trusted for his fitness for the task now
before him.

The following extract from the paper of Col-
onel Alexander S. Bullitt above mentioned (and
now for the first time published), gives a general
view of the life and character of Captain Bullitt :

Thomas Bullitt was bom in 1730. He entered early into
the army, and was appointed a captain in the first Virginia
regiment that was raised at the commencement of the French
war and commanded by General Washington, at that time a
colonel. He commanded in person a skirmish at the Laurel
Hill, but was defeated after an obstinate contest. He was
present at the head of his company at the battles of the
Meadows, Braddock's defeat, and Grant's defeat, and at all
times supported the reputation of a brave officer; but a dif-
ference, which took place between him and General Wash-
ington, at that time Colonel Washington, not only retarded
his promotion in that war, but was of infinite disadvantage to
him all the remaining part of his life.

' The accident which gave rise to the difference was as fol-
lows : Two detachments from Colonel Washington's regi-
ment, one commanded by himself, were out upon the
frontiers endeavoring to surprise a detachment of French
troops from Fort Du Quesne, now Fort Pitt. But instead of
falling in with the French, they met themselves, and the day
being remarkably dark and foggy, each party mistook the
other for the enemy, and a very warm fire was immediately
commenced on both sides. Bullitt was one of the first who
discovered the mistake, and, running in between the two
parties waving his hat and calling to them, put a stop to the
firing. It was thought and said by several of the officers,
and among others by Captain Bullitt, that Colonel Washing-
ton did not discover his usual activity and presence of mind
upon this occasion. This censure thrown by Captain Bul-
litt upon his superior officer, gave rise to a resentment in the
mind of General Washington which never subsided.

At the close of the French war the Virginia troops were
all disbanded, but Captain Bullitt was still retained in service
upon half-pay, and appointed adjutant-general to the militia
of the State of Virginia, in which office he continued until
the commencement of the Revolution, when, the United
States being divided by Congress into districts. Captain
Bullitt was appointed adjutant-general of the southern dis-
trict with the rank and pay of a colonel. His first services
after this appointment were in the lower parts of Virginia.
Lord Dunmore had taken possession of a post called the
Great Bridge, which lay at some miles distance from Norfolk
and was a pass of great consequence, being the only way by
which the town could be approached from that part of the
country occupied by the American troops. About two
thousand men under the command of Colonel Woodford (as-
sisted by Colonel Bullitt) were detached to dispossess them.
Marching down, therefore, to the opposite side of the bridge,

Woodford's detachment began to fortify themselves also, with
nothing but the bridge and causeway over the Dismal Swamp
between them and the enemy. Dunmore determined to dis-
lodge them from this post, and accordingly, on the morning
of the 9th of December, 1775, dispatched Captain Fordice
upon that service, at the head of about eight hundred men,
consisting chiefly of refugees, tories, and negroes, and Cap-
tain Fordice's company of grenadiers. Colonel Woodford,
who thought it impossible that Dunmore would attempt to
force his lines with such inferior force, and who expected
nothing less than an attack, was absent from the lines and
did not get up until the action was over.

Colonel Bullitt took command of the intrenchment. The
refugees, tories, and negroes fell into confusion .and retreated
at the first fire. The gallant Fordice at the head of his
grenadiers, amounting to about sixty, though deserted by
the rest of the detachment, still continued to advance boldly
across the causeway with fi.xed bayonets to within fifteen feet
of the breastworks, where he fell pierced with seventeen balls.
The rest of his men were either all killed or taken. Dunmore
found it necessary to leave the State of Virginia shortly after
this action, and Colonel Bullitt was detached to South
Carolma, where he served the campaign of 1776 as adjutant-'
general to the army commanded by General Lee. This was
his last campaign.

For, returning northward to join General Washington's
army, but not meeting with the reception or promotion from
his Excellency to which he thought himself entitled from his
long service, he resigned his commission and retired to his
house in Fauquier, where he died February, 1778, at th^ age
of forty-eight years, leaving his estate, which he had rather
impaired than bettered, to Cuthbert Bullitt, the only one of
his brothers that married.

THE SURVEYING PARTV.

In the spring of 1773 Captain Bullitt was
commissioned by Lord Dunmore, Governor of
Virginia, to proceed to the Ohio and make in its
vicinity surveys for the location of several land
warrants granted by the Government, in pursu-
ance of the law assigning bounty lands, to be lo- •
cated on the Western waters, to the soldiers of
Virginia in the French and Indian war. Another
authority in the shape of a special warrant or
commission had been given him by the venera-
ble college of William and Mary, at Williams-
burg. A copy of this remarkable document is
here appended, for the first time in print, by the
courtesy of Colonel Thomas W. Bullitt, of Louis-
ville, possessor of the original:

Whereas, Thomas Bullitt hath produced unto us, the
President and Masters of the College of William and Mary
in Virginia, two bonds, one bearing date the nth day of
March, one thousand seven hundred and sixty-nine, and the
other the 13th day of May, one thousand seven hundred and
sixty-nine, and certain other papers by which it appears that
the said Thomas Bullitt was appointed surveyor of a certain
part of or a certain district in the colony of Virginia afore-
said; and

Whereas, The commission for the said surveyorship,
granted by the said President and Masters to the said

i6o

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Thomas Bullitt, was, as we are informed, unfortunately burned,
we do hereby certify that it appears to us as well from the
college book of the transactions of the said President and
Masters as from the testimony of Emanuel Jones, Bachelor
of Arts, and one of the said Masters, that the said part or
district of the Colony of Virginia aforesaid is situated lying
and being on the river Ohio. In witness whereof we have
caused the seal of said college to be affixed this 28th day of
October, in the year of our Lord 1772.

,-«A«^* John Carnan, Pt.

f ^ I ^Emmanuel Jones.

T. Gwatken.
Samuel Newby.

[I certify that' the foregoing is a true copy of a paper found
by me among the papers of my grandfather, Alexander Scott
Bullitt, transmitted to me by my father, William C. Bullitt.
The signature of the President is indistinct, but I think it is
Carnan. Thomas W. Bullitt.]

Bullitt's party was composed of himself and
Abraham Haptonstall, who settled in this county
and was residing here until 181 4, at least; James
Sodowsky (or Sandusky), from whom, or whose
family, Sandusky in Ohio takes its name, and
whose sons were residing in Bourbon county as
late as 1843; James Douglass, deputy surveyor,
and another pioneer in Bourbon county; John
Smith, who was residing half a century afterward
in Woodford county; with John Fitzpatrick,
Ebenezer Severns, and others, of whom very
little is now known. With this little company he
made his way across Virginia to the mouth of
the Kanawha, where he fell in with the company
of James, George, and Robert McAfee, sons of
James McAfee, Sr., of Botetourt county, who
had resolved, a year or two before, to prospect
the fertile wilderness south of the Ohio for a
new home. In this company were also a broth-
er-in-law, James McConn, Jr., and his cousin,
Samuel Adams. With them were also a third
party, whom they had overtaken by concerted
arrangement as they descended the Kanawha in
two canoes on the 28th of May.

The head of this company was the distin-
guished pioneer surveyor in Kentucky, Hancock
Taylor, of Orange county, Virginia, brother of
Colonel Richard Taylor, who was father of Gen-
eral Zachary Taylor, a resident of Louisville in
his early life, and afterward the hero of the
Mexican war and President of the United States.
Hancock Taylor was an assistant or deputy sur-
veyor under Colonel William Preston, who was
the official surveyor of the great county of Fin-

* The seal attached is surmounted by the words, "Sig.
Collegii R. et R. Gulielmi et Mariae, in Virginia." The seal
itself represents a view of a handsome building.

castle, Virginia, of which the Kentucky country
was still a part. After making extensive sur-
veys in the interior, he was attacked by the In-
dians the next year while surveying a tract for
Colonel William Christian, near the mouth of
the Kentucky river, and mortally wounded by a
rifle-shot. Two of the party, one of whom was
Gibson Taylor, probably a relative, and the other
Abraham Haptonstall, formerly of Bullitt's com-
pany, tried to extract the ball with a pocket-
knife, but could not, and soon afterwards, as the
party was returning from the country under a
warning sent from Dunmore by the hands of
Boone and Stoner, who piloted them out of the
wilderness, he died of the wound near the pres-
ent site of Richmond, Madison county, and was
buried in a well-marked spot, about one and
three-fourths miles south of the Richmond court-
house. Four years previous to the expedition
of 1773, Taylor had gone down the Ohio and
Mississippi with his brother Richard, our old
friend Haptonstall, and a Mr. Barbour, on a
visit to New Orleans, whence they returned
home by the Gulf and Atlantic.

Other members of the Taylor party were
Matthew Bracken, from whom Bracken creek
and county get their names, Jacob Drennon,
afterwards of Drennon Springs, Henry county,
and Peter Shoemaker. Several of the party, in-
cluding Taylor, Bracken, and Drennon, about
two months afterwards (on the 3d of August)
joined the Bullitt party at or near the Falls of the
Ohio.

The three companies, meeting at the mouth
of the Kanawha on the ist of June, and about to
embark upon the waters of the great river, whose
banks might be lined on both sides with blood-
thirsty savages, very naturally joined their forces
and their equipment of boats. Their prepara-
tions completed in a few days, they floated out
on the broad bosom of La Belle Riviere, and en-
tered upon the final stage of the jr>urney to the
Promised Land.

AN EPISODE.

The leader was not with them, however.
Farther-sighted than the rest, very likely, he real-
ized the significance of the steps now being taken,
as precedent to the overrunning j)f the Indian
hunting-grounds by the settlements of civiliza-
tion, and the importance of conciliating at the
outset, if possible, the red tribes whose rights

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

i6i

seemed to be thus invaded. At the mouth of the
Kanawha he left the party for a few days, and,
unattended and alone, pushed his way across the
rugged hills and deep valleys, and through the
howling wilderness of Southern Ohio, until he
reached the principal village of the Shawnees, at
Old Chillicothe, one or two miles north of the
present site of Xenia. The story is told in an
interesting and graphic way by Marshall, the first
historian of Kentucky. He says:

On his way to Kentucky Bullitt made a visit to Chillicothe,
a Shawnee town, to hold a friendly talk with those Indians
on the subject of his intended settlement, and for the particu-
lar purpose of obtaining their assent to the measure. He
knew they claimed the right of hunting in the country — a
right to them of the utmost importance, and which they had
not relinquished. He also knew they were brave and indefati-
gable, and that, if they were so disposed, they could
greatly annoy the inhabitants of the intended settlement. It
"was, therefore, a primary object in his estimation to obtain
their consent to his projected residence and cultivation of the
lands.' To accomplish this he left his party on the Ohio and
traveled out to the town unattended, 'and without announc-
ing his approach by a runner. He was not discovered until
he got into the midst of Chillicothe, when he wavedhis white
flag [handkerchief j as a token of peace. The Indians saw
with astonishment a stranger among them in the character of
an embassador, for such he assumed by the flag, and without
any intimation of his intended visit. Some of them collected
about him, and asked him. What news? Was he from the
Long Knife? and why, if he was an embassador, had he not
sent a runner?

Bullitt, not in the least intimidated, replied that he had no
bad news — he was from the Long Knife — and, as the red
men and white men were at peace, he had come among his
brothers to have a friendly talk with them about living on
the other side of the Ohio ; that he had no runner swifter
than himself, and that he was in haste, and could not wait
the return of a runner. "Would you," said he, "if you
were very hungry, and had killed a deer, send your squaw to
town to tell the news, and await her return before you eat? "
This put the bystanders in high good humor, and gave them
a favorable opinion of their niterlocutor. And, upon his de-
siring that the waiTiors should be called together, they were
forthwith convened, and he promptly addressed them in the
following speech, extracted from his journal:

" Brothers — I am sent by my people, whom 1 left on the
Ohio, to settle the country on the other side of that river, as
low down as the Falls. We rome from Virginia. The king
of my people has bought from the nations of red men both
north and south all the land ; and I am instructed to inform
you and all the warriors of this great country, tliat the \'ii-
ginians and the English are in friendship with you. This
friendship is dear to them, and they intend to keep it sacred.
The same friendship they e.xpect from you, and from all the
nations to the lakes. We know that the Shawnees and the
Delawares are to be our nearest neighbors, and we wish
them to be our best friends as we will be theirs.

" Bfothers, you did not get any of the money or blankets
given for the land which I and my people are going to settle.
This was hard for you. But it is agreed by the great men
who own the land that they will make a present both to the

Delawares and the Shawnees the next year and the year fol-
lowing that shall be as good.

"Brothers, I am appointed to settle the country, to live in
it, to raise corn, and to make proper rules and regulations
among my people. There will be some principal men frorc
my country very soon, and then much more will be said to
you. The Governor desires to see you, and will come out
this year or the next. When I come again I will have a belt
of wampum. This time I came in haste and had not one
ready.

" My people only want the country to settle and cultivate.
They will have no objection to your hunting and trapping
there. I hope you will live by us as brothers and friends.
You now know my heart, and as it is single toward you, I
expect you will give me a kind talk ; for I shall write to my
Governor what you say to me, and he will believe all I write."

This speech was received with attention, and BulUtt was
told that the next day he should be answered.

The Indians are in the habit of proceeding with great de-
liberation in matters of importance, and all are such to them
which concern their hunting.

On the morrow, agreeably to promise, they were assembled
at the same place, and Bullitt being present, they returned an
answer to his speech as follows :

"Oldest Brother, The Long Knife — We heard
you would be glad to see your brothers, the Shawnees and
Delawares, and talk with them. But we are surprised that
you sent no runner before you, and that you came quite near
us through the trees and grass a hard journey without letting
us know until you appeared among us.

"Brothers, we have considered your talk carefully, and we
are glad to find nothing bad in it, nor any ill meaning. On
the contrary, you speak what seems kind and friendly, and it
pleased us well. You mentioned to us your intention of set-
tling the country on the other side of the Ohio with your
people. And we are particularly pleased that they are not to
disturb us in our hunting, for we must hunt to kill meat for
our women and children, and to have something to buy our
powder and lead with, and to get us blankets and clothing.

" All our young brothers are pleased with what you said.
We desire that you will be strong in fulfilling your promises
toward us, as we are determined to be straight in advising our
young men to be kind and peaceable to you.

" This spring we saw something wrong on the part of our
young men. They took some horses from the white people.
But we have advised them not to do so again, and have
cleared their hearts of all bad intentions. We expect they will
observe our advice, as they like what you said."

This speech, delivered by Girty, was interpreted by
Richard Butler, who, during the stay of Captain Bullitt, had
made him his guest and otherwise treated him in the most
friendly manner. But, having e.xecuted his mission very
much to his own satisfaction, Bullitt took his leave and re-
joined his party, who were much rejoiced to see him re-
turn.

He made repoit of his progress and success, and his com-
rades, with light hearts and high expectations, launched
their keelson the stream which conveyed them to the shore
of Kentucky and the landing before spoken of.

TI-IK V0VA(;E.

Captain Bullitt found his people at the mouth
of the Scioto, and went on with them. On the
22dof June they reached Limestone Point, now

l62

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

Maysville, upon whose site there was not yet
block-house or cabin, nor was there for eleven
years to come. Here they rested for two days,
and hence Robert McAfee, encouraged thereto
by the safe though solitary journey which Cap-
tain Bullitt had just made through the Indian
country, pushed alone up Limestone creek into
the interior, across the country to the North fork
of Licking, down that stream twenty to twenty-
five miles, thence across the hills of the present
Bracken county to the Ohio, where he hastily
constructed a bark canoe, and the next day
(January 27th) overtook his companions at the
mouth of the Licking, opposite the site of Cin-
cinnati. The party must also have been delayed
here for a time, probably inspecting the superb
sites for towns and cities upon the plain on
either side of the Ohio at this point. At all
events they made easy-going progress down the
river, since on the 4th of July (not yet the
"Glorious Fourth," or Independence Day) they
had not gone beyond the Big Bone lick on the
Kentucky shore, a few miles below the mouth of
the Great Miami. They spent this day and the
next at the lick, where the hiige bones of the
mastodon and other gigantic beasts of the geo-
logic ages lay about in great numbers, and of
such size as to serve the adventurers for tent-
poles and seats. The second day thereafter they
reach the mouth of the Kentucky, where the
parties separate. The Hancock and McAfee
companies, now substantially one, since their
aims and purposes were similar, and in their
union there would be needed strength in a hos-
tile land, go up the Kentucky to the Frankfort
region, beyond which this narrative need not
pursue them. Bullitt and his following kept
on down the Ohio, and on the next day (July
8th, let it be remembered) pitched their camp
just above the old mouth of Beargrass creek,
perchance exactly at the foot of the present
Third street, in the busy and beantiful city of
Louisville. It was then, it is needless to say, a
swamp, thicket, and forest, witji nothing but
furred or feathered, winged or scaly inhabitants ;
and the new-comers were the avant-couriers
of the thronging thousands of the pale-face who
have since populated the fertile valley.

THE SORVEV.

Little is known of the details of Captain BuK
litt's encampment and labors here and hereabout

in the summer of 1773. There is a tradition, ac-
cording to Casseday's History of Louisville, that
three years before this time parties who were
probably sent by Lord Dunmore came to the
Falls of the Ohio and made surveys of the
adjacent country, wiih a view to its occupation as
bounty lands. We are unable to find the story
corrobated by any other historians of the city or
the State, and incline quite positively to think
that it can not be supported. At all events, the
adventurous surveyor found no claims conflicting
with the enterprise with which he was charged,
and he went fearlessly and emergetically about
his duty. For six weeks in the sultry midsum-
mer he and his men carried the chain and
planted the theodolite upon the beautiful plateau
adjoining and below the Falls and up the fertile
valley of the Salt river, which they penetrated at
least as far as to the famous Lick, three miles
from Shepherdsville, which takes its name from
the gallant captain, and is in a county which also
bears the Bullitt name. Here the first salt-
works were erected in Kentucky, and from the
mineral characteristic of the Lick Captain Bul-
litt gave the title to this river, far more renowned
in politics and local history than in navigation.
The historical sketch appended to the Directory
of Louisville for 1838-39 says: "He made a
treaty of relinquishment of the land with the
Indians on his route, and laid out the town on
its present site, but made no settlement on the
land, and died before that was effected." We"
have been unable to find any confirmation of the
former part of this statement.

Bullitt continued to make his headquarters
about the mouth of the Beargrass, where he
could conveniently communicate with any par-
ties that might be passing on the river, or that
might come out of the wilderness to the Falls
of the Ohio. By night, says Collins, he retired
for safety "to a shoal above Corn island." In
the fourth week after his arrival, about the 3d of
August, he and his party were gladdened by the
reunion with them of Mr. Hancock and two
others of his company, who had parted from the
McAfee expedition, far up the Kentucky river,
on the last day of July. His work finally done,
he then returned to his home in Virginia.

DID CAPTAIN BULLITT LAY OFF A TOWN?

The general statement is that during its stay
the surveying party staked off lots for a village

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

163

plat somewhere upon a tract now included within
the limits of Louisville; and some writers go so
far as to say that Captain Bullitt, in this year of
grace 1773, laid out "the town of Louisville."
Mr. Collins says the like in no less than five
places in his history, and in two of them (pages
371, 666, vol. ii., History of Kentucky), but
without undertaking to name the town, he fixes
the date ot the survey definitely as August i.
A few pages previously, however, when dealing
with the beginnings at Louisville, this author
acknowledges that the reference in the creative
act of 1780 to "the owners of lots already
drawn," and to "those persons whose lots have
been laid off on his [John Campbell's] lands,"
may refer no further back than to a then recent
laying-off of "a considerable part thereof [viz:
John Connolly's tract] into half-acre lots for a
town," which are also words from the act. He
says, truly enough, that "the only proof that any
lots were sold thereunder [the reputed Bullitt
survey] is entirely inferential and uncertain."

We are satisfied, indeed, that the vague testi-
timony of Jacob Sodowsky, contributed in a let-
ter to the second volume of the American Pio-
neer, published in 1843 ^^id repeated in the
eleventh volume of the Western Journal, is not
sufficient to support the theory of a Louisville
or other town plat about the Falls in 1773.
Nothing of the kind, so far as ascertained, was
contemplated in the instructions of Lord Dun-
more to Bullitt; no record of it has come to light
in the diaries or letters of the time, or in sub-
sequent official records of the survey; no men-
tion is made of it by the immigrants of 1778 or
the surveyors of 1779, who certainly would have
come upon the stakes or other evidences of the
survey, if it had been made; and tradition, as
well as the land registers, is utterly silent as to
the precise location of any such town. The
language of the act of 1780 does not require
survey of a village plat here in 1773, or at any
time, indeed, except, at the latest, a period just
before the passage of the act. On the contrary
the language of the law is expressly that, not a
surveying party or transient party of speculators,
but "sundry inhabitants of the county of Ken-
tucky have, at great expense and hazard, settled
themselves upon certain lands at the Falls of the
Ohio, and have laid off a considerable part
thereof into half-acre lots for a town." The

further mention of "the owners of lots alread)
drawn," and of "those persons whose lots have
been laid off on Colonel Campbell's land," maj
as well refer to operations of 1778-79 as to the
disposition of lots in any suppositious town ot

1773. On the whole, we entertain no doubt that
any half-acre or smaller subdivisions of the soil
here date from some time contemporaneous with
or posterior to the removal of Colonel Clark's
settlers of 1778 from Corn Island to the main-
land, and that there is no trustworthy foundation
for belief in a Louisville of five or more years
before. The survey stated in the act was in all
probability Bard's in 1779, of which a rude map,
dated April 20, ot that year, has been preserved.

SODOWSKY.

A word further about Sodowsky, or Sandusky.
It is a name somewhat noted in the history of
Kentucky, and probably gave origin to the name
Sandusky in Ohio. It was originally Sodowsky,
but became corrupted into "Sandusky." In
the American Pioneer, volume II., page 326,
the autographs of two of the brothers appear,
one of whom signed " Isaac Sodowsky," and the
other "Jacob Sandusky." Their father, James
Sandusky, as their letter to the Pioneer says,
"came down the river in 1773, and again in

1774, with Hight [Hite] and Harrod. In the
first trip they went down as far as the Falls, and
returned. In the last they went down to the
mouth of the Kentucky river, and up that stream
to Harrod's station, where they cleared land and
planted corn. This was the first improvement
in Kentucky; but that settlement was broken up
by the Indians. It may be worth mentioning
that these trips were both made in pirogues or
large canoes." He afterwards settled in Bourbon
county, where James Sandusky, one of the broth-
ers, was still living in 1843.

Connolly's grant.

On the 1 6th of December, 1773, according to
Dr. McMurtrie and the writers generally (Colonel
Durrett, however, says September in his Centen-
nial Address), a patent of two thousand acres ol
the present site of Louisville, beginning about on
the line of First street, and thence southward,
including the sites of Shippingport and Portland,
was issued by the British Crown to Dr. John
Connolly (often spelt Connally), a "surgeon's
mate," or assistant surgeon, in modern military

164

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

parlance, in the general hospital of the Royal
forces in America. It is believed that the lines
of this tract were run by Captain Bullitt in the
summer of the same year; and certain of the
writers aver that his prime object m coming to
the Falls was to survey for Connolly — who had
the tract in view, although it was not yet pat-
ented to him — as well as for others. Connolly
took the land, as one statement goes, under a
proclamation of George III. in 1763, granting
land-warrants as bounties to soldiers in the
French and Indian war, which had shortly before
been concluded. Another theory is that while
the latent forces of the Revolution were gather-
ing and developing, and the colonies were mut-
tering their discontent, he agreed with Governor
Dunmore to secure a strong British interest
among the whites and Indians of the border, in
consideration of two thousand acres of land, to
be obtained by the Governor for him at the Falls
of the Ohio.

This original private owner, so far as is known,
of the most important part of the site of Louis-
ville, was born and brought up near Wright's
Ferry, in Pennsylvania. His sire was a farmer
on the Susquehanna; his mother, before her
marriage to the elder Connolly, was a Quaker
widow named Ewing. He traveled consider-
ably in his youth through the wild Western
country, and at Pittsburg, a few years before the
Revolution opened, he fell in with Lord Dun-
more, then Governor of Virginia. It was then,
it is said, that he made the contract with the
Governor before related. November 5, 1775,
Dunmore commissioned him lieutenant-colonel
commandant of the Queen's Royal Rangers.
He was then provided with the secret instructions
hereafter mentioned, authorizing him to raise a
complete Tory regiment at Pittsburg or Detroit,
and with it organize an expedition.

Connolly was a nephew of Colonel George
Croghan, the British Indian agent who passed
the Falls in 1765, on a mission to the Western
tribes. He resided at Fort Pitt, or Pittsburg, and
is mentioned in General Washington's journal
for 1770 as well acquainted with the lands south
of the Ohio, where he no doubt held large tracts,
including this interest in the site of Louisville.
Early in 1774, with a captain's commission, he
had been sent by Governor Dunmore to assert
the claims of that colony over the Pittsburg

region, and take possession of the country
bordering upon the Monongahela, in the name
of the King. He was an artful, ambitious, and
intriguing fellow, well fitted for such a ser-
vice, and at once issued a proclamation call-
ing upon the people in and about Redstone Old
Fort and Pittsburg to assemble about the 25th
of January, to be enrolled in the Virginia militia.
Arthur St. Clair, afterwards General and Gov-
ernor of the Northwest Territory, was, however,
upon the ground as representative of the pro-
prietors of Pennsylvania, which had a prior
claim upon that region, and he arrested Connolly
before the meeting occurred, and shut him up
in prison. .He was presently released, upon his
promise to deliver himself up again. This he
failed to do ; but on the contrary reappeared at
Pittsburg on the 28th of March, with a party of
followers, and re-asserted the dominion of Vir-
ginia there. He succeeded after much strife in
getting possession of Fort Pitt, which he rebuilt
and christened Fort Dunmore. He played the
petty tyrant here for some time, arresting and
imprisoning citizens and even magistrates, whom
Dunmore for very shame was compelled to re-
lease. It is said to have been a letter of his,
written on the 21st of April, to the settlers along
the Ohio, intended to stir them up against the
Shawnees, that led to the murders by Cresap and
Greathouse, and the Indian war which involved
the friendly Logan, the whole of whose family
had been wantonly massacred. When, during
the troubles, three ot the Shawnees had con-
ducted a party of traders to Pittsburg, Connolly
seized them and would doubtless have dealt,
hardly by them. He was defeated in his attempt
by Croghan, his uncle, and then actually dis-
patched men to waylay and kill them on their re-
turn, one of these kindly disposed savages, it is
reported, thus losing his life. " The character
developed by this man," says the Annals of the
West, " while commandant of Fort Dunmore,
was such as to excite universal detestation, and
at last to draw down upon his patron the reproof
of Lord Dartmouth," who was the British Secre-
tary for the Colonies. " He seized property and
imprisoned white men without warrant or pro-
priety ; and we may be assured, in many cases
besides that just mentioned, treated the natives
with an utter disregard of justice." The follow-
ing is related of Connolly in the same work:

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

165

It was towards the close of this last year of our colonial
existence, 1775, that a plot was discovered which involved
some whose names have already appeared upon our pages,
and which, if successful, would have influenced the fortunes
of the West deeply. Dr. John Connolly, of Pittsburgh (he
whom Washington had met and talked witii in 1770, and
with whom he afterwards corresponded in relation to West-
ern lands, and who played so prominent a part as commandant
of Pittsburgh, where he continued at least through 1774),
was, from the outset of the revolutionary movements, a
Tory, and being a man extensively acquainted with the
West, a man of talent, and fearless withal, he naturally be-
came a leader. This man, in 1775. planned a union of the
Northwestern Indians with British troops, which combined
forces were to be led, under his command, from Detroit, and,
after ravaging the few frontier settlements, were to join Lord
Dunmore in Eastern Virginia. To forward his plans, Con-
nolly visited Boston to see General Gage; then, having re-
turned to the South in the fall of 1775, '^^ ^^^^ Lord Dun-
more for the West, bearing one set of instructions upon his
person, and another set, the true ones, most artfully con-
cealed, under the direction of Lord Dunmore himself, in his
saddle secured by tin and waxed cloth. He and his com-
rades, among whom was Dr. Smyth, author of the doubtful
work already quoted, had gone as as far as Hagerstown,
where they were arrested upon suspicion and sent back to
Frederick. There they were searched, and the papers upon
Connolly's person were found, seized, and sent to Congress.
Washington, having been informed by one who was piesent
when the genuine instructions were concealed as above stated,
wrote twice on the subject to the proper authorities, in order
to lead to their discovery, but we do not know that they
were ever found. Connolly himself was confined, and re-
mained a close prisoner till 1781, complaining much of his
hard lot, but finding few to pity him.

Connolly was exchanged and released in April,
1 781. Washington wrote promptly to General
Clark a warning that he was expected to go from
Canada to Venango, at the mouth of French
creek, with a force of refugees, and thence to
Fort Pitt, with blank commissions for a large
number of dissatisfied men supposed to be in
that region, with whom the exposed frontiers
would be attacked; but nothing seems to have
come of this. The compiler of the Annals says
that alter the Revolution had ended he became
a mischief-maker in Kentucky, though in just
what manner is not stated. He had long before,
in 1770, before a white man had settled upon
the soil of this State, proposed an independent
province that would have included all of its ter-
ritory between the Cumberland or Shawnee
river, a line drawn from above its fork to the
Falls, and the Ohio river — which would, of
course, have included the present site of Louis-
ville. His title to one thousand of his acres
here was forfeited on account of his treason to
the patriot cause. Virginia assumed the owner-

ship of it, but delayed disposal of it until Colonel
Campbell, the apparent joint owner, had re-
turned from Canada, where he had been taken
in captivity by the Indians in 1780. When the
return occurred, by acts of the Virginia Legisla-
ture of May and October, 1783, and October,
1784 his interests were guarded and secured,
while those of his recreant and now refugee
partner were sacrificed. In November, 1788, the
latter reappeared in Kentucky, coming from Can-
ada, ostensibly to recover, if possible, his former
possessions in Louisville, but really, as was be-
lieved, to aid the movement then in agitation for
the separation of Kentucky from Virginia and its
alliance or union with Spain, then holding
Louisiana and cultivating disaffection in Ken-
tucky. He was foiled in this, and now finally
disappears from the page of American history.

Mr. Collins gives the following account of the
legal proceedings which justified the confiscation
of Connolly's property :

On July I, 1780, an inquest of escheat was held at Lexing-
ton, by the sheriff of Kentucky county — George May,
escheator. John Bowman, Daniel Boone, Nathaniel Ran-
dolph, Waller Overton, Robert McAfee, Edward Cather,
Henry Wilson, Joseph Willis, Paul Froman, Jeremiah Til-
ford, James Wood, and Thomas Gam, " gentlemen," jury-
men, were empanelled, sworn, and charged to try whether
John Connolly and Alexander McKee be British subjects or
not. \'erdict— that they were British subjects, and after
April 19, 1775, of their own free will departed from the said
States, and joined the subjects of his Britannic Majesty; and
that on said 4th of July, 1776, said Connolly was " possessed
of 2,000 acres on the Ohio opposite to the Falls," "and
said McKee of 2,000 acres on the headwaters of the south
branch of Elkhorn and no more.

In pursuance of this finding, the estate of
Connolly at the Falls was confiscated. It had
already been described, in the act of May, of the
same year, establishing Louisville, as "the for-
feited property of said John Connolly," and upon
it, being "1,000 acres of land," was laid out the
new town. The Tory Doctor had owned as
much as 3,000 acres here; but only 1,000 seem
to have been available for confiscation. De
Warrenstaff, or Warrendorfif, mentioned below,
had conveyed his 2,000 acres to Connolly and
Colonel Campbell, which must have been in
equal portions, since in 1775 the latter bought
up the former's interest in this tract, which was
an undivided half of the 2,000 acres. The
4,000 held by the two was then so partitioned
that Connolly became owner of the uppermost
1,000 and the lowest 1,000, Campbell's tract of

i66

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

2,000 lying between. In 1778 Connolly trans-
ferred the lower 1,000 also to Campbell, thus
leaving but the upper 1,000 to be escheated.

THE WARRENSTAFF PATENT.

Very few facts concerning this are now acces-
sible. About all that is known ot it or him is
that, on the same day the patent was granted to
Connolly, December 16, 1773, and under the
same authority in the Kmg's proclamation, two
thousand acres at the Falls of the Ohio, next
adjacent below Connolly's, were patented to one
Charles de Warrenstaff or Warrendorff, who was
an ensign in the Pennsylvania Royal Regiment
of Foot. He never, we believe, became a resi-
dent of Louisville, and we do not learn that he
was ever even a visitor here. The very next
year he parted with his interest in the soil of
Kentucky to Dr. Connolly and Colonel John
Campbell, of whom the world knows something
more.

COLONEL ~ CAMPBELL.

This gentleman was of .Irish birth, possessed
of some property, and came in the vigor of his
young manhood to identify his fortunes with the
infant hamlet of Louisville, where he was among
the earliest settlers when the town was formed.
According to Collins, he received a grant of four
thousand acres from the Commonwealth of Vir-
ginia, which was located immediately below and
adjoining the grant on which Louisville stands.
He was also a property-holder at Frankfort,
where his name appears in a list of landed pro-
prietors in 1797. Colonel Campbell soon be-
came prominent in the affairs of the village and
the State. He was a member of the convention
of 1792, held in Danville, which formed the first
constitution of Kentucky ; was an elector of the
State Senate, under the peculiar provision of
that constitution, in the same year, and was by
the electors chosen to that body from Jefferson
county, and was at one time its Speaker /w tetn-
pore ; previously to the formation of the State
was a member of the Virginia Legislature, from
Jefferson county, in 1786, 1787, and 1790; and
was a Representative in the Congress of the
United States from 1837 to 1843. I" n^5 he
established two of the earliest ferries allowed by
law in Kentucky — one from his lands at the
Falls across the Ohio to the mouth of Silver
creek, and the other across the same stream.

from the Jefferson county bank to the mouth of
Mill run. He was a Presbyterian in his religious
faith, and his name appears upon the records of
the first meeting of the Synod of Kentucky, at
Lexington, October 14, 1802, as an elder from
the " Presbytery of Washington." Campbell
county, east of the lower Licking river, opposite
Cincmnati, is named in his honor ; and an old
paper published in that city, of date March 12,
1796, says that Colonel Campbell lived at
Taylor's Creek Station, probably in that county.
There can be no doubt, however, that most of
his mature life was spent in Louisville. Mr.
Collins says : " He was a large man, of fine
personal appearance and strong mind, but rough
fn his manners. He never married, and, having
died childless, his large estate passed into the
hands of many heirs."

Colonel Campbell must be regarded as an origi-
nal proprietor at Louisville. As already noticed,
he acquired in 1774 a half-interest in the two
thousand-acre grant to Warrenstaff, and the next
year purchased an undivided half of the adjoin-
ing tract of his partner in the Warrenstaff prop-
erty. Dr. John Connolly; and when the partition
of the two undivided tracts was made, his
half of the whole, or two thousand acres, fell be-
tween the two tracts thus cut off for Connolly.
He became otherwise a large owner in this region,
and finally devised all his real estate within five
miles of the Beargrass creek to Allen Campbell.
Colonel Campbell will come again mto this his-
tory.

1774-

The events of this year have been already
anticipated, to some small extent. There is no
story of colonization yet to tell, nor for several
years to come. The birds and beasts and creep-
ing thmgs held their own upon the site of the
great city to-be, and no sign of civilization
was presented throughout the broad plateau, ex-
cept here and there the simple stake or "blaze"
and inscription of the surveyor. Indeed there
is little to narrate of 1774 except of the surveyor.

In June, while Captain Harrod and his com-
panions were setting the stakes of civilization at
the first permanently inhabited town in Kentucky,
Harrodsburg, two remarkable men came through
the deep wilderness from their homes on the
Clinch river, in North Carolina, to the Falls.
They were Daniel Boone and Michael Stoner,

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

167

who were charged with an important mission.
Governor Dunmore had received timely warning
of the Indian hostihties now threatening, and
which very soon broke out, particularly in the
severe conflict between the savages and Colonel
Bouquet's expedition, at the mouth of the Kan-
awha, in which the former were signally defeated.
The Governor had a party or parties out survey-
ing under his orders in the Kentucky wilderness,
among whom were the celebrated Jefferson
county pioneer. Colonel John Floyd, also Han-
cock Taylor, Abraham Haptonstall, and Willis
Lee (these three are known to have been survey-
ing on the present soil of Jefferson county, May
2d of this year), with James Sandusky, John
Smith, Gibson Taylor, and very likely others. It
is probable that most of Captain Bullitt's party,
who came to the Falls in 1773, had remained to
this time in Kentucky. Dunmore became ex-
ceedingly apprehensive for their safety, and em-
ployed Boone and Stoner to make the long and
perilous journey of about four hundred miles to
the Falls to find the surveyors, and conduct
them out of their dangers to the settlements.
Boone received the summons on the 6th of June,
and lost no time in setting out with his com-
panion on the hazardous trip. Their commis-
sion was faithfully and courageously executed,
and probably the lives of the surveyors were -thus
saved, although Hancock Taylor, as we have
seen, was mortally wounded while making his
last survey, and died on the retreat, Boone and
Stoner reached Harrodsburg June i6th, and
found Harrod's and Hite's companies engaged
in laying off the town. Boone rendered aid in
this, and was assigned one of the half-acre lots,
upon which a double log cabin was buiU soon
after. The entire round of Boone and Stoner
on this duty of warning and safe conduct to the
settlements, covered about eight hundred miles^
and occupied sixty-two days. Mr. Collins calls
them the "first express messengers" m Kentucky.

1775-

This historic year, so rife with important
events at the East, preluding the War for Am-
erican Independence, was comparatively quiet in
the Valley of the Ohio. In this region the
dauntless surveyors were still pushing their way
through the tangled wildwood, leading the van
of empire. Many of their movements, and per-

haps of their surveys, remain unknown to this
day; but, from depositions taken long afterwards,
one may learn of a party at work in the middle
of December, on Harrod's creek, consisting o^
Abraham and Isaac Hite, Moses Thompson,
Joseph Bowman, Nathaniel Randolph, Petei
Casey, and Ebenezer Severns, who were survey-
ing. Early in the season Captain James Knox
— famous as the leader of the "Long Hunters"
into Kentucky four or five years before— must
have been somewhere on the banks of the Bear-
grass, since he was held entitled, October 30,
1779, to four hundred acres of land on its
waters, " on account of marking out the said
land, and of having raised a crop of corn in the
country in 1775." So simple and brief is the
history of the white man in this region for this
year.

One interesting character, however, foi many
years afterwards one of the most notable resi-
dents of Louisville, came to the Falls this year —
Sandy Stewart, the "island ferryman" named in
the previous chapter, who long after noted the
precise date of his arrival as June 5, 1775. He
was a Scotchman, born in Glasgow twenty years
before ; a young immigrant to this country so
poor that his personal service was sold in Balti-
more to pay his passage across the ocean; a trav-
eler westward with two companions as soon as
he had served out his time; making a canoe at
Pittsburg, and in it voyaging down the Ohio .to
the Falls; afterwards a settler here and for more
than a quarter of a century the ferryman from
the mainland to Corn island, until 1827, when
he retired and died at the old Talmage hotel, on
Fourth street, in 1833, aged 78, leaving a small
fortune to his relatives abroad.

1776-77.

Even more simple and short are the annals of
these elsewhere great years, as regards events at
the Falls of the Ohio. We have but one to re-
cord. Mr. Casseday, in his History of Louis-
ville, assigns these as the years of the journey of
George Gibson and Captain William Linn, who
passed the Falls in boats going from Pittsburg to
New Orleans, in order to procure supplies for
the troops stationed at Fort Pitt. They obtained
one hundred and thirty-six kegs of powder, which
did not reach the Falls on the return until the
next year, when the kegs were laboriously carried

i68

HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.

around the troubled waters by hand, reshipped,
and finally delivered safely at Wheeling, whence
they were transferred to the fort. Each man, in
making the portage around the Falls, carried
three kegs at a time on his back. Gibson and
Linn were aided in this toilsome work by John
Smith, V.' T will be remembered as one of Bul-
litt's surveyors here nearly four years previously,
and who happened to meet the voyagers here.
This is noted as the first cargo ever brought by
whites up the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, from
New Orleans to Pittsburg.
1778.

We come now to the beginnings of permanent
white settlement at the Falls of the Ohio — in-
deed, in the Falls of the Ohio, for the first stakes
were set just amid the waters at the head of the
rapids, upon a little tract which has now wholly
disappeared, except at low water, when, from the
rail\yay bridge and the shore, the underlying
strata of old Corn Islan(^ with the rotting re.
mains of stumps here and there, may yet be
seen.

The first settlement here was the result of a
military movement during the war of the Revo-
lution, and brings into our narrative again the
renowned name ot

GEORGE ROGERS CLARK.

A sketch of the early life of this famous
hero of Western warfare, whose name will be
forever associated with one of the most impor-
tant and skillful movements of the Revolutionary
War, as well as with some of the most successful
expeditions of the border warfare, has already
been given in our General Introduction. He
was but twenty-six years of age this year, when
his greatest feat of arms was achieved. Like
Washington and many other notable men of that
time, he was a land-surveyor in his youth, but
soon got into military life in the troubles with
the Indians, and in the affair known as Dun-
more's War rose to the command of a company.
At its close he was offered a commission in the
British army, but declined it. He visited the
infant settlements in Kentucky in the spring of
1775, remaining until fall, and, now bearing the
rank of major, being placed temporarily in com-
mand of the volunteer militia of the settlements.
He came again to this country in the spring of
the next year, with the intention of permanently

remaining ; but staid only a few months, when,
seeing the dangers to which the frontiers were
exposed, and being appointed at the Harrods-
burg meeting of the settlers June 6, 1776, a
member of the General Assembly of Virginia,
he set out on foot through the wilderness to
WiUjamsburg, then the colonial capital, but found
the Legislature adjourned. He at once extend-
ed his long pedestrian excursion to Hanover
county, where Governor Patrick Henry lay sick,
and represented to him the pressing necessity of
munitions of war for the Kentucky settlements.
Henry concurred in his views and gave him a
favorable letter to the Executive Council. From
this body, after much delay and difficulty, Clark
obtained an order, on the 23d of August, 1776,
for five hundred pounds of gunpowder, for the
use of the people of Kentucky. He obtained
the powder at Pittsburgh, and, after hot pursuit
down the Ohio by the Indians, during which he
was compelled to conceal the precious cargo at"

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